{"id":93115,"date":"2025-11-26T00:30:16","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T23:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=93115"},"modified":"2025-11-25T18:24:49","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T17:24:49","slug":"svycarsky-zazrak-s-jadernym-odpadem-sliby-vize-a-tvrda-fyzika-ktera-se-za-nimi-skryva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/11\/26\/svycarsky-zazrak-s-jadernym-odpadem-sliby-vize-a-tvrda-fyzika-ktera-se-za-nimi-skryva\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd z\u00e1zrak s jadern\u00fdm odpadem: sliby, vize a tvrd\u00e1 fyzika, kter\u00e1 se za nimi skr\u00fdv\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><strong><span dir=\"auto\">\u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd startup si klade za c\u00edl \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m jadern\u00e9ho odpadu. Lze ale sliby o \u201ezne\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed\u201c jadern\u00e9ho odpadu dodr\u017eet? Osm set let skladovac\u00ed doby m\u00edsto jednoho milionu zn\u00ed a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dob\u0159e, ne\u017e aby to byla pravda. O \u010dem v\u0161ak nikdo nemluv\u00ed, je spot\u0159eba energie a n\u00e1klady.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">N\u011bmecko \u010dek\u00e1 na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu se sv\u00fdm vysoce radioaktivn\u00edm odpadem u\u017e des\u00edtky let. Zat\u00edmco se politici dohaduj\u00ed o tom, kdy a kde by m\u011blo b\u00fdt postaveno kone\u010dn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, do centra pozornosti se n\u00e1hle dostal \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd startup.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transmutex.com\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">Spole\u010dnost Transmutex<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed radioaktivn\u00ed riziko z jednoho milionu let na pouh\u00fdch osm set. Tato technologie v\u0161ak existuje pouze na pap\u00ed\u0159e a jej\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na pr\u016fmyslovou \u00farove\u0148 bude obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, co\u017e v\u0161ak n\u011bmeck\u00e9mu \u010dasopisu \u201eDer Spiegel\u201c nebr\u00e1n\u00ed v tom, aby\u00a0spole\u010dnost\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.is\/k2G3M\"><span dir=\"auto\">v podstat\u011b p\u011bl chv\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Atomm\u00fcll: Radioaktivit\u00e4t von 1 Mio. Jahren auf 800 Jahre reduzieren?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hEgA_7_uC8w?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Spole\u010dnost se spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na jadern\u00e9 reakce ur\u010den\u00e9 k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b izotop\u016f s dlouh\u00fdm polo\u010dasem rozpadu na prvky s krat\u0161\u00edm polo\u010dasem rozpadu. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm c\u00edlem je sn\u00ed\u017eit objem vysoce radioaktivn\u00edho odpadu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o devades\u00e1t procent. Samotn\u00fd materi\u00e1l v\u0161ak nezmiz\u00ed, pouze jeho dlouhodob\u00e9 radioaktivn\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed odpad z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1; m\u011bn\u00ed se pouze jeho izotopov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"h-ein-dreistufiges-verfahren\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span dir=\"auto\">T\u0159\u00edf\u00e1zov\u00fd proces<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Cel\u00fd proces m\u00e1 prob\u00edhat ve t\u0159ech kroc\u00edch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e spole\u010dnost p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 technologick\u00fd ide\u00e1l, kter\u00fd existuje pouze teoreticky. Palivov\u00e9 ty\u010de z lehkovodn\u00edch reaktor\u016f maj\u00ed b\u00fdt demontov\u00e1ny, elektrochemicky odd\u011bleny v roztaven\u00fdch sol\u00edch a aktinidy odd\u011bleny na \u010dist\u00e9 slo\u017eky. Tento popis zn\u00ed jako rozlo\u017een\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9ho koktejlu na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eky a jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti se jedn\u00e1 o vysoce slo\u017eit\u00e9 pyrochemick\u00e9 procesy, kter\u00e9 jsou po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b zkoum\u00e1ny po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed, ale nikdy nebyly implementov\u00e1ny ve velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Zejm\u00e9na \u00fadajn\u011b \u201e\u010dist\u00e1\u201c separace je v\u011bdeck\u00fdm ide\u00e1lem, kter\u00fd je ma\u0159en omezen\u00edmi sou\u010dasn\u00e9 chemie. Radioaktivn\u00ed teplo, degradace materi\u00e1lu a extr\u00e9mn\u00ed n\u00e1roky na d\u00e1lkovou manipulaci kladou v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 omezen\u00ed na pr\u016fmyslovou implementaci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Druh\u00fd krok, bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch aktinid\u016f intenzivn\u00edm neutronov\u00fdm paprskem, je j\u00e1drem vize. To vy\u017eaduje urychlova\u010dem poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd subkritick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd v t\u00e9to podob\u011b zat\u00edm neexistuje. Transmutace je mo\u017en\u00e1, ale jej\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost z\u00e1vis\u00ed na nes\u010detn\u00fdch faktorech: neutronov\u00e9m spektru, palivov\u00e9 matrici, dob\u011b zdr\u017een\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f a stabilit\u011b cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Ve vizi startupu se proces jev\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011bna na krat\u0161\u00ed j\u00e1dra. Realita je mnohem drsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. I za optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00fd zbytek, kter\u00fd st\u00e1le vy\u017eaduje kone\u010dn\u00e9 ulo\u017een\u00ed. Samotn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed by spot\u0159ebov\u00e1valo obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie a generovalo by nov\u00fd komplex radioaktivn\u00edch vedlej\u0161\u00edch produkt\u016f, kter\u00e9 by zase bylo nutn\u00e9 zpracovat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Kone\u010dn\u011b, t\u0159et\u00ed krok slibuje, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st materi\u00e1lu by mohla b\u00fdt pou\u017eita pro nov\u00e9 palivov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky nebo dokonce pro l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 aplikace. Toto tvrzen\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nen\u00ed nepravdiv\u00e9, ale i zde fyzika poskytuje st\u0159\u00edzlivou pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou: mno\u017estv\u00ed by byla mal\u00e1 a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed po\u017eadavky obrovsk\u00e9. V\u00fdhoda je tedy sp\u00ed\u0161e vedlej\u0161\u00edm produktem ne\u017e \u017eivotaschopn\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm sektorem. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zb\u00fdv\u00e1 mal\u00fd, ale velmi problematick\u00fd zbytek, kter\u00fd nicm\u00e9n\u011b vy\u017eaduje kone\u010dn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"h-extreme-kosten-wenig-nutzen\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span dir=\"auto\">Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed n\u00e1klady, mal\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Transmutex nab\u00edz\u00ed teoretick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd by jednoho dne mohl hr\u00e1t podp\u016frnou roli v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm energetick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. Pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 technologie v\u0161ak dosud ani neza\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 existovat \u2013 ani pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 know-how. Nav\u00edc vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka ziskovosti. Pro pouhou \u201etransmutaci\u201c jen n\u011bkolika tun pomoc\u00ed syst\u00e9mu poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho urychlova\u010dem (ADS) s celkov\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem 100 a\u017e 300 megawatt\u016f (MW) (CERN poskytuje srovnateln\u00e9 \u00fadaje) v nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9m provozu by byla zapot\u0159eb\u00ed spolehliv\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna st\u0159edn\u00ed velikosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159i pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9m trval\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu 200 MW se jedn\u00e1 o ro\u010dn\u00ed spot\u0159ebu elekt\u0159iny p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 750 MWh, co\u017e samo o sob\u011b p\u0159edstavuje n\u00e1klady ve v\u00fd\u0161i 140 a\u017e 300 milion\u016f eur. A to se ani zdaleka nebl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed celkov\u00fdm ro\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm. K tomu p\u0159ipo\u010dt\u011bte 20 a\u017e 40 milion\u016f eur na person\u00e1l a provoz, 20 a\u017e 50 milion\u016f eur na \u00fadr\u017ebu a opot\u0159eben\u00ed, 5 a\u017e 15 milion\u016f eur na materi\u00e1l a chemik\u00e1lie a 15 a\u017e 30 milion\u016f eur na dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fddaje. Konzervativn\u00edm odhadem tedy kone\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady \u010din\u00ed 250 a\u017e 350 milion\u016f eur ro\u010dn\u011b. A to plat\u00ed pro elektr\u00e1rnu, kter\u00e1 by (za optimistick\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f) mohla ro\u010dn\u011b zpracovat asi 10 tun vysoce radioaktivn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Mal\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka na okraj: Jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna o v\u00fdkonu 1 000 MW produkuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 a\u017e 30 tun vysoce radioaktivn\u00edho jadern\u00e9ho odpadu ro\u010dn\u011b. To by vy\u017eadovalo v\u00fdstavbu dvou a\u017e t\u0159\u00ed takov\u00fdch \u201etransforma\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e1 by zase spot\u0159ebovala 40 a\u017e 60 procent elekt\u0159iny elektr\u00e1rny jen na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba b\u00fdt matematick\u00fd expert, abyste pochopili, \u017ee je to naprosto nepraktick\u00e9. Mluv\u00edme o zhruba 600 a\u017e 900 milionech eur ro\u010dn\u011b jen za zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00e9ho odpadu z takov\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny spole\u010dnost\u00ed Transmutex.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"h-endlager-bleiben-die-gunstigste-option\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span dir=\"auto\">Kone\u010dn\u00e9 skladov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Kolik by spole\u010dnost mohla z recyklovateln\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu vyd\u011blat? V nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mo\u017en\u00e1 jeden a p\u016fl milionu eur na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee by da\u0148ov\u00ed poplatn\u00edci museli nakonec zaplatit \u00fa\u010det za cel\u00fd provoz \u2013 a tak\u00e9 dotovat zisky soukrom\u00fdch investor\u016f. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee kone\u010dn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b m\u016f\u017ee uskladnit nejm\u00e9n\u011b 20 000 tun jadern\u00e9ho odpadu a st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9 transmuta\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zpracuje mo\u017en\u00e1 10 tun ro\u010dn\u011b, je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee to nen\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti finan\u010dn\u011b provediteln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Podobn\u011b jako utopick\u00e9 vod\u00edkov\u00e9 sny klimatick\u00fdch aktivist\u016f, i samotn\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny zn\u00ed docela zaj\u00edmav\u011b. Pokud jde ale o ekonomickou \u017eivotaschopnost, v\u011bci se komplikuj\u00ed. N\u00e1klady prost\u011b neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos\u016fm, alespo\u0148 ne na z\u00e1klad\u011b dnes dostupn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. To se mo\u017en\u00e1 jednou zm\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159. u reaktor\u016f pro jadernou f\u00fazi), ale za sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situace se na projekt, jeho\u017e ziskovost je nejist\u00e1, op\u011bt sp\u00e1l\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 sumy pen\u011bz. P\u0159esto se v publikac\u00edch jako \u201eDer Spiegel\u201c s takov\u00fdmi \u00favahami nediskutuje \u2013 a to v \u010dl\u00e1nku za placen\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem, za kter\u00fd mus\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i dokonce platit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1185\" src=\"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/kuryr-podpis.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"24\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd startup si klade za c\u00edl \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m jadern\u00e9ho odpadu. Lze ale sliby o \u201ezne\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed\u201c&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":93116,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[691,1503,2161,467],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93115"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93115"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93115\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93117,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93115\/revisions\/93117"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/93116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}