{"id":91653,"date":"2025-11-07T00:40:33","date_gmt":"2025-11-06T23:40:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=91653"},"modified":"2025-11-06T18:13:14","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T17:13:14","slug":"jacob-g-hornberger-jak-americka-federalni-vlada-ziskala-moc-vrazdit-lidi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/11\/07\/jacob-g-hornberger-jak-americka-federalni-vlada-ziskala-moc-vrazdit-lidi\/","title":{"rendered":"Jacob G. Hornberger: Jak americk\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da z\u00edskala moc vra\u017edit lidi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 \u010dasto zapom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u00dastava vytvo\u0159ila feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1du a \u2013 co\u017e je stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u2013 omezila jej\u00ed pravomoci na ty, kter\u00e9 jsou v \u00dastav\u011b samotn\u00e9 uvedeny. Jedin\u00fdm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d na\u0161i ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 \u00dastavu p\u0159ijali, byla jistota, \u017ee jej\u00ed pravomoci budou mal\u00e9, omezen\u00e9 a extr\u00e9mn\u011b omezen\u00e9.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dastava tedy nevytvo\u0159ila vl\u00e1du s inherentn\u00edmi pravomocemi, jako jsou tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u201epolicejn\u00ed pravomoci\u201c, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v pr\u016fb\u011bhu d\u011bjin. Pokud by ano, na\u0161i ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 by s t\u00edm nikdy neschvalovali. M\u00edsto toho bylo jasn\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1no, \u017ee jedin\u00e9 pravomoci, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da leg\u00e1ln\u011b vykon\u00e1vat, jsou ty, kter\u00e9 jsou uvedeny v \u00dastav\u011b. Pokud pravomoc uvedena nebyla, nemohla b\u00fdt leg\u00e1ln\u011b vykon\u00e1v\u00e1na.<\/span><\/p>\n

To se m\u00ednilo pojmem \u201erepublika s omezenou vl\u00e1dou\u201c. Poprv\u00e9 v historii lid omezil moc sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm dokumentu, kter\u00fd vl\u00e1du vytvo\u0159il.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud by se Ameri\u010dan\u016fm tento syst\u00e9m nel\u00edbil, mohli by ho zm\u011bnit \u00fastavn\u00edm dodatkem, k \u010demu\u017e \u00fastava poskytovala prost\u0159edky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na\u0161i ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 st\u00e1le nebyli spokojeni. Z\u016fst\u00e1vali hluboce znepokojeni mo\u017enost\u00ed, \u017ee by feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da mohla nad nimi nakonec uplatnit v\u0161emocnou, tyranskou moc, podobnou t\u00e9, kterou uplat\u0148oval kr\u00e1l Ji\u0159\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b se ob\u00e1vali, \u017ee by se prezident, a\u010dkoli byl demokraticky zvolen, mohl rozhodnout vyu\u017e\u00edt sv\u00e9 moci, zejm\u00e9na v kombinaci s arm\u00e1dou, k sv\u00e9voln\u00e9mu zab\u00edjen\u00ed lid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zast\u00e1nci \u00fastavy se ze v\u0161ech sil sna\u017eili tyto obavy rozpt\u00fdlit. Pouk\u00e1zali na to, \u017ee \u00fastava ned\u00e1v\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b pravomoc sv\u00e9voln\u011b zab\u00edjet lidi. Jeliko\u017e takov\u00e1 pravomoc nebyla v\u00fdslovn\u011b definov\u00e1na, nemohla b\u00fdt proto leg\u00e1ln\u011b vykon\u00e1v\u00e1na.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzhledem k ostr\u00e9mu odporu v\u016f\u010di \u201est\u00e1l\u00fdm arm\u00e1d\u00e1m\u201c se tak\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee prezident nikdy nebude m\u00edt dostate\u010dn\u011b velkou vojenskou s\u00edlu, aby americk\u00e9mu lidu uvalil takovou tyranii, tyranii, kter\u00e1 by zahrnovala sv\u00e9voln\u00e9 zab\u00edjen\u00ed lid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto argumenty americk\u00e9mu lidu st\u00e1le nesta\u010dily. Jako podm\u00ednku pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u00dastavy po\u017eadovali Listinu pr\u00e1v, kter\u00e1 by se ve skute\u010dnosti m\u011bla naz\u00fdvat Listinou z\u00e1kaz\u016f, proto\u017ee neposkytovala v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va. M\u00edsto toho v\u00fdslovn\u011b zakazovala feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b poru\u0161ovat nebo ni\u010dit pr\u00e1va. Druh\u00fd\u00a0<\/span>dodatek<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0zaru\u010doval pr\u00e1vo dr\u017eet a nosit zbran\u011b a zaji\u0161\u0165oval, aby lid\u00e9 m\u011bli prost\u0159edky k odporu proti tyranii vlastn\u00edho prezidenta a jeho arm\u00e1dy.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00e1t\u00fd\u00a0<\/span>dodatek \u00fastavy<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0zakazoval feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b vz\u00edt \u010dlov\u011bku \u017eivot bez \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho procesu. Pojem \u201e\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd proces\u201c, kter\u00fd sah\u00e1 a\u017e do Magny Charty z roku 1215, znamenal p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm dvoj\u00ed po\u017eadavek na form\u00e1ln\u00ed ozn\u00e1men\u00ed a pr\u00e1vo b\u00fdt sly\u0161en p\u0159ed zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm nebo popravou.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0161imn\u011bte si n\u011b\u010deho d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho ohledn\u011b p\u00e1t\u00e9ho dodatku: jeho ochrana se vztahuje na \u201eosoby\u201c, nejen na americk\u00e9 ob\u010dany. Na\u0161i ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 zajistili, aby prezident nemohl kohokoli zab\u00edt bez \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho procesu \u2013 tedy bez form\u00e1ln\u00edho obvin\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159. ob\u017ealoby) a pr\u00e1va b\u00fdt sly\u0161en (nap\u0159. sly\u0161en\u00ed nebo soudn\u00ed proces).<\/span><\/p>\n

V na\u0161em vl\u00e1dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu tedy jednodu\u0161e neexistovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pravomoc k atent\u00e1tu, proto\u017ee to zjevn\u011b zahrnuje zabit\u00ed bez \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho procesu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem \u00fastavn\u00ed formy omezen\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy v Americe byla soudn\u00ed moc. Jej\u00edm \u00fakolem bylo vynucovat dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fastavy v\u016f\u010di ostatn\u00edm dv\u011bma slo\u017ek\u00e1m feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy. Pokud by tedy prezident za\u010dal vra\u017edit lidi, bylo by povinnost\u00ed soudn\u00ed moci prohl\u00e1sit takov\u00fd \u010din za proti\u00fastavn\u00ed a zabr\u00e1nit mu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm soudn\u00edho z\u00e1kazu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tot\u00e9\u017e platilo pro Kongres, kter\u00fd m\u011bl \u00fastavn\u00ed pravomoc k impeachmentu. Pokud by prezident a jeho nohsledi za\u010dali vra\u017edit lidi, bylo by povinnost\u00ed Kongresu ho impeachmentem odvolat a odvolat z funkce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd byl n\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m vl\u00e1dy asi 150 let. To je velmi dlouh\u00e1 doba. Po dobu jednoho a p\u016fl stolet\u00ed nem\u011bl prezident pravomoc n\u011bkoho zavra\u017edit. \u0158ekl bych, \u017ee je to velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/span><\/p>\n

To v\u0161e se zm\u011bnilo koncem 40. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy se struktura feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy transformovala z republiky s omezenou st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc\u00ed na tzv.\u00a0<\/span>st\u00e1t n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1dal z Pentagonu, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9, st\u00e1l\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, CIA a NSA \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011b ten druh vl\u00e1dn\u00ed struktury, kterou na\u0161i ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 odm\u00edtali. Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci tuto monument\u00e1ln\u00ed transformaci ospravedl\u0148ovali tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee je nezbytn\u00e1 k ochran\u011b Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159ed komunistick\u00fdm p\u0159evzet\u00edm moci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee t\u00e9to revolu\u010dn\u00ed transformace dos\u00e1hli i bez zd\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00edho dodatku, jak to \u00fastava vy\u017eaduje. Pro\u010d je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9? Proto\u017ee st\u00e1t n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti prakticky automaticky s sebou nese z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161emocn\u00fdch, totalitn\u00edch, temn\u00fdch sil, v\u010detn\u011b moci vra\u017edit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Transformace na st\u00e1t n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti tak fakticky fungovala jako\u00a0<\/span>de facto \u00fastavn\u00ed dodatek<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kter\u00fd zm\u011bnil P\u00e1t\u00fd dodatek \u2013 ale bez \u00fastavn\u00edho dodatku. Jakmile k transformaci do\u0161lo, prezident a jeho apar\u00e1t n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti m\u011bli v\u0161emocnou, skrytou pravomoc zavra\u017edit kohokoli si p\u0159\u00e1li, pokud usoudili, \u017ee ob\u011b\u0165 p\u0159edstavuje hrozbu pro \u201en\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzhledem k obrovsk\u00e9 moci t\u00e9to nov\u00e9, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9, st\u00e1l\u00e9 a mocn\u00e9 st\u00e1l\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud USA a zbytek feder\u00e1ln\u00ed justice okam\u017eit\u011b jasn\u011b uvedly, \u017ee nikdy neprohl\u00e1s\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010din apar\u00e1tu n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti za proti\u00fastavn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b nov\u011b nabyt\u00e9 pravomoci k atent\u00e1t\u016fm. D\u016fvodem pro tuto soudn\u00ed \u00factu, navzdory jasn\u00e9mu poru\u0161en\u00ed p\u00e1t\u00e9ho dodatku \u00fastavy, bylo, \u017ee justice v\u011bd\u011bla, \u017ee nen\u00ed schopna vynutit sv\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed proti v\u0161emocn\u00e9 moci Pentagonu, obrovsk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho a zpravodajsk\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu, CIA a NSA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd lid tak dnes \u017eije ve spole\u010dnosti, kde prezident a jeho obrovsk\u00fd, v\u0161emocn\u00fd apar\u00e1t n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti disponuj\u00ed v\u0161emocnou, temnou pravomoc\u00ed zavra\u017edit kohokoli, koho si p\u0159ej\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e je to cizinec nebo Ameri\u010dan. To si na\u0161i ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 zjevn\u011b nep\u0159edstavovali, kdy\u017e schvalovali z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 \u010dasto zapom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u00dastava vytvo\u0159ila feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1du a \u2013 co\u017e je stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u2013…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":91654,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1503,940,37,99,1205],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91653"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91653"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91653\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}