{"id":95846,"date":"2026-01-02T00:12:22","date_gmt":"2026-01-01T23:12:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=95846"},"modified":"2026-01-01T12:54:35","modified_gmt":"2026-01-01T11:54:35","slug":"raphael-machado-novy-nemecky-totalitarismus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2026\/01\/02\/raphael-machado-novy-nemecky-totalitarismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Raphael Machado: Nov\u00fd n\u011bmeck\u00fd totalitarismus"},"content":{"rendered":"
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N\u011bmeck\u00fd liber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d se uchyluje k totalitarismu, aby si zachoval hegemonii sv\u00fdch elit.<\/span><\/h3>\n

Zm\u00ednka o \u201etotalitarismu\u201c v N\u011bmecku n\u00e1s rychle nut\u00ed spojit si ho s nacistickou \u00e9rou v historii zem\u011b. Dvan\u00e1ct let, b\u011bhem nich\u017e bylo N\u011bmecko pod velen\u00edm Hitlera a jeho strany \u2013 velen\u00edm, kter\u00e9 vyvrcholilo druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vojenskou katastrofou v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva. Politick\u00e1 kategorie \u201etotalitarismu\u201c byla historicky omezena, v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b d\u00edky myslitel\u016fm, jako je Hannah Arendtov\u00e1, na projevy neliber\u00e1ln\u00edch politick\u00fdch teori\u00ed, jako je fa\u0161ismus a komunismus. Liberalismus na druhou stranu nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt a nikdy nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt totalitn\u00ed; to by byl \u201erozpor v pojmech\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed pohled v\u0161ak rychle odhal\u00ed, \u017ee mnoho z\u00e1padn\u00edch pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch filozof\u016f \u2013 zejm\u00e9na \u017eidov\u0161t\u00ed jako Karl Popper a Theodor Adorno \u2013 ve snaze pochopit n\u011bmeck\u00fd fa\u0161istick\u00fd obrat tvrdilo, \u017ee pr\u00e1vn\u00ed obavy zabr\u00e1nily st\u00e1tu odstranit z politick\u00e9 ar\u00e9ny politickou s\u00edlu, jako byl nacistick\u00fd socialismus, p\u0159esto\u017ee m\u011bl zcela zjevn\u00fd \u00famysl zlikvidovat demokracii a t\u00edm ukon\u010dit samotnou politickou hru. Toto je takzvan\u00fd \u201eparadox tolerance\u201c. Popper zprava a Adorno zleva se shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee liber\u00e1ln\u011b-demokratick\u00fd st\u00e1t mus\u00ed b\u00fdt netolerantn\u00ed k \u201enetolerantn\u00edm\u201c; to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mus\u00ed bez formalistick\u00fdch v\u00fd\u010ditek pron\u00e1sledovat, uml\u010det a likvidovat jakoukoli osobnost nebo politickou skupinu, kter\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed hodnoty liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie a lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v.<\/span><\/p>\n

To jasn\u011b odhaluje pokus o filozofickou legitimizaci nastolen\u00ed totalitn\u00edho re\u017eimu \u2013 pod z\u00e1minkou obrany \u201edemokracie\u201c proti fa\u0161ist\u016fm a\/nebo komunist\u016fm. Navzdory sv\u00e9mu specifick\u00e9mu d\u016frazu na racion\u00e1ln\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed i J\u00fcrgen Habermas, filozofick\u00fd \u201epape\u017e\u201c n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho demokratick\u00e9ho liberalismu, stav\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1tele liber\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnosti mimo chr\u00e1n\u011bnou sf\u00e9ru tolerantn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, jeliko\u017e jejich tolerov\u00e1n\u00ed by nakonec vedlo ke konci t\u00e9to tolerantn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zjevn\u00e9 riziko v\u0161ak spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o tom, kter\u00e1 osoba, skupina nebo ideologie je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za \u201eodporuj\u00edc\u00ed liber\u00e1ln\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu\u201c. V 21. stolet\u00ed neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 a z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 hrozba vzestupu otev\u0159en\u011b fa\u0161istick\u00fdch nebo komunistick\u00fdch politick\u00fdch skupin, a\u0165 u\u017e v N\u011bmecku nebo kdekoli jinde v Evrop\u011b. Proto je nutn\u00e9 v ka\u017ed\u00e9m okam\u017eiku posoudit, zda lze prov\u00e9st analogii mezi jakoukoli politickou v\u00fdzvou pro st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d a historick\u00fdmi antiliber\u00e1ln\u00edmi ideologiemi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e definice fa\u0161ismu a komunismu jsou zjevn\u011b nep\u0159esn\u00e9 (ka\u017ed\u00fd teoretik, ka\u017ed\u00fd akademik atd. m\u00e1 svou vlastn\u00ed definici t\u011bchto ideologi\u00ed), je snadn\u00e9 obvinit oponenta z toho, \u017ee je \u201efa\u0161ista\u201c nebo \u201ekomunista\u201c. A to umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvo\u0159it podm\u00ednky pro uml\u010den\u00ed oponenta a jeho vylou\u010den\u00ed z ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u011bmeck\u00fd st\u00e1t tak disponuje ve\u0161ker\u00fdm pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm teoretick\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem k ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se stav\u00ed proti jeho pl\u00e1n\u016fm a hodnot\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

A nyn\u00ed m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 technick\u00e9 a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed prost\u0159edky k tomu, aby zjistil, kdo v\u0161ichni jsou mezi jeho ob\u010dany \u201enep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 tolerantn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

V prosinci 2025 schv\u00e1lila berl\u00ednsk\u00e1 sn\u011bmovna reprezentant\u016f novelu Obecn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o ochran\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti a po\u0159\u00e1dku, kter\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159uje pravomoci st\u00e1tu v oblasti dohledu. Novela zav\u00e1d\u00ed n\u011bkolik n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou, m\u00edrn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, kontroverzn\u00ed, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed policejn\u00edch slo\u017eek instalovat \u0161pion\u00e1\u017en\u00ed software do chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f a po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f \u201epodez\u0159el\u00fdch\u201c ob\u010dan\u016f a zachycovat \u0161ifrovanou komunikaci. Pokud tato opat\u0159en\u00ed nelze prov\u00e9st na d\u00e1lku, nov\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed policejn\u00edm slo\u017ek\u00e1m tajn\u011b vniknout do domov\u016f ob\u010dan\u016f a fyzicky nainstalovat \u0161pion\u00e1\u017en\u00ed software.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed novou funkc\u00ed je mo\u017enost policie p\u0159istupovat k provozn\u00edm \u00fadaj\u016fm z vys\u00edla\u010d\u016f mobiln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed pro v\u0161echna za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti a v ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dase \u2013 bez nutnosti zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho soudn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkazu. To by policii umo\u017enilo mapovat pohyb ka\u017ed\u00e9ho ob\u010dana b\u011bhem protest\u016f a ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch akc\u00ed. Legislativa d\u00e1le umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017eit\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch dat pro tr\u00e9nov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o jasn\u00fd institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed skluz sm\u011brem k totalitarismu. Nen\u00ed proto mo\u017en\u00e9 zkreslit narativ tak, aby se pop\u0159ela mo\u017enost, \u017ee i liberalismus m\u016f\u017ee degenerovat v totalitarismus \u2013 stejn\u011b jako je tato mo\u017enost p\u0159izn\u00e1na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b fa\u0161ismu a komunismu. Doty\u010dn\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se v\u0161ak vztahuj\u00ed pouze na spolkovou zemi Berl\u00edn; nejedn\u00e1 se o zm\u011bnu na feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je to ale pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jen ot\u00e1zka \u010dasu. V Bundestagu postupuje podobn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, kter\u00fd podporuje hromadn\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed na feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni \u2013 s mo\u017enost\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed chatu, oslaben\u00ed \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed a digit\u00e1ln\u00edch a fyzick\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f do majetku ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto zintenzivn\u011bn\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edho dohledu nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u011bmu v dob\u011b, kdy legitimitu n\u011bmeck\u00e9 liber\u00e1ln\u00ed republiky zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed jej\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u2013 ob\u010dan\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zklam\u00e1ni z \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed, z masov\u00e9 migrace, rostouc\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed a zjevn\u00e9 snahy vl\u00e1dy dotla\u010dit sv\u00e9 ob\u010dany do konfliktu s Ruskem. N\u011bmeck\u00fd liber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, ohro\u017een\u00fd vzestupem antisyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch sil, se uchyluje k totalitarismu, aby si zachoval hegemonii sv\u00fdch elit.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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N\u011bmeck\u00fd liber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d se uchyluje k totalitarismu, aby si zachoval hegemonii sv\u00fdch elit. Zm\u00ednka o…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":95847,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1503,84,10335],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95846"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=95846"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95846\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/95847"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=95846"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=95846"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=95846"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}