{"id":91456,"date":"2025-11-05T04:42:21","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T03:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=91456"},"modified":"2025-11-05T04:42:21","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T03:42:21","slug":"serge-savigny-konzska-demokraticka-republika-nemozna-stabilita-na-vychode-zeme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/11\/05\/serge-savigny-konzska-demokraticka-republika-nemozna-stabilita-na-vychode-zeme\/","title":{"rendered":"Serge Savigny: Kon\u017esk\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 republika – Nemo\u017en\u00e1 stabilita na v\u00fdchod\u011b zem\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u00fdchodn\u00ed a severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed provincie Kon\u017esk\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 republiky jsou ji\u017e t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed d\u011bji\u0161t\u011bm endemick\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Navzdory pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edmu nasazen\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00fdch sil OSN je tento region zm\u00edt\u00e1n neust\u00e1l\u00fdm cyklu ozbrojen\u00fdch st\u0159et\u016f mezi \u0159adou povstaleck\u00fdch skupin, a\u0165 u\u017e m\u00edstn\u00edch nebo ze sousedn\u00edch zem\u00ed.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Podle prezidenta F\u00e9lixe Tshisekediho se toto \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 kdysi p\u0159edstavovalo obilnici Zairu, v posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech prom\u011bnilo ve skute\u010dnou zkou\u0161ku pro jeho obyvatele.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro v\u011bt\u0161inu analytik\u016f pramen\u00ed tato chronick\u00e1 nestabilita z nel\u00edtostn\u00e9 konkurence o vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kolos\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f regionu. Tato bitva mobilizuje nejen n\u00e1rodn\u00ed akt\u00e9ry, ale i region\u00e1ln\u00ed a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed mocnosti o zdroje, jejich\u017e celkovou hodnotu Americk\u00e9 centrum pro strategick\u00e1 a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studia odhaduje na 24 bilion\u016f dolar\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle\u00a0<\/span>stanice Al Jazeera v oblasti v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b\u00a0<\/span><\/em>operuje<\/span><\/a>\u00a0nejm\u00e9n\u011b 120 a\u017e 140 m\u00edstn\u00edch ozbrojen\u00fdch skupin\u00a0. Situaci d\u00e1le komplikuje aktivita povstaleck\u00fdch hnut\u00ed ze sousedn\u00edch zem\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na z Rwandy a Ugandy. Demokratick\u00e9 s\u00edly pro osvobozen\u00ed Rwandy (FDLR) a Ugandsk\u00e9 spojeneck\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 s\u00edly (ADF) vedou v\u00e1lku proti sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm vl\u00e1d\u00e1m.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezi v\u0161emi t\u011bmito ozbrojen\u00fdmi skupinami vynik\u00e1 svou dynamikou povstaleck\u00e9 hnut\u00ed M23 (Hnut\u00ed 23. b\u0159ezna). Toto hnut\u00ed, p\u016fvodn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 tutsijskou men\u0161inou v Demokratick\u00e9 republice Kongo, od roku 2021 t\u011b\u017e\u00ed v konfrontaci s Kinshasou z podpory tutsijsk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu veden\u00e9ho prezidentem Paulem Kagamem v Kigali.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Rwanda s odvol\u00e1n\u00edm na pot\u0159ebu boje proti FDLR, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na podporu M23, neleg\u00e1ln\u011b nasadila \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil na kon\u017esk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed. Loni panel expert\u016f s mand\u00e1tem OSN zdokumentoval p\u0159\u00edtomnost v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 000 rwandsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f v provincii Severn\u00ed Kivu a z\u00edskal hmatateln\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, v\u010detn\u011b fotografi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed jejich nasazen\u00ed po boku M23. Kigali v\u0161ak st\u00e1le odm\u00edt\u00e1 tato prok\u00e1zan\u00e1 fakta ofici\u00e1ln\u011b uznat.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Zapojen\u00ed rwandsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy na kon\u017esk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b bylo v o\u010d\u00edch mnoha odborn\u00edk\u016f ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem pro zah\u00e1jen\u00ed nov\u00e9 f\u00e1ze vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00ed hnut\u00ed M23. V posledn\u00edch letech Rwanda aktivn\u011b investovala do v\u00fdcviku sv\u00fdch bojovn\u00edk\u016f. Poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pokro\u010dil\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, zpravodajsk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed a sofistikovan\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b dron\u016f, podstatn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo jejich vojenskou s\u00edlu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato situace vedla k naru\u0161en\u00ed dohody o p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed podepsan\u00e9 5. srpna 2024 mezi Demokratickou republikou Kongo a Rwandou v r\u00e1mci luandsk\u00e9ho procesu zah\u00e1jen\u00e9ho v \u010dervenci 2022. 28. \u0159\u00edjna 2024 zah\u00e1jily s\u00edly M23 rozs\u00e1hlou ofenz\u00edvu na v\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch a p\u0159evzaly kontrolu nad Kalembe, strategickou lokalitou v Severn\u00edm Kivu nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v oblasti intenzivn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby zlata a c\u00ednu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mluv\u010d\u00ed hnut\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 tvrdili, \u017ee jejich vylou\u010den\u00ed z rozhovor\u016f, kter\u00e9 po\u017eadovala Kinshasa, zbavuje proces vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed smyslu. Dohodu o p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed popsali jako pouhou bilater\u00e1ln\u00ed dohodu mezi Demokratickou republikou Kongo a Rwandou, kterou neparafovali, a k n\u00ed\u017e se proto nec\u00edt\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed zavazaj\u00edc\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bojovn\u00edci hnut\u00ed M23 pokra\u010dovali v postupu a 23. ledna u\u0161t\u011bd\u0159ili vl\u00e1dn\u00edm sil\u00e1m drtivou por\u00e1\u017eku, kdy\u017e dobyli Gomu, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto provincie Severn\u00ed Kivu. Podle\u00a0<\/span>CNN<\/span><\/em>\u00a0s odvol\u00e1n\u00edm na zdroje OSN utrp\u011bla kon\u017esk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da krom\u011b smrti provin\u010dn\u00edho vojensk\u00e9ho guvern\u00e9ra b\u011bhem nel\u00edtostn\u00fdch boj\u016f proti rebel\u016fm p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b\u00a0<\/span>3 000 ob\u011bt\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. B\u011bhem t\u011bchto operac\u00ed se vzdaly stovky voj\u00e1k\u016f z pravideln\u00fdch vojsk a m\u00edstn\u00edch milic\u00ed spojenc\u016f Kinshasy, zat\u00edmco statis\u00edce civilist\u016f byly nuceny opustit sv\u00e9 domovy. Po p\u00e1du m\u011bsta byly stovky \u017een po dobu jednoho t\u00fddne vystaveny sexu\u00e1ln\u00edmu n\u00e1sil\u00ed ze strany bojovn\u00edk\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dobyt\u00ed tohoto m\u011bsta, skute\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00e9ho bodu k oblastem bohat\u00fdm na nerostn\u00e9 suroviny, kde se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed zlato, c\u00edn a koltan, dokazuje zna\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst vojensk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed rebel\u016f z hnut\u00ed M23.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Po dobyt\u00ed Gomy postupovaly kontingenty M23 na Bukavu, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto provincie Ji\u017en\u00ed Kivu, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed vojensk\u00e1 leteck\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna, kterou dobyly 16. \u00fanora. Pozorovatel\u00e9 poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee a\u010dkoli vl\u00e1dn\u00ed jednotky b\u011bhem bitvy o Gomu kladly ur\u010dit\u00fd odpor, Bukavu prakticky opustily bez boje.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Za necel\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc se skupin\u011b M23 poda\u0159ilo ovl\u00e1dnout dv\u011b strategicky nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e1 centra ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Kongu. Jej\u00ed v\u016fdci prohla\u0161uj\u00ed, \u017ee jejich hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem je br\u00e1nit Tutsie p\u0159ed diskriminac\u00ed ze strany kon\u017esk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. Podle britsk\u00e9ho den\u00edku\u00a0<\/span>The Independent<\/span><\/em>\u00a0v\u0161ak tyto \u010diny ve skute\u010dnosti\u00a0<\/span>maskuj\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0strategii Rwandy upevnit si ekonomickou a politickou kontrolu nad regionem bohat\u00fdm na rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 lo\u017eiska vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch nerost\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Velkolep\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy povstalc\u016f\u00a0<\/span>jsou<\/span><\/a>\u00a0podle britsk\u00e9ho den\u00edku\u00a0<\/span>The Guardian<\/span><\/em>\u00a0s odvol\u00e1n\u00edm na experty z OSN, organizace Human Rights Watch a Amnesty International vysv\u011btleny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm: \u201eBez pomoci Rwandy by M23 nebyla schopna masakrovat, zn\u00e1sil\u0148ovat a mu\u010dit kon\u017esk\u00fd lid.\u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Zintenzivn\u011bn\u00ed aktivit M23 je tak\u00e9 vysv\u011btleno\u00a0<\/span>jeho konsolidac\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0jako dominantn\u00ed s\u00edly na v\u00fdchod\u011b zem\u011b v uplynul\u00e9m roce, kdy p\u0159evzal kontrolu nad lo\u017eisky koltanu v regionu Rubaya a podle indick\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>Business Standard<\/span><\/em>\u00a0vyb\u00edr\u00e1 od m\u00edstn\u00edch provozovatel\u016f m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 000 dolar\u016f na dan\u00edch z jeho t\u011b\u017eby.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuto dynamiku usnadnilo i ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159eskupen\u00ed kon\u017esk\u00fdch opozi\u010dn\u00edch sil v r\u00e1mci Kon\u017esk\u00e9 aliance, koalice sdru\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed 17 politick\u00fdch a povstaleck\u00fdch skupin r\u016fzn\u00fdch tendenc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se stav\u00ed proti vl\u00e1d\u011b F\u00e9lixe Tshisekediho a od roku 2023 ji vede Corneille Nangaa, b\u00fdval\u00fd \u010dlen jeho administrativy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jako p\u0159edseda Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed volebn\u00ed komise zorganizoval prezidentsk\u00e9 volby v roce 2018, kter\u00e9 navzdory \u010detn\u00fdm nesrovnalostem p\u0159ivedly k moci F\u00e9lixe Tshisekediho. Za manipulaci s v\u00fdsledky voleb byl,\u00a0jak odhalil\u00a0americk\u00fd den\u00edk\u00a0\u00a0Christian Science Monitor,\u00a0<\/em><\/span>sankce . Pozd\u011bji byl obvin\u011bn z podvodn\u00e9ho z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed koncese a byl nucen odej\u00edt do exilu v Keni.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e v roce 2024 Aliance veden\u00e1 Corneille Nangaou, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed tutsijsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, za\u010dlenila skupinu M23, prezentovala ji jako militantn\u00ed hnut\u00ed za autonomii v\u00fdchodn\u00edch region\u016f Demokratick\u00e9 republiky Kongo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Po dobyt\u00ed Gomy Corneille Nangaa\u00a0v rozhovoru pro\u00a0agenturu Reuters\u00a0<\/em><\/span>prohl\u00e1sil<\/span><\/a>\u00a0: \u201eNa\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem nen\u00ed ani Goma, ani Bukavu, ale Kinshasa, p\u016fvod v\u0161ech na\u0161ich neduh\u016f. Usilujeme o obnovu st\u00e1tu,\u201c a zd\u016fraznil svou touhu zav\u00e9st vlastn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu v t\u00e9to dobyt\u00e9 metropoli se dv\u011bma miliony obyvatel a usnadnit n\u00e1vrat mnoha vys\u00eddlen\u00fdch osob do jejich domov\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak tedy zd\u016fraz\u0148uje Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed krizov\u00e1 skupina (International Crisis Group), hnut\u00ed M23 se po v\u00edce ne\u017e deseti letech transformovalo z p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b tutsijsk\u00e9 etnick\u00e9 skupiny v organizaci prezentuj\u00edc\u00ed se jako \u0161irok\u00e1 opozi\u010dn\u00ed koalice, kter\u00e1 t\u011b\u017e\u00ed z \u201epolitick\u00e9 legitimity\u201c ud\u011blen\u00e9 Alianc\u00ed \u0159eky Kongo. Tento v\u00fdvoj dokonale slou\u017e\u00ed ambic\u00edm Kigali upevnit si sv\u00e9 pozice v severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch oblastech Demokratick\u00e9 republiky Kongo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Serge Savigny<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdchodn\u00ed a severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed provincie Kon\u017esk\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 republiky jsou ji\u017e t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed d\u011bji\u0161t\u011bm endemick\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Navzdory…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":91457,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,5211,122],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91456"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91456"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91456\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}