{"id":91853,"date":"2025-11-10T00:31:42","date_gmt":"2025-11-09T23:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=91853"},"modified":"2025-11-09T18:02:16","modified_gmt":"2025-11-09T17:02:16","slug":"cina-nasla-v-americkych-archivech-zdroj-energie-ktery-by-mohl-pohanet-jeji-budoucnost-po-dobu-20-000-let-a-vyuzila-ho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/11\/10\/cina-nasla-v-americkych-archivech-zdroj-energie-ktery-by-mohl-pohanet-jeji-budoucnost-po-dobu-20-000-let-a-vyuzila-ho\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010c\u00edna na\u0161la v americk\u00fdch archivech zdroj energie, kter\u00fd by mohl poh\u00e1n\u011bt jej\u00ed budoucnost po dobu 20 000 let, a vyu\u017eila ho"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">To si nevym\u00fd\u0161l\u00edm. V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159 Oak Ridge v Tennessee, vynalezly revolu\u010dn\u00ed typ jadern\u00e9ho reaktoru, kter\u00fd mohl b\u011b\u017eet na thoriu m\u00edsto uranu (kter\u00fd byl mnohem hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed), bez rizika roztaven\u00ed, produkoval 50kr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b odpadu a nevy\u017eadoval \u017e\u00e1dnou vodu. Pot\u00e9 byl program kv\u016fli neorganizovan\u00e9 politice v roce 1969 opu\u0161t\u011bn a vizion\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u011bdec, kter\u00fd st\u00e1l za vyn\u00e1lezem, byl posl\u00e1n dom\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Odtajn\u011bn\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny projektu n\u00e1sledn\u011b z\u016fstaly po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed zapomenuty v archivech. Dokud je nena\u0161li \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci a v roce 2011 se nerozhodli prov\u00e9st experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed projekt v pou\u0161ti Kan-su, aby zjistili, zda se jim ho poda\u0159\u00ed uskute\u010dnit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159ed p\u00e1r dny se jim to kone\u010dn\u011b po 14 letech pr\u00e1ce poda\u0159ilo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Zde je cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Jak technologie funguje, byrokratick\u00e1 politika, kter\u00e1 ji ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech zni\u010dila, a pro\u010d by mohla skute\u010dn\u011b zm\u011bnit pravidla hry.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Technologie<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Nejprve mi dovolte vysv\u011btlit konven\u010dn\u00ed jadernou energii, proto\u017ee jsem si b\u011bhem diskus\u00ed v posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee mnoho lid\u00ed nen\u00ed s jej\u00edm fungov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 obezn\u00e1meno.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Konven\u010dn\u00ed jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna je v podstat\u011b jako ob\u0159\u00ed kotel na va\u0159en\u00ed vody. V j\u00e1dru je to p\u0159esn\u011b ono: v uranov\u00fdch palivov\u00fdch ty\u010d\u00edch se spust\u00ed jadern\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce (atomy se \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed a uvol\u0148uj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed atomy, tj. \u201e\u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed\u201c), \u010d\u00edm\u017e se vygeneruje obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tepla, toto teplo se pou\u017eije k va\u0159en\u00ed vody na p\u00e1ru a p\u00e1ra rozto\u010d\u00ed turb\u00edny, kter\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed elekt\u0159inu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Docela vtipn\u00e9 je, \u017ee si mnoho lid\u00ed neuv\u011bdomuje, \u017ee jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna se v z\u00e1sad\u011b tolik neli\u0161\u00ed od parn\u00edho stroje z 18. stolet\u00ed. Je to stejn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed koncept, s p\u00e1rou, kter\u00e1 vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1ci, a\u017e na to, \u017ee m\u00edsto spalov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed k oh\u0159evu vody pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me uranov\u00e9 palivov\u00e9 ty\u010de.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Teoreticky docela jednoduch\u00e9, ale jak v\u0161ichni v\u00edme, v praxi m\u00e1 konven\u010dn\u00ed jadern\u00e1 energie n\u011bkolik pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch nev\u00fdhod:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Bezpe\u010dnost. V\u0161ichni zn\u00e1me tento probl\u00e9m: konven\u010dn\u00ed jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny maj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edjemnou tendenci se roztavit a cel\u00e9 oblasti se st\u00e1t radioaktivn\u00edmi a neobyvateln\u00fdmi po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Co\u017e je, \u0159ekn\u011bme, m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed v\u00fdsledek. Je pravda, \u017ee se to v historii stalo jen dvakr\u00e1t, ale riziko je velmi re\u00e1ln\u00e9.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Nedostatek uranu. Tyto l\u00e1tky jsou relativn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a koncentruj\u00ed se pouze v n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo zem\u00edch (pouze \u010dty\u0159i zem\u011b \u2013 Kazachst\u00e1n, Kanada, Namibie a Austr\u00e1lie \u2013 dohromady produkuj\u00ed 80 % sv\u011btov\u00e9ho uranu).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Ne\u00fa\u010dinnost paliva. Konven\u010dn\u00ed reaktory z\u00edskaj\u00ed pouze asi 1 a\u017e 3 % energie obsa\u017een\u00e9 v uranu, ne\u017e se palivov\u00e9 ty\u010de \u201evy\u010derpaj\u00ed\u201c. Doslova vyhazujete 97 a\u017e 99 % paliva jako radioaktivn\u00ed odpad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"auto\">Jadern\u00fd odpad. Vyho\u0159el\u00e9 palivo z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 smrteln\u011b radioaktivn\u00ed po des\u00edtky tis\u00edc let. Nem\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 trval\u00e1 \u00falo\u017en\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, pouze do\u010dasn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a velk\u00fd optimismus \u2013 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b naivn\u00ed \u2013 \u017ee budouc\u00ed generace objev\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak situaci napravit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Kv\u016fli v\u0161em t\u011bmto nev\u00fdhod\u00e1m v\u011bdci hledaj\u00ed alternativy ji\u017e po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed. A skute\u010dn\u011b jednu na\u0161li, kdy\u017e se vr\u00e1tili do 40. let 20. stolet\u00ed do N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159e Oak Ridge v Tennessee, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9ho centra financovan\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dou USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">My\u0161lenka je vlastn\u011b docela jednoduch\u00e1: pokud je hlavn\u00edm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm konven\u010dn\u00edch jadern\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren roztaven\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e se uranov\u00e9 palivov\u00e9 ty\u010de tak zah\u0159ej\u00ed, \u017ee se roztav\u00ed \u2013 pro\u010d nezkapaln\u00edme jadern\u00e9 palivo?\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Nen\u00ed co tavit, pokud u\u017e je roztaven\u00e9\u2026 A tam m\u00e1te z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenku \u201ereaktoru s roztavenou sol\u00ed\u201c (MSR).<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a class=\"single-popup\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?ssl=1\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-493266 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?resize=1024%2C751&amp;ssl=1\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?resize=1024%2C751&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?resize=300%2C220&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?resize=768%2C563&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?resize=990%2C726&amp;ssl=1 990w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-95.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" alt=\"\" width=\"809\" height=\"593\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159\u00edklad sch\u00e9matu reaktoru s roztavenou sol\u00ed.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Funguje to tak, \u017ee vezmete speci\u00e1ln\u00ed soli (nap\u0159\u00edklad fluoridov\u00e9 soli) a zah\u0159ejete je, dokud nezkapaln\u00ed, p\u0159i teplot\u011b kolem 500 \u00b0C. Pot\u00e9 rozpust\u00edte jadern\u00e9 palivo (thorium nebo uran) p\u0159\u00edmo v t\u00e9to roztaven\u00e9 soli a v kapalin\u011b prob\u011bhne jadern\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce \u2013 atomy se roz\u0161t\u011bp\u00ed, uvoln\u00ed teplo a zah\u0159ej\u00ed samotnou s\u016fl.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pt\u00e1te se, jak je to bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? D\u00edky pom\u011brn\u011b d\u016fmysln\u00e9mu n\u00e1vrhu, kde je dno reaktoru vyrobeno z neroztaven\u00fdch sol\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by se roztavily, pokud by se roztaven\u00e9 soli p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1ly (\u201emrznouc\u00ed z\u00e1tka\u201c, kterou vid\u00edte na obr\u00e1zku v\u00fd\u0161e). A pokud by se tyto neroztaven\u00e9 soli roztavily, automaticky by to zp\u016fsobilo, \u017ee by p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 roztaven\u00e9 soli padaly \u2013 pouze gravitac\u00ed \u2013 do tich\u00fdch nouzov\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jejich\u017e geometrie (jsou to velk\u00e9, ploch\u00e9 n\u00e1doby) by automaticky zastavila jadernou reakci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159edstavte si to takto. Pro ilustraci si p\u0159edstavte, \u017ee rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1te ohe\u0148 \u2013 hust\u011b nacpan\u00fd svazek ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edch klac\u00edk\u016f \u2013 nad silnou vrstvou ledu, n\u011bkolik stop pod kterou le\u017e\u00ed ploch\u00fd beton. Pokud se ohe\u0148 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozp\u00e1l\u00ed, led roztaje a klac\u00edky se rozprost\u0159ou na betonu pod n\u00edm: ohe\u0148 zhasne, proto\u017ee nem\u016f\u017ee sk\u00e1kat mezi klac\u00edky. Docela podobn\u00fd koncept.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Aby bylo jasno, v tomto konceptu MSR tyto hork\u00e9 roztaven\u00e9 soli sm\u00edchan\u00e9 s jadern\u00fdm palivem st\u00e1le mus\u00ed oh\u0159\u00edvat vodu (nebo jin\u00fd plyn, jak uvid\u00edme pozd\u011bji) na p\u00e1ru, aby poh\u00e1n\u011bly turb\u00edny a vyr\u00e1b\u011bly elekt\u0159inu; stejn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip jako u konven\u010dn\u00edch reaktor\u016f. Zde je v\u0161ak kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd rozd\u00edl: radioaktivn\u00ed roztaven\u00e1 s\u016fl proud\u00ed kovov\u00fdmi trubkami uvnit\u0159 tepeln\u00e9ho v\u00fdm\u011bn\u00edku, kde oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 \u010distou vodu proud\u00edc\u00ed na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, ani\u017e by se ob\u011b l\u00e1tky sm\u00edsily. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee radioaktivn\u00ed soli z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zcela odd\u011blen\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9m vlastn\u00edm uzav\u0159en\u00e9m okruhu, zat\u00edmco do turb\u00edn vstupuje pouze \u010dist\u00e1, neradioaktivn\u00ed p\u00e1ra. Pokud dojde k \u00faniku v parn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, neuvoln\u00edte radioaktivn\u00ed materi\u00e1l do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, pouze \u010distou vodu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Existuje je\u0161t\u011b jedna stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, ale m\u00e9n\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed v\u00fdhoda: MSR pracuj\u00ed p\u0159i atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9m tlaku \u2013 stejn\u00e9m tlaku jako vzduch kolem n\u00e1s. Konven\u010dn\u00ed reaktory pracuj\u00ed p\u0159i tlaku p\u0159es 150 atmosf\u00e9r, proto\u017ee jako chladivo pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vodu, a k udr\u017een\u00ed kapaln\u00e9 vody na 300 \u00b0C+ \u2013 co\u017e je trojn\u00e1sobek jej\u00edho norm\u00e1ln\u00edho bodu varu \u2013 je pot\u0159eba intenzivn\u00ed tlak. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee konven\u010dn\u00ed reaktory vy\u017eaduj\u00ed masivn\u00ed ocelov\u00e9 tlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1doby se st\u011bnami siln\u00fdmi a\u017e 30 cm a v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00edmi stovky tun. A pokud by tyto syst\u00e9my n\u00e1dob n\u011bkdy selhaly, do\u0161lo by k masivn\u00ed explozi: trochu jako praskl\u00e1 pneumatika auta, jen o velikosti jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila by smrt\u00edc\u00ed radioaktivn\u00ed prvky v\u0161ude kolem. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud dojde k \u00faniku z potrub\u00ed MSR, dostanete jen pomal\u00e9 kap\u00e1n\u00ed roztaven\u00e9 soli, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i kontaktu se vzduchem tuhne: je to nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, ale ne katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">To m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 obrovsk\u00fd, vedlej\u0161\u00ed dopad na ekonomiku: samotn\u00e1 tlakov\u00e1 n\u00e1doba je z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d konven\u010dn\u00ed jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny stoj\u00ed 6 a\u017e 10 miliard dolar\u016f (nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Vogtle, posledn\u00ed jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant\"><span dir=\"auto\">18 miliard dolar\u016f<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0) a jejich v\u00fdstavba trv\u00e1 deset let (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Vogtle 11 let). Eliminace po\u017eadavku na tlak zna\u010dn\u011b zlev\u0148uje a urychluje v\u00fdstavbu MSR.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Tolik k bezpe\u010dnosti. Jak jsou \u0159e\u0161eny dal\u0161\u00ed nev\u00fdhody? Poj\u010fme se nyn\u00ed pod\u00edvat na nedostatek uranu a neefektivitu paliva.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Obrovskou v\u00fdhodou MSR je, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od konven\u010dn\u00edch reaktor\u016f lze m\u00edsto uranu pou\u017e\u00edt thorium. To je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee thorium je\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust\"><span dir=\"auto\">mnohem b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prvek<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0ne\u017e uran: v zemsk\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e se vyskytuje v mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9\u201310 ppm (\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na milion) \u2013 zhruba stejn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 jako olovo \u2013 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s pouh\u00fdmi 2\u20133 ppm uranu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm aspektem, kter\u00fd je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba pochopit, je, \u017ee thorium, na rozd\u00edl od uranu, NEN\u00cd tzv. \u201e\u0161t\u011bpn\u00fd\u201c materi\u00e1l, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee samo o sob\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee udr\u017eet jadernou \u0159et\u011bzovou reakci. Je jednodu\u0161e \u201eplodn\u00e9\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t \u201e\u0161t\u011bpn\u00fdm\u201c, ale a\u017e po p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b na uran-233.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201ereprodukce\u201c. Jadern\u00e9 palivo se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed z neho\u0159lav\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Transforma\u010dn\u00ed proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 takto: kdy\u017e atom thoria-232 absorbuje neutron (nezapome\u0148te, \u017ee neutrony v aktivn\u00edm reaktoru neust\u00e1le l\u00e9taj\u00ed kv\u016fli \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed atom\u016f), stane se thoriem-233. Pot\u00e9 se thorium-233 p\u0159irozen\u011b rozpadne \u2013 asi za 22 minut \u2013 na protaktinium-233. Protaktinium-233 se pak rozpadne asi za 27 dn\u00ed na uran-233. A tady to m\u00e1te: uran-233 je \u0161t\u011bpn\u00fd, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se nyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee \u0161t\u011bpit a udr\u017eovat \u0159et\u011bzovou reakci. Tak\u017ee asi za m\u011bs\u00edc jste p\u0159em\u011bnili neho\u0159lav\u00fd atom (thorium) na ho\u0159lav\u00fd atom (uran-233) jednodu\u0161e t\u00edm, \u017ee jste ho nechali v reaktoru absorbovat neutrony. Dokud budete st\u00e1le p\u0159id\u00e1vat thorium a ono bude st\u00e1le absorbovat neutrony, budete neust\u00e1le vyr\u00e1b\u011bt nov\u00e9 palivo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Po\u010dkejte, pro\u010d nem\u016f\u017eete tuto \u201ereprodukci\u201c prov\u00e9st p\u0159em\u011bnou thoria-232 na \u0161t\u011bpn\u00fd uran-233 v konven\u010dn\u00edm reaktoru? Technicky vzato byste mohli, ale narazili byste na nep\u0159ekonateln\u00fd probl\u00e9m: s pevn\u00fdm palivem nem\u016f\u017eete dos\u00e1hnout sob\u011bsta\u010dn\u00e9ho reproduk\u010dn\u00edho cyklu. Tak\u017ee byste sice vyr\u00e1b\u011bli U-233, ale ne tolik, abyste udr\u017eeli reakci A z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyprodukovali dal\u0161\u00ed U-233 z \u010derstv\u00e9ho thoria. Z\u016fstali byste z\u00e1visl\u00ed na dov\u00e1\u017een\u00e9m uranu a skon\u010dili byste znovu u stejn\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Kr\u00e1sa MSR v\u0161ak spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee proto\u017ee palivo je kapaln\u00e9 a tekut\u00e9, m\u016f\u017eete do n\u011bj pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1vat \u010derstv\u00e9 thorium. Uran-233 se replikuje a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v kapalin\u011b, kde se okam\u017eit\u011b \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed jadern\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 reakce A z\u00e1rove\u0148 produkce dal\u0161\u00edho uranu-233 z thoria, zat\u00edmco cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m nad\u00e1le pracuje a generuje energii. V podstat\u011b jste vytvo\u0159ili perpetuum mobile pro jadern\u00e9 palivo: reaktor si vyr\u00e1b\u00ed vlastn\u00ed palivo z thoria a z\u00e1rove\u0148 s t\u00edmto palivem pracuje, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ho p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed produkuje v\u00edce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Existuje je\u0161t\u011b jedna obrovsk\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda. Vzpome\u0148te si, jak konven\u010dn\u00ed reaktory extrahuj\u00ed pouze asi 1 a\u017e 3 % energie obsa\u017een\u00e9 v uranu, ne\u017e se palivov\u00e9 ty\u010de \u201evy\u010derpaj\u00ed\u201c. Je to proto, \u017ee \u0161t\u011bpn\u00fd odpad se hromad\u00ed v pevn\u00e9m palivu a otravuje reakci, \u010d\u00edm\u017e ji zastavuje, podobn\u011b jako kdy\u017e t\u011bsto na chleba p\u0159estane kynout, jakmile se nahromad\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho CO2; reak\u010dn\u00ed odpad nakonec samotnou reakci udus\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">S MSR nen\u00ed takov\u00fd probl\u00e9m, proto\u017ee v syst\u00e9mu s kapaln\u00fdm palivem m\u016f\u017eete chemicky odstranit \u0161t\u011bpn\u00fd odpad z kapaln\u00e9 soli vyt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed ven, zat\u00edmco reaktor pokra\u010duje v provozu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se z\u00edsk\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 99 % energie paliva, m\u00edsto aby se pl\u00fdtvalo 97\u201399 %. To je 30 a\u017e 50n\u00e1sobn\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i n\u00e1\u0161 probl\u00e9m s jadern\u00fdm odpadem je z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vy\u0159e\u0161en. Zaprv\u00e9, odpadu je 30 a\u017e 50kr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b, proto\u017ee z paliva se z\u00edsk\u00e1 30 a\u017e 50kr\u00e1t v\u00edce energie; z\u00e1kladn\u00ed matematika. Zadruh\u00e9, mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadu, kter\u00e9 zb\u00fdv\u00e1, je mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00e9: na rozd\u00edl od konven\u010dn\u00edho reaktorov\u00e9ho odpadu, kter\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nebezpe\u010dn\u011b radioaktivn\u00ed po des\u00edtky tis\u00edc let (d\u00e9le ne\u017e zaznamenan\u00e1 historie lidstva), pot\u0159ebuje odpad z MSR bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 skladov\u00e1n\u00ed pouze po dobu 300 a\u017e 500 let. To je st\u00e1le dlouh\u00e1 doba, ale vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed skladovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 vydr\u017e\u00ed n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed, je relativn\u011b trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e1 v\u00fdzva; v\u00edme, jak na to, zat\u00edmco nev\u00edme, jak postavit cokoli navr\u017een\u00e9ho tak, aby z\u016fstalo bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 po potenci\u00e1ln\u011b 100 000 nebo 200 000 let.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Jeden posledn\u00ed kritick\u00fd bod: na rozd\u00edl od konven\u010dn\u00edch reaktor\u016f nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt MSR stav\u011bt v bl\u00edzkosti masivn\u00edch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f; lze je postavit prakticky kdekoli. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00fd MSR \u201eTMSR-LF1\u201c, revolu\u010dn\u00ed projekt, o kter\u00e9m diskutujeme, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v okrese Minqin v provincii Kan-su, v jedn\u00e9 z nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed \u010c\u00edny, p\u0159\u00edmo na okraji pou\u0161t\u011b Gobi (viz sn\u00edmek obrazovky n\u00ed\u017ee;\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/maps.app.goo.gl\/xHnEajx52W6UYRjg9\"><span dir=\"auto\">mapu si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout zde<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a class=\"single-popup\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-96.png?ssl=1\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-493267 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-96.png?resize=901%2C720&amp;ssl=1\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-96.png?w=901&amp;ssl=1 901w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-96.png?resize=300%2C240&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/reseauinternational.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-96.png?resize=768%2C614&amp;ssl=1 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"697\" height=\"557\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 tov\u00e1rna MSR \u201eTMSR-LF1\u201c se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v okrese Minqin v provincii Kan-su<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span dir=\"auto\">, v jedn\u00e9 z nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed \u010c\u00edny.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Po\u010dkejte, sly\u0161\u00edm v\u00e1s \u0159\u00edkat, myslel jsem si, \u017ee MSR mus\u00ed tak\u00e9 odpa\u0159ovat vodu, aby rozto\u010dily turb\u00edny a vyr\u00e1b\u011bly elekt\u0159inu? No, ne v\u017edy: pamatujete si, jak jsem napsal \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">nebo jin\u00fd plyn, jak uvid\u00edme pozd\u011bji<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201c jako upozorn\u011bn\u00ed? To je tento p\u0159\u00edpad. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd reaktor je demonstra\u010dn\u00ed projekt testuj\u00edc\u00ed thoriov\u00fd palivov\u00fd cyklus bez v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny (tak\u017ee tam nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 turb\u00edna), ale \u010c\u00edna u\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 stav\u011bt skute\u010dnou elektr\u00e1rnu na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b: reaktor o v\u00fdkonu 60 MW, kter\u00fd bude vyr\u00e1b\u011bt 10 MW elekt\u0159iny pomoc\u00ed superkritick\u00fdch turb\u00edn s oxidem uhli\u010dit\u00fdm m\u00edsto tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1ry. CO2 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 tlakov\u00e9 smy\u010dce; hork\u00e1 roztaven\u00e1 s\u016fl ho oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, rozt\u00e1\u010d\u00ed turb\u00ednu, chlazen\u00ed okoln\u00edm vzduchem ho ochlazuje a cyklus za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 znovu. V syst\u00e9mu nen\u00ed nikde pot\u0159eba voda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee rakety MSR mohou b\u00fdt nasazeny v z\u00e1padn\u00edch provinci\u00edch \u010c\u00edny s nedostatkem vody (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jako severn\u00ed Kan-su), v pou\u0161t\u00edch St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie pod\u00e9l Nov\u00e9 hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky, nebo dokonce \u2013 dovolte mi v\u00e1s ohromit \u2013 na M\u011bs\u00edci (ano\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/china-led-lunar-base-include-nuclear-power-plant-moons-surface-space-official-2025-04-23\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">, opravdu!<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0). Kdekoli si to strategick\u00e1 pot\u0159eba vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, bez ohledu na dostupnost vody.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Dob\u0159e, p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee je to trochu technick\u00e9. Ale pot\u0159eboval jsi pochopit, co MSR vlastn\u011b d\u011blaj\u00ed a pro\u010d jsou revolu\u010dn\u00ed, jinak by tenhle \u010dl\u00e1nek ned\u00e1val moc smysl.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Jedna v\u011bc, kterou jsem ale nevysv\u011btlil, je osud programu Oak Ridge: pro\u010d Amerika vynalezla tak slibnou technologii, \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b ji demonstrovala, pak program zastavila a ve\u0161ker\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ve\u0159ejn\u011b zve\u0159ejnila? Velkou ironi\u00ed je, \u017ee \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd program MSR, kter\u00fd by mohl b\u00fdt kl\u00ed\u010dem k jeho budoucnosti, je postaven na z\u00e1klad\u011b odtajn\u011bn\u00fdch americk\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Program Oak Ridge<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Zde je to, co d\u011bl\u00e1 tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh z americk\u00e9ho pohledu obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u201etrapn\u00fdm\u201c, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pokud reaktory s roztavenou sol\u00ed spln\u00ed sv\u016fj slib a stanou se velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi pro energetickou budoucnost \u010c\u00edny: Amerika o reaktorech s roztavenou sol\u00ed nejen teoretizovala, ale skute\u010dn\u011b jeden postavila!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed v Oak Ridge\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alvin_M._Weinberg\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u0159editel Alvin Weinberg<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee reaktory s roztaven\u00fdmi solemi (MSR) jsou budoucnost\u00ed jadern\u00e9 energie. P\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil Komisi pro atomovou energii, aby financovala \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd test. Experiment s reaktorem s roztaven\u00fdmi solemi (MSRE) prob\u00edhal v letech 1965 a\u017e 1969, tedy \u010dty\u0159i roky, a zaznamenal\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/blog\/time-warp-molten-salt-reactor-experiment-alvin-weinbergs-magnum-opus\"><span dir=\"auto\">p\u0159es 13 000 hodin provozu<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0. Prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee koncept funguje. Okruh dod\u00e1vky roztaven\u00e9 soli byl stabiln\u00ed. Pasivn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fungovala p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak bylo zam\u00fd\u0161leno (ta, kter\u00e1 jsem vysv\u011btlil v\u00fd\u0161e na analogii s t\u00e1bor\u00e1kem na led\u011b).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Nikdy nep\u0159edvedli kompletn\u00ed replika\u010dn\u00ed cyklus \u2013 p\u0159em\u011bnu thoria na uran-233 uvnit\u0159 b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edho reaktoru \u2013 ale dostate\u010dn\u011b dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee cesta vp\u0159ed je jasn\u00e1. Weinberg pokra\u010doval ve sv\u00e9m hled\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u011bl data. M\u011bl provozn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti. M\u011bl technologii, kter\u00e1 by dok\u00e1zala vy\u0159e\u0161it nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my jadern\u00e9 energie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pak se do toho vm\u00edsila politika.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let se Nixonova administrativa rozhodla, \u017ee budoucnost pat\u0159\u00ed rychl\u00e9mu mno\u017eiv\u00e9mu reaktoru s tekut\u00fdm kovem (LMFBR) \u2013 konkuren\u010dn\u00ed technologii. Mu\u017eem, kter\u00fd m\u011bl za \u00fakol tuto technologii uskute\u010dnit, byl Milton Shaw, kter\u00fd vedl odd\u011blen\u00ed reaktor\u016f Komise pro atomovou energii. Shaw byl chr\u00e1n\u011bncem admir\u00e1la Rickovera, legend\u00e1rn\u00edho a drsn\u00e9ho otce jadern\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva. Zcela si osvojil\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/energyfromthorium.com\/2008\/09\/23\/milton-shaw-and-the-decline-of-the-american-nuclear-establishment\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">styl \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho mentora<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: po m\u00e9m, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 diskuse, a kdy\u017e nejste se mnou, jste proti mn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Weinberg nad\u00e1le prosazoval reaktory s roztaven\u00fdmi solemi. A co h\u016f\u0159, neust\u00e1le ve\u0159ejn\u011b upozor\u0148oval na bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed probl\u00e9my spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdstavbou konven\u010dn\u00edch reaktor\u016f v\u0161ude kolem; co\u017e je druh pravdy, kter\u00e1 byrokraty znerv\u00f3z\u0148uje. To z n\u011bj d\u011blalo nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Weinbergov\u00fdmi\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/moltensalt.org\/references\/static\/downloads\/pdf\/WhyMSRsAbandonedORNLWeinbergsFiringV3.pdf\"><span dir=\"auto\">vlastn\u00edmi slovy<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0[Shaw]\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">ve m\u011b nem\u011bl velkou d\u016fv\u011bru, a vlastn\u011b ani v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159 Oak Ridge. Koneckonc\u016f jsme prosazovali roztavenou s\u016fl, ne LMFBR<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">V roce 1973 byl propu\u0161t\u011bn. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl reaktor s roztavenou sol\u00ed ji\u017e nefunk\u010dn\u00ed; Shaw ho v roce 1969 donutil k uzav\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Shaw\u016fv t\u00fdm vypracoval zpr\u00e1vu (\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/7c17075a.flowpaper.com\/WASH12221\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">WASH-1222<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0), v n\u00ed\u017e uvedl, \u017ee reaktory MSR \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho v\u00fdvoje<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201c, zat\u00edmco LMFBR ozna\u010dil za \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">vysp\u011blou technologii<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201c, kterou by Amerika m\u011bla usilovat. Nez\u00e1le\u017eelo na tom, \u017ee MSR byly v provozu ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let, zat\u00edmco LMFBR byly st\u00e1le ve f\u00e1zi pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Politick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed logickou konzistenci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee to byla \u0161patn\u00e1 volba: \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">vysp\u011bl\u00e1<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201c technologie LMFBR, na kterou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vsadily v\u0161echno, nevedla absolutn\u011b nikam. Pokusili se kolem n\u00ed vyvinout projekt s n\u00e1zvem\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinch_River_Breeder_Reactor_Project\"><span dir=\"auto\">mno\u017eiv\u00fd reaktor Clinch River<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, schv\u00e1len\u00fd v roce 1970 s po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed cenou 400 milion\u016f dolar\u016f. Do roku 1983 n\u00e1klady prudce vzrostly na 8 miliard dolar\u016f bez konce v dohledu. Kongres v \u0159\u00edjnu 1983 zastavil financov\u00e1n\u00ed; reaktor nebyl nikdy dokon\u010den a nevyrobil ani watt elekt\u0159iny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Tato ztr\u00e1ta pro Ameriku se pro \u010c\u00ednu stala ziskem v tom nejdoslovn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mo\u017en\u00e9m smyslu. Oak Ridge, jak bylo pro takov\u00fd projekt typick\u00e9, zdokumentoval svou pr\u00e1ci stovkami technick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v, pololetn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v o pokroku z let 1958 a\u017e 1967, podrobn\u00fdch technick\u00fdch specifikac\u00ed, dat z materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch v\u011bd a provozn\u00edch protokol\u016f MSRE. Po skon\u010den\u00ed programu v roce 1976 se tyto zpr\u00e1vy staly ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00fdmi pot\u00e9, co byly nalezeny v do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry zapomenut\u00fdch technick\u00fdch knihovn\u00e1ch a archivech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">V roce 2002 je objevil Kirk Sorensen, leteck\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr z NASA, a se sv\u00fdm kolegou Brucem Pattonem\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/energyfromthorium.com\/2011\/04\/26\/five-years-eft\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">zajistil finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0na jejich digitalizaci. Do roku 2006 Sorensen vytvo\u0159il\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/energyfromthorium.com\/\"><em><span dir=\"auto\">web energyfromthorium.com<\/span><\/em><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0a v\u0161e zve\u0159ejnil online jako ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b. Zdarma. P\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u010c\u00edna vyu\u017eila tento ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00fd americk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum jako z\u00e1klad pro sv\u016fj program MSR, co\u017e otev\u0159en\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1. Xu Hongjie, vedouc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho projektu MSR,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/science\/article\/3306933\/no-quick-wins-china-has-worlds-first-operational-thorium-nuclear-reactor\"><span dir=\"auto\">na zased\u00e1n\u00ed \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tkem tohoto roku prohl\u00e1sil: \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zve\u0159ejnily sv\u016fj v\u00fdzkum, zat\u00edmco \u010dekaly na vhodn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stupce. T\u00edmto n\u00e1stupcem jsme byli my<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pravdou je, \u017ee revolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 technika by nem\u011bla p\u016fl stolet\u00ed zapadat prach jen proto, \u017ee jedna zem\u011b ztratila rozvahu. Pokud Amerika nebyla ochotna p\u0159ijmout Weinbergovu vizi, musel ji p\u0159ijmout n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd. T\u00edm n\u011bk\u00fdm se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt \u010c\u00edna.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016flom \u010c\u00edny<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u010c\u00edna nejen opr\u00e1\u0161ila pl\u00e1ny pro Oak Ridge a postavila repliku. Ud\u011blala to, co Weinberg nikdy nem\u011bl \u0161anci dokon\u010dit: dokon\u010dila kruh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pamatujete si na kriticky chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st experimentu Oak Ridge? MSRE dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee lze provozovat reaktor s roztavenou sol\u00ed. Dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9my funguj\u00ed. Dokonce dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee lze pou\u017e\u00edt uran-233 jako palivo. Nikdy v\u0161ak neprok\u00e1zal samoreplikuj\u00edc\u00ed se cyklus \u2013 reaktor, kter\u00fd by b\u011bhem provozu neust\u00e1le vytv\u00e1\u0159el vlastn\u00ed palivo z thoria, \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">perpetuum mobile<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201c, kter\u00fd jsem popsal d\u0159\u00edve. To byl svat\u00fd gr\u00e1l, v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 by z cel\u00e9ho konceptu ud\u011blala sp\u00ed\u0161e revolu\u010dn\u00ed ne\u017e zaj\u00edmav\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159ed p\u00e1r dny toho \u010c\u00edna dos\u00e1hla.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Jejich reaktor TMSR-LF1 v Kan-su \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b dokon\u010dil prvn\u00ed p\u0159em\u011bnu thoria na uran na sv\u011bt\u011b uvnit\u0159 provozovan\u00e9ho reaktoru s roztavenou sol\u00ed. \u0160anghajsk\u00fd institut aplikovan\u00e9 fyziky \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/202511\/05\/WS690aa6e3a310f215074b9062.html\"><span dir=\"auto\">ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee z\u00edskal<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0platn\u00e1 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed data prokazuj\u00edc\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed thoriov\u00e9ho palivov\u00e9ho cyklu; thorium-232 kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b zachycuje neutrony a p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje se na uran-233 uvnit\u0159 provozovan\u00e9ho reaktoru.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">M\u016f\u017ee se to zd\u00e1t jako postupn\u00fd krok: \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Dob\u0159e, usp\u011bli, no a co?<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201c Ale pochopte, co to odemyk\u00e1: dokazuje to, \u017ee thoriov\u00fd palivov\u00fd cyklus funguje. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna nyn\u00ed v principu m\u016f\u017ee navrhovat a stav\u011bt reaktory, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u011b\u017eet neomezen\u011b dlouho na thorium dostupn\u00e9 na dom\u00e1c\u00edm trhu, ani\u017e by se spol\u00e9hala na zahrani\u010dn\u00ed dod\u00e1vky uranu a ani\u017e by byla zraniteln\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di naru\u0161en\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Podle\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/202511\/05\/WS690aa6e3a310f215074b9062.html\"><span dir=\"auto\">Cai Xiangzhou<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, z\u00e1stupce \u0159editele \u0160anghajsk\u00e9ho institutu aplikovan\u00e9 fyziky (kter\u00fd projekt vede), \u010c\u00edna na t\u00e9to technologii prakticky \u017d\u00c1DNOU nez\u00e1vis\u00ed: \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">V\u00edce ne\u017e 90 % komponent reaktoru se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 d\u00edly jsou 100% lokalizov\u00e1ny a dodavatelsk\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec je zcela nez\u00e1visl\u00fd. Tento \u00fasp\u011bch p\u0159edstavuje prvn\u00ed krok k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu pro technologie reaktor\u016f s roztaven\u00fdmi solmi thoria v \u010c\u00edn\u011b<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">A to ani nemluv\u00edme o samotn\u00e9m thoriu, jeho\u017e z\u00e1soby m\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna obrovsk\u00e9. N\u011bkter\u00e9 odhady nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee by sta\u010dily k z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b energi\u00ed po dobu 20 000 a\u017e 60 000 let. To nen\u00ed p\u0159eklep. Des\u00edtky tis\u00edc let energetick\u00e9 nez\u00e1vislosti d\u00edky dom\u00e1c\u00edm zdroj\u016fm a technologi\u00edm, kter\u00e9 \u010c\u00edna nyn\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 od za\u010d\u00e1tku do konce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Aby bylo jasno, je p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi je\u0161t\u011b dlouh\u00e1 cesta. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd TMSR-LF1 je demonstra\u010dn\u00ed tepeln\u00fd reaktor o v\u00fdkonu 2 megawatty \u2013 jednodu\u0161e dokazuje, \u017ee reproduk\u010dn\u00ed cyklus funguje, ale nevyr\u00e1b\u00ed elekt\u0159inu. V podstat\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o d\u016fkaz konceptu: \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">Ano, dok\u00e1\u017eeme reprodukovat uran-233 z thoria v reaktoru s roztavenou sol\u00ed<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.\u201c Kritick\u00fd miln\u00edk, ale zat\u00edm to nen\u00ed elektr\u00e1rna.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze ji\u017e prob\u00edh\u00e1. Letos za\u010dala v\u00fdstavba reaktoru, kter\u00fd bude v podstat\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm prot\u011bj\u0161kem TMSR-LF1 ve stejn\u00e9 lokalit\u011b v Kan-su: reaktoru, kter\u00fd p\u0159id\u00e1 i slo\u017eku pro v\u00fdrobu energie. Je navr\u017een tak, aby vyr\u00e1b\u011bl 10 MW elektrick\u00e9 energie pomoc\u00ed superkritick\u00fdch turb\u00edn na oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (sCO2), kter\u00e9 jsem zm\u00ednil d\u0159\u00edve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1 v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje \u00farove\u0148 ambic\u00ed \u010c\u00edny v tomto projektu, je, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 turb\u00edny s CO2 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dkovou technologii. Pokud v\u00edm, byla by to vlastn\u011b prvn\u00ed jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00e1 by tuto technologii turb\u00edn vyu\u017e\u00edvala k v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/energy.wisc.edu\/industry\/technology-highlights\/supercritical-co2-gas-turbines\"><span dir=\"auto\">Podle Wisconsinsk\u00e9ho energetick\u00e9ho institutu<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0by nahrazen\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch parn\u00edch turb\u00edn plynov\u00fdmi turb\u00ednami s uzav\u0159en\u00fdm cyklem s CO2 mohlo zv\u00fd\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny o 50 procent nebo i v\u00edce \u2013 co\u017e by bylo transforma\u010dn\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed pro jakoukoli technologii v\u00fdroby energie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u010c\u00edna tak sou\u010dasn\u011b demonstruje zbrusu novou technologii jadern\u00e9ho reaktoru (MSR replikuj\u00edc\u00ed thorium) A revolu\u010dn\u00ed technologii turb\u00edn (superkritick\u00fd CO2) a to v\u0161e stav\u00ed jako integrovanou elektr\u00e1rnu v pou\u0161ti Gobi. Jak\u00e1 ambice!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud to bude fungovat \u2013 a ta nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st byla pr\u00e1v\u011b hotov\u00e1 \u2013 \u010c\u00edna p\u0159ekon\u00e1 konven\u010dn\u00ed jadernou energii ve zcela nov\u00e9 kategorii v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny. Nejen\u017ee bude bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed reaktory, ale bude tak\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b tepla na elekt\u0159inu. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, op\u011bt, to v\u0161e s vyu\u017eit\u00edm hojn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed thoria jako zdroje energie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Posledn\u00edm krokem je prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/202511\/05\/WS690aa6e3a310f215074b9062.html\"><span dir=\"auto\">Cai Xiangzhou uv\u00e1d\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0, \u017ee c\u00edlem je \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">dokon\u010dit v\u00fdstavbu a demonstraci 100megawattov\u00e9ho tepeln\u00e9ho prototypu do roku 2035 a dos\u00e1hnout komer\u010dn\u00ed aplikace<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.\u201c Reaktor o v\u00fdkonu 100 MW je podle konven\u010dn\u00edch jadern\u00fdch standard\u016f mal\u00fd \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161ina modern\u00edch reaktor\u016f m\u00e1 v\u00fdkon p\u0159es 1 000 MW \u2013 ale je dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fd, aby ov\u011b\u0159il ekonomick\u00e9 a provozn\u00ed vlastnosti nezbytn\u00e9 pro komer\u010dn\u00ed nasazen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud bude thoriov\u00fd MSR o v\u00fdkonu 100 MW spolehliv\u011b fungovat a vyr\u00e1b\u011bt elekt\u0159inu za konkurenceschopnou cenu, bude m\u00edt \u010c\u00edna v\u0161e, co pot\u0159ebuje k zah\u00e1jen\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdstavby t\u011bchto reaktor\u016f. A vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna kontroluje cel\u00fd dodavatelsk\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec v tuzemsku \u2013 od samotn\u00e9ho thoria a\u017e po ka\u017edou kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st \u2013 teoreticky neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 ani geopolitick\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 by j\u00ed br\u00e1nily ve v\u00fdstavb\u011b des\u00edtek, a pozd\u011bji stovek t\u011bchto reaktor\u016f po cel\u00e9 zemi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Aby bylo jasno, teoreticky by energie vyroben\u00e1 z reaktor\u016f MSR m\u011bla b\u00fdt mnohem levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e z konven\u010dn\u00ed jadern\u00e9 energie (kter\u00e1 je ji\u017e relativn\u011b levn\u00e1). To d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl: thorium je levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e uran, palivo se l\u00e9pe vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u2013 30 a\u017e 50kr\u00e1t \u2013 konstrukce reaktor\u016f MSR bude mnohem levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (nezapome\u0148te: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 masivn\u00ed tlakov\u00e1 n\u00e1doba), palivo lze dopl\u0148ovat za provozu i za provozu elektr\u00e1rny a tak d\u00e1le. \u201eTeorii\u201c a \u201epraxi\u201c samoz\u0159ejm\u011b d\u011bl\u00ed roky \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, nep\u0159edv\u00eddan\u00e9 technick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy a drsn\u00e1 realita re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho provozu. \u010c\u00edna vsadila na to, \u017ee teorii lze v praxi realizovat. Pokud ale maj\u00ed pravdu \u2013 a zat\u00edm nic nenasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu, \u017ee by nem\u011bli \u2013 budou nejm\u00e9n\u011b o deset let nap\u0159ed p\u0159ed v\u0161emi ostatn\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Dlouhodob\u00e9 d\u016fsledky<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud se s\u00e1zka na MSR uskute\u010dn\u00ed, je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nepochopiteln\u00e9, co by to nakonec mohlo znamenat pro strategickou pozici \u010c\u00edny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Zaprv\u00e9 to z\u0159ejm\u00e9: nez\u00e1vislost na energetick\u00fdch \u00fazk\u00fdch m\u00edstech. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd Hormuzsk\u00fd pr\u016fliv. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd Malack\u00fd pr\u016fliv. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 zranitelnost v\u016f\u010di n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed blok\u00e1d\u011b dod\u00e1vek ropy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Za druh\u00e9, nejde jen o v\u00fdrobu elekt\u0159iny: hojn\u00e1 a levn\u00e1 energie transformuje v\u0161echna energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed. Taven\u00ed hlin\u00edku, v\u00fdroba oceli, chemick\u00e1 v\u00fdroba, v\u00fdroba polovodi\u010d\u016f, provoz datov\u00fdch center s um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed \u2013 to v\u0161e se v \u010c\u00edn\u011b st\u00e1v\u00e1 struktur\u00e1ln\u011b je\u0161t\u011b levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm na provoz, ne\u017e je tomu nyn\u00ed. Dokonce i n\u00e1kladn\u00ed doprava: jen p\u0159ed p\u00e1r hodinami\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/science\/article\/3331031\/china-unveils-power-thorium-reactor-worlds-largest-cargo-ship\"><span dir=\"auto\">\u010c\u00edna ozn\u00e1mila sv\u016fj z\u00e1m\u011br<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0postavit nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1kladn\u00ed lo\u010f na sv\u011bt\u011b, poh\u00e1n\u011bnou\u2026 uhodli jste: reaktorem na b\u00e1zi thoria s roztavenou sol\u00ed!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e nyn\u00ed dominuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacit\u011b, by z\u00edskala dal\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159ekonatelnou cenovou v\u00fdhodu v nejstrategi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch odv\u011btv\u00edch 21. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Za t\u0159et\u00ed: flexibilita nasazen\u00ed. \u010c\u00edna by mohla postavit tyto bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny kdekoli: v Tibetu, Sin-\u0165iangu, ve vnitrozemsk\u00fdch pou\u0161t\u00edch, na n\u00e1kladn\u00edch lod\u00edch, na M\u011bs\u00edci \u2013 kdekoli si to strategick\u00e1 nutnost vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1. Zem\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed Asie bez vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, ale s dostatkem pou\u0161t\u011b? Perfektn\u00ed kandid\u00e1ti na MSR. P\u00e1kist\u00e1n, Kazachst\u00e1n, Uzbekist\u00e1n \u2013 v\u0161ichni potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edci pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9, \u010d\u00ednsky vyroben\u00e9 thoriov\u00e9 reaktory, kter\u00e9 nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed dovoz paliva ani vody a nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed riziko roztaven\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Za \u010dtvrt\u00e9, kask\u00e1dov\u00e9 efekty na dal\u0161\u00ed technologie. Hojn\u00e1 a levn\u00e1 elekt\u0159ina umo\u017e\u0148uje realizovat d\u0159\u00edve nerentabiln\u00ed procesy. Nap\u0159\u00edklad velkov\u00fdrobu vod\u00edku pro pr\u016fmysl a dopravu. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nen\u00ed n\u00e1hoda, \u017ee prvn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed reaktor o v\u00fdkonu 10 MW, kter\u00fd je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b ve v\u00fdstavb\u011b v Kan-su,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/english.sinap.cas.cn\/Highlights\/202412\/t20241204_893098.html\"><span dir=\"auto\">je ji\u017e navr\u017een k v\u00fdrob\u011b<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0tzv. \u201epurpurov\u00e9ho vod\u00edku\u201c, co\u017e je zp\u016fsob ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed energie ve form\u011b vod\u00edku, kter\u00fd lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt jako palivo pro \u0159adu aplikac\u00ed. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdroba vod\u00edku je drah\u00e1, ale s\u00e1zka je jasn\u00e1, \u017ee MSR mohou v\u00fdrobu vod\u00edku zefektivnit a zekonomicky zhodnotit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tento projekt MSR ilustruje hlub\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh: p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u010c\u00edny, kter\u00e1 se odv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed tam, kde Z\u00e1pad ustoup\u00ed. Nejde jen o MSR: v prakticky ka\u017ed\u00e9m zdroji energie, v prakticky ka\u017ed\u00e9 mysliteln\u00e9 oblasti vid\u00edme stejnou dynamiku. \u017dijeme ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde byrokracie a nedostatek velkolep\u00e9 vize, sn\u016f, nejsou realitou v zemi \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 komunistickou stranou, ale jsou v zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 j\u00ed nejsou.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o \u010c\u00edn\u011b, kter\u00e1 o\u017eivila Weinberg\u016fv sen, je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bolestn\u011b symbolick\u00fd. Pl\u00e1ny na hojnou energii se v archivech zapr\u00e1\u0161ily, proto\u017ee neodpov\u00eddaly politick\u00e9 situaci a byly zma\u0159eny byrokraci\u00ed. A tady je \u010c\u00edna, kter\u00e1 metodicky pracuje s t\u011bmito odtajn\u011bn\u00fdmi americk\u00fdmi dokumenty, \u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 Oak Ridge nikdy nedok\u00e1zal dokon\u010dit, a buduje v Kan-su budouc\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 Tennessee. Rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se civilizace doslova vykop\u00e1v\u00e1 a o\u017eivuje opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 sny upadaj\u00edc\u00ed civilizace, kterou archeologov\u00e9 budouc\u00ed Ameriky opustili.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\">Dodatek: Probl\u00e9m koroze. P\u0159id\u00e1no 7. listopadu 2025<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">D\u011bkuji v\u0161em za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 reakce na m\u016fj \u010dl\u00e1nek, ne\u010dekal jsem, \u017ee t\u00e9ma thoriov\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 energie zaujme tolik lid\u00ed!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u010castou odpov\u011bd\u00ed, kterou jsem obdr\u017eel a kterou pova\u017euji za velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 d\u00e1le rozv\u00e9st, je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee projekt American Oak Ridge byl v 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed zastaven kv\u016fli nep\u0159ekonateln\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm s koroz\u00ed a \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b na Zemi prost\u011b neexistoval \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd by byl schopen zvl\u00e1dnout siln\u011b korozivn\u00ed povahu roztaven\u00fdch sol\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Zaprv\u00e9 je pravda, \u017ee koroze BYLA v Oak Ridge velk\u00fdm technick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Byla to v\u0161ak v\u00fdzva, k jej\u00edmu\u017e \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byli na dobr\u00e9 cest\u011b.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/energyfromthorium.com\/2012\/06\/15\/1973-news-article\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si tento \u010dl\u00e1nek z roku 1973<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0: vysv\u011btluj\u00ed, \u017ee vynalezli slitinu zvanou Hastelloy-N, kter\u00e1 sice odol\u00e1vala korozi, ale sama o sob\u011b m\u011bla probl\u00e9my, proto\u017ee se u n\u00ed vyv\u00edjely povrchov\u00e9 trhliny. Tento probl\u00e9m v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 vy\u0159e\u0161ili objevem, \u017ee \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\">p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm titanu do Hastelloy-N lze zm\u00edrnit jak probl\u00e9m s prask\u00e1n\u00edm, tak i radia\u010dn\u00ed k\u0159ehnut\u00ed Hastelloy-N<\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">M\u00e1te tak\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/energyfromthorium.com\/2009\/05\/14\/secretary-chus-answer-and-the-facts\/\"><span dir=\"auto\">tento dal\u0161\u00ed dokument<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0z po\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let, ve kter\u00e9m op\u011bt vysv\u011btluj\u00ed, \u017ee Hastelloy-N obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed titan a niob by byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b perfektn\u00ed, ale vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee reaktor Oak Ridge byl odstaven, nemohl b\u00fdt testov\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Jin\u00fdmi slovy, probl\u00e9m koroze byl z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vy\u0159e\u0161en \u2013 nebo alespo\u0148 byl na dobr\u00e9 cest\u011b k vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 a to nen\u00ed to, co zastavilo projekt Oak Ridge. Jak vysv\u011btluji v \u010dl\u00e1nku, zastavila ho spektakul\u00e1rn\u011b \u0161patn\u011b vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e1 s\u00e1zka Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f: v\u011b\u0159ily, \u017ee budoucnost jadern\u00e9 energie spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v rychl\u00e9m mno\u017eiv\u00e9m reaktoru s tekut\u00fdm kovem, nikoli v reaktorech s roztaven\u00fdmi solmi. Vlo\u017eili do toho miliardy dolar\u016f a nic z toho nebylo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Pokud jde o \u010c\u00ednu, i ta se velmi usilovn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 problematikou koroze a publikovala na toto t\u00e9ma \u0159adu v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch studi\u00ed. Ve sv\u00e9m reaktoru s roztavenou sol\u00ed v provincii Kan-su pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed slitinu s n\u00e1zvem \u201eGH3535\u201c, co\u017e je v podstat\u011b vylep\u0161en\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 verze slitiny Hastelloy-N vyvinut\u00e9 spole\u010dnost\u00ed Oak Ridge.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">GH3535 je superslitina na b\u00e1zi niklu s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00fdm chemick\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm jako Hastelloy-N (71 % niklu, 16 % molybdenu, 7 % chromu a 4 % \u017eeleza \u2013 5 % v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Hastelloy-N), kter\u00e1 byla speci\u00e1ln\u011b navr\u017eena tak, aby odol\u00e1vala korozi roztaven\u00fdmi solemi p\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch kolem 700 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">\u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 publikovali na toto t\u00e9ma \u0159adu \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu z let 2024-2025 o manipulaci s prask\u00e1n\u00edm na hranic\u00edch zrn vyvolan\u00fdm telurem (p\u0159\u00edklady\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jcscp.org\/article\/2024\/1005-4537\/1005-4537-2024-44-5-1157.shtml\"><span dir=\"auto\">zde<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41365-025-01771-8\"><span dir=\"auto\">zde<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\">\u00a0), co\u017e je pozoruhodn\u011b podobn\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u00e9mu probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd se Oak Ridge sna\u017eil vy\u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed sv\u00e9ho titanem modifikovan\u00e9ho Hastelloy-N.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">Velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl samoz\u0159ejm\u011b spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd reaktor s roztavenou sol\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b funguje, a a\u010dkoli st\u00e1le zkoumaj\u00ed zp\u016fsoby, jak ho d\u00e1le optimalizovat, ukazuje to, \u017ee probl\u00e9m s koroz\u00ed by se dal s notnou d\u00e1vkou odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed a trp\u011blivosti vy\u0159e\u0161it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"auto\">zdroj:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/arnaudbertrand.substack.com\/p\/china-found-in-us-archives-an-energy\"><span dir=\"auto\">Arnaud Bertrand<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To si nevym\u00fd\u0161l\u00edm. V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159 Oak Ridge&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":91854,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[30,285,8670],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91853"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91853"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91853\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}