{"id":92457,"date":"2025-11-18T00:30:40","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T23:30:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=92457"},"modified":"2025-11-17T16:28:53","modified_gmt":"2025-11-17T15:28:53","slug":"vojenske-znalosti-raketa-vzduch-vzduch-r-73","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/11\/18\/vojenske-znalosti-raketa-vzduch-vzduch-r-73\/","title":{"rendered":"Vojensk\u00e9 znalosti: Raketa vzduch-vzduch R-73"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Raketa R-73 je kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 st\u0159ela vzduch-vzduch s infra\u010derven\u00fdm nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm, kterou navrhla spole\u010dnost Vympel NPO. Do slu\u017eby vstoupila v roce 1984 a v NATO je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako AA-11 Archer.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Pr\u00e1ce na raket\u011b R-73 za\u010daly v roce 1973 s c\u00edlem nahradit st\u0159elu R-60 (AA-8 ‚Aphid‘). R-60 byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejleh\u010d\u00ed infra\u010dervenou st\u0159elu na sv\u011bt\u011b, v\u00e1\u017eila pouh\u00fdch 43,5 kilogramu, ale jej\u00ed mal\u00e1 hlavice o hmotnosti 3 kilogramy ji \u010dinila z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ne\u00fa\u010dinnou proti st\u00edhac\u00edm letadl\u016fm. Po dvan\u00e1cti letech v\u00fdvoje byla R-73 v roce 1985 za\u0159azena do v\u00fdzbroje sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho letectva.<\/span><\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00eddi R-73 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00fd zam\u011b\u0159ova\u010d, kter\u00fd je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edle. Za n\u00edm se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i bezkontaktn\u00ed zapalova\u010de, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed detonaci st\u0159ely, kdy\u017e se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k c\u00edli. Za touto \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed dv\u011b \u0159ady kachen, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch postupn\u011b, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje rychl\u00e9 zm\u011bny sm\u011bru. D\u00e1le se nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotka a dal\u0161\u00ed senzory, n\u00e1sledovan\u00e1 bojovou hlavic\u00ed, pot\u00e9 pohonnou hmotou na tuh\u00e9 palivo a raketov\u00fdm motorem. V zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti je st\u0159ela krom\u011b motoru vybavena \u010dty\u0159mi stabiliza\u010dn\u00edmi \u017eebry pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed letov\u00e9 stability.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vojensk\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

Sou\u010d\u00e1sti rakety R-73<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Hleda\u010d st\u0159ely R-73 je infra\u010derven\u00fd hleda\u010d, kter\u00fd sleduje teplo vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 letadlem \u2013 zejm\u00e9na z motorov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u2013 a dok\u00e1\u017ee detekovat c\u00edle a\u017e do \u00fahlu 60 stup\u0148\u016f od st\u0159edov\u00e9 zorn\u00e9 linie st\u0159ely. R-73 je tak\u00e9 vybavena funkc\u00ed \u201emimo z\u00e1m\u011br\u201c. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zam\u011b\u0159ova\u010d montovan\u00fd na helmu (HMS) umo\u017e\u0148uje pilotovi jednodu\u0161e se pod\u00edvat na c\u00edl a vyst\u0159elit, ani\u017e by musel ot\u00e1\u010det letadlo sm\u011brem k n\u011bmu. V tomto re\u017eimu se st\u0159ela ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed ve sm\u011bru pilotova pohledu, zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed se na sv\u016fj zam\u011b\u0159ova\u010d montovan\u00fd na nose a pot\u00e9 za\u00fato\u010d\u00ed na c\u00edl.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po znovusjednocen\u00ed N\u011bmecka v roce 1990 se n\u011bkolik raket R-73 dostalo do vlastnictv\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Testy uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee R-73 byla lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e americk\u00e1 AIM-9M Sidewinder. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s variantou Sidewinder M prok\u00e1zala R-73 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed man\u00e9vrovatelnost a lep\u0161\u00ed schopnosti zam\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a sledov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdkon se v\u0161ak zhor\u0161oval v obla\u010dn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Toto omezen\u00ed vedlo k v\u00fdvoji nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch infra\u010derven\u00fdch raket kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho doletu, jako jsou AIM-132 ASRAAM, IRIS-T, MICA IR, Python IV a AIM-9X, kter\u00e9 byly v\u0161echny navr\u017eeny tak, aby p\u0159ekonaly R-73.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vojensk\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

Raketa R-73 (AA-11 Archer)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Raketa R-73 se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed od roku 1994 pod ozna\u010den\u00edm R-73M, zn\u00e1mou tak\u00e9 jako R-74EM, a do v\u00fdzbroje Spole\u010denstv\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f (SNS) vstoupila v roce 1997. Tato modernizovan\u00e1 st\u0159ela byla navr\u017eena tak, aby odolala infra\u010derven\u00fdm protiopat\u0159en\u00edm (IRCCM). Je nesena letadly, jako jsou MiG-29, Su-27, Su-34 a Su-35, a lze ji nasadit i nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi verzemi MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-24 a Su-25. Krom\u011b toho je kompatibiln\u00ed s rusk\u00fdmi \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdmi vrtuln\u00edky, v\u010detn\u011b Mil Mi-24, Mil Mi-28 a Kamov Ka-50. Indie se tak\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00ed integrovat tuto st\u0159elu do sv\u00fdch lehk\u00fdch bojov\u00fdch letadel.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 2009 byla p\u0159edstavena verze s n\u00e1zvem RVV-MD jako exportn\u00ed model R-74 (izd\u011blije 740). O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee tyto st\u0159ely dopln\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed varianty R-73, kter\u00e9 jsou st\u00e1le v provozu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vylep\u0161en\u00e1 verze byla p\u0159edstavena v roce 2016 pod n\u00e1zvem R-74M (izd\u011blije 750). Tento model je vybaven pln\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi, p\u0159eprogramovateln\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my a je ur\u010den pro pou\u017eit\u00ed na pokro\u010dil\u00fdch st\u00edha\u010dk\u00e1ch, jako jsou MiG-35, MiG-29K\/M\/M2, Su-27SM, Su-30MK a Su-35S.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vojensk\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek st\u0159ely RVV-MD, exportn\u00ed verze R-74M, s infra\u010derven\u00fdm vyhled\u00e1va\u010dem v nose a \u0159\u00eddic\u00edmi ploutvemi.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed verze s ozna\u010den\u00edm R-74M2 (izd\u011blije 760) byla vyvinuta speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro st\u00edhac\u00ed letoun p\u00e1t\u00e9 generace Su-57. Tato st\u0159ela je vybavena inerci\u00e1ln\u00edm naviga\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, m\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed radarov\u00fd pr\u016f\u0159ez a rozp\u011bt\u00ed jej\u00edch k\u00fdl bylo zmen\u0161eno na 434 milimetr\u016f, aby se ve\u0161la do vnit\u0159n\u00edho zbra\u0148ov\u00e9ho prostoru Su-57.<\/span><\/p>\n

R-74M2 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 technologii infra\u010derven\u00e9ho protiopat\u0159en\u00ed (IRCCM), kter\u00e1 je navr\u017eena tak, aby dosahovala v\u00fdkonu srovnateln\u00e9ho s raketami AIM-9X, IRIS-T a ASRAAM. Testov\u00e1n\u00ed R-74M2 bylo dokon\u010deno v roce 2019 a jej\u00ed exportn\u00ed verze, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako RVV-MD2, byla p\u0159edstavena v roce 2023.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Vojensk\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Vojensk\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

Maketa RVV-MD2 na leteck\u00e9 show v Dubaji 2023<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Futuristick\u00fd projekt zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako K-MD (izd\u011blije 300) je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b ve v\u00fdvoji jako raketa kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho doletu vzduch-vzduch ur\u010den\u00e1 pro boj zbl\u00edzka. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee tato verze nakonec nahrad\u00ed R-74M2.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jemensk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 variantu t\u00e9to st\u0159ely s ozna\u010den\u00edm Thaqib-1, kter\u00e1 byla upravena pro pou\u017eit\u00ed jako zbra\u0148 protiletadlov\u00e9 obrany. Tato verze byla Jemenem p\u0159edstavena v b\u0159eznu 2020 a \u00fadajn\u011b dos\u00e1hla n\u011bkolika \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch zachycen\u00ed st\u00edhac\u00edch letadel a dron\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Specifikace st\u0159ely vzduch-vzduch R-73<\/span><\/em><\/h3>\n

Typ: Raketa vzduch-vzduch kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho doletu<\/span><\/em>
\nN\u00e1vrh\u00e1\u0159: B\u00fdval\u00fd Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz a Rusk\u00e1 federace<\/span><\/em>
\nV\u00fdrobce: Vympel NPO<\/span><\/em>
\nRok konstrukce: 1973<\/span><\/em>
\nZa\u0159azen\u00ed do slu\u017eby: 1985<\/span><\/em>
\nD\u00e9lka: 2,93 metru<\/span><\/em>
\nRozp\u011bt\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddel: 0,51 metru (51 cm)<\/span><\/em>
\nPr\u016fm\u011br: 0,165 metru (16,5 cm)<\/span><\/em>
\nHmotnost: 105 kilogram\u016f<\/span><\/em>
\nMotor: Jednostup\u0148ov\u00fd raketov\u00fd motor na tuh\u00e9 palivo<\/span><\/em>
\nDolet: A\u017e 30 kilometr\u016f<\/span><\/em>
\nRychlost: Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed Mach 2,5<\/span><\/em>
\nHlavice: 7,4 kilogramu<\/span><\/em>
\nNav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed: Pasivn\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e9 nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed s bezkontaktn\u00ed rozn\u011btkou Samonav\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed<\/span><\/em>
\nhlavice \u00dahel z\u00e1m\u011bru mimo z\u00e1m\u011br: \u00b145\u00b0 a\u017e \u00b175\u00b0 v z\u00e1vislosti na variant\u011b<\/span><\/em>
\nOdpalovac\u00ed platformy: MiG-29, Su-27, Su-34, Su-35; vybran\u00e9 verze MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-24, Su-25 a Mil Mi-24, Mil Mi-28, Kamov Ka-50<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Raketa R-73 je kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 st\u0159ela vzduch-vzduch s infra\u010derven\u00fdm nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm, kterou navrhla spole\u010dnost Vympel NPO. Do…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":92458,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[10097,1075,10098,73],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92457"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=92457"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92457\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/92458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92457"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=92457"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=92457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}