{"id":91070,"date":"2025-11-01T00:19:56","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T23:19:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=91070"},"modified":"2025-10-31T05:15:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T04:15:14","slug":"cina-je-pripravena-bojovat-o-vzacne-zeminy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/11\/01\/cina-je-pripravena-bojovat-o-vzacne-zeminy\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010c\u00edna je p\u0159ipravena bojovat o vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Kdy\u017e se stanete nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ekonomickou mocnost\u00ed sv\u011bta, mus\u00edte b\u00fdt p\u0159ipraveni na boj.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipraveni na cokoli<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u010c\u00edna je p\u0159ipravena br\u00e1nit svou dominanci v oblasti prvk\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco se pozornost sv\u011bta soust\u0159edila na tzv. p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 americk\u00fd prezident Donald Trump \u201evyhl\u00e1sil\u201c v \u200b\u200bGaze \u2013 spolu s jeho dvacetibodov\u00fdm \u201em\u00edrov\u00fdm pl\u00e1nem\u201c a diplomatick\u00fdmi man\u00e9vry v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Asii \u2013 ne\u010dekan\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed Pekingu n\u00e1hle zm\u011bnilo glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomickou krajinu a r\u00e1mec vztah\u016f mezi USA a \u010c\u00ednou. 9. \u0159\u00edjna \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 ministerstvo obchodu ozn\u00e1milo nov\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed v\u00fdvozu prvk\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin \u2013 krok, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd dopad na obrann\u00fd a polovodi\u010dov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl a podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 ji\u017e tak k\u0159ehk\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi Washingtonem a Pekingem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bez p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee ozn\u00e1men\u00ed Pekingu Trumpa rozzu\u0159ilo. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den americk\u00fd prezident zah\u00e1jil \u00fatok na Truth Social a prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zavedou od 1. listopadu dodate\u010dn\u00e9 100% clo na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd dovoz. Trump obvinil \u010c\u00ednu, \u017ee \u201edr\u017e\u00ed sv\u011bt jako rukojm\u00ed\u201c, a napsal: \u201e\u010c\u00edna stav\u00ed v\u0161echny zem\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin do obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 situace. To je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b nevhodn\u00e9 v dob\u011b, kdy plat\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00fd pl\u00e1n pro Gazu!\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Dlouho o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 sch\u016fzka mezi Si \u0164in-pchingem a Trumpem na summitu APEC se nyn\u00ed jev\u00ed jako nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 (nebo jsme sv\u011bdky p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9ho zvratu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed?).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam prvk\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin<\/span><\/h3>\n

Z chemick\u00e9ho hlediska se vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy vztahuj\u00ed ke skupin\u011b 17 kov\u016f: 15 z lanthanoidov\u00e9 \u0159ady periodick\u00e9 tabulky, plus skandium a yttrium. Navzdory sv\u00e9mu zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmu n\u00e1zvu jsou tyto prvky v zemsk\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e relativn\u011b hojn\u00e9; jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za \u201evz\u00e1cn\u00e9\u201c, proto\u017ee komer\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 koncentrace jsou omezen\u00e9 a proces separace je extr\u00e9mn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fd. Jsou nepostradateln\u00e9 pro modern\u00ed technologie: pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v bateri\u00edch pro elektromobily, v\u011btrn\u00e9 turb\u00edny, chytr\u00e9 telefony a sofistikovan\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, jako jsou radarov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my st\u00edha\u010dek.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle americk\u00e9ho geologick\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu (USGS) by se bez t\u011bchto prvk\u016f v\u00fdroba \u010dip\u016f pro um\u011blou inteligenci, obrann\u00e9 technologie a syst\u00e9my obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie zastavila. Jedna v\u011btrn\u00e1 turb\u00edna vy\u017eaduje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300 kilogram\u016f neodymu, zat\u00edmco ka\u017ed\u00e1 st\u00edha\u010dka F-35 obsahuje prvky vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin v hodnot\u011b n\u011bkolika tis\u00edc dolar\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna zauj\u00edm\u00e1 v tomto sektoru dominantn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Zpr\u00e1va USGS z roku 2025 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 36 % sv\u011btov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob \u2013 kolem 44 milion\u016f tun \u2013 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, n\u00e1sleduje Vietnam (22 %) a Braz\u00edlie (18 %). Nerovnov\u00e1ha je je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v produkci: v roce 2024 se \u010c\u00edna pod\u00edlela zhruba 70 % na sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkci (270 000 tun) a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee toto \u010d\u00edslo z\u016fstane v roce 2025 stabiln\u00ed. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 dominance v rafin\u00e9rsk\u00e9 kapacit\u011b je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159edstavuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 90 % celkov\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato dominance nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e1. Od 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed Peking posiluje toto odv\u011btv\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm st\u00e1tn\u00edch dotac\u00ed, n\u00edzkon\u00e1kladov\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eby a exportn\u00edch pob\u00eddek a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 17 %. Naproti tomu USA vlastn\u00ed pouze asi 2 % sv\u011btov\u00fdch rezerv a jsou zhruba ze 70 % z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m dovozu. A\u010dkoli se Washington sna\u017e\u00ed vyvinout alternativn\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce, odborn\u00edci se shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00e9 diverzifikace bude obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159ed rokem 2030. Nov\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 v\u00fdvozn\u00ed omezen\u00ed se proto zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zranitelnou oblast.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed technologie<\/span><\/h3>\n

B\u011bhem posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00ed si \u010c\u00edna upevnila sv\u00e9 dominantn\u00ed postaven\u00ed v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm sektoru vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin a kontroluje p\u0159es 60 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce a je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tato nadvl\u00e1da je zalo\u017eena nejen na dostupnosti zdroj\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 na koordinovan\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch politik\u00e1ch, technologick\u00fdch inovac\u00edch a environment\u00e1ln\u00edch strategi\u00edch, kter\u00e9 zemi poskytuj\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdhodu ve strategick\u00e9 oblasti pro energetickou transformaci a technologickou bezpe\u010dnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 technologie pro extrakci prvk\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin lze rozd\u011blit na dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed metody: extrakci z tvrd\u00e9 horniny a extrakci z lo\u017eisek iontov\u00e9ho j\u00edlu.<\/span><\/p>\n

V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010c\u00edna vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 konven\u010dn\u00ed povrchovou a podzemn\u00ed t\u011b\u017ebu, v\u00fdbu\u0161niny a mechanick\u00e9 drcen\u00ed k extrakci miner\u00e1l\u016f bastn\u00e4situ, monazitu a xenotimu. Inovace spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch: po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed separace se dosahuje selektivn\u00ed a vysoce intenzivn\u00ed magnetickou flotac\u00ed v kombinaci s chemickou p\u0159ed\u00fapravou pomoc\u00ed z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch kyselin pro maximalizaci v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eku suroviny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Proces extrakce prvk\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin z iontov\u00fdch j\u00edlov\u00fdch lo\u017eisek \u2013 typick\u00fd pro ji\u017en\u00ed oblasti, jako je Jiangxi, Guangdong a Guangxi \u2013 je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Prvky vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin zde nejsou krystalick\u00e9, ale adsorbovan\u00e9 na j\u00edlovit\u00e9 povrchy, co\u017e vy\u017eaduje jemnou, chemicky kontrolovanou extrakci. \u010c\u00edna zdokonalila lou\u017een\u00ed in situ \u2013 technologii, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se do zem\u011b vst\u0159ikuj\u00ed roztoky na b\u00e1zi amonn\u00fdch, s\u00edranov\u00fdch nebo chloridov\u00fdch kov\u016f, aby se mobilizovaly prvky vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin, ani\u017e by se musely p\u0159emis\u0165ovat velk\u00e9 objemy hornin. Tato metoda sni\u017euje dopad na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a n\u00e1klady na pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu, ale p\u0159edstavuje rizika pro podzemn\u00ed vody, kter\u00e1 jsou nyn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zm\u00edrn\u011bna monitorov\u00e1n\u00edm a geochemick\u00fdmi bari\u00e9rami.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00e1 technologick\u00e1 s\u00edla \u010c\u00edny spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v separaci a rafinaci, kde zem\u011b vyvinula vysoce efektivn\u00ed procesy. Kl\u00ed\u010dovou technologi\u00ed je extrakce v\u00edce rozpou\u0161t\u011bdly, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje separaci jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Proces zahrnuje tis\u00edce separa\u010dn\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f v uzav\u0159en\u00fdch smy\u010dk\u00e1ch a dosahuje \u00farovn\u011b \u010distoty p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed 99,99 %.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 centra, jako je V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin v Baotou a \u00dastav procesn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd, tak\u00e9 zavedla inovace vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed iontom\u011bni\u010dov\u00e9 prysky\u0159ice a nanofiltra\u010dn\u00ed membr\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed spot\u0159ebu chemik\u00e1li\u00ed a zlep\u0161uj\u00ed regeneraci. Tyto technologie postupn\u011b nahrazuj\u00ed ekologicky \u0161kodliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed procesy, kter\u00e9 se siln\u011b spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na kyseliny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 komplexn\u00ed digitalizace: senzory, strojov\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed a syst\u00e9my internetu v\u011bc\u00ed optimalizuj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dinidel, progn\u00f3zy a spot\u0159ebu energie v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase. Spole\u010dnosti jako\u00a0<\/span>China Northern Rare Earth Group<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>Minmetals Rare Earth Co.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed autonomn\u00ed vozidla, drony pro geologick\u00e9 mapov\u00e1n\u00ed a syst\u00e9my d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pro chemick\u00e9 lou\u017een\u00ed \u2013 to v\u0161e je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed moderniza\u010dn\u00ed strategie\u00a0<\/span>\u201eMade in China 2025\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u010c\u00edna zavedla p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159edpisy, aby omezila desetilet\u00ed ekologick\u00fdch \u0161kod. Nov\u00e1 pravidla se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod a radioaktivn\u00edho odpadu. Krom\u011b toho byl zaveden recykla\u010dn\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzec pro magnety, katalyz\u00e1tory a pou\u017eit\u00e9 baterie \u2013 tzv.\u00a0<\/span>m\u011bstsk\u00e1 t\u011b\u017eba<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 s c\u00edlem z\u00edskat cenn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a sn\u00ed\u017eit popt\u00e1vku po surovin\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna tak disponuje nejen bezprecedentn\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacitou, ale tak\u00e9 vertik\u00e1ln\u011b integrovan\u00fdm dodavatelsk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem, kter\u00fd j\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje kontrolovat cel\u00fd hodnotov\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec od surovin a\u017e po high-tech koncov\u00e9 produkty v oblasti v\u011btrn\u00e9 energie, elektroniky, elektromobility a obrany.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd dekret jako geostrategick\u00e9 poselstv\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dekret z 9. \u0159\u00edjna ospravedl\u0148uje v\u00fdvozn\u00ed omezen\u00ed z d\u016fvodu \u201en\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti\u201c. P\u016fvodn\u00ed omezen\u00ed, zaveden\u00e1 v dubnu 2025 v reakci na Trumpova cla, se t\u00fdkala sedmi prvk\u016f: lanthanu, ceru, praseodym, neodym, samaria, gadolinia a dysprosia. \u0158\u00edjnov\u00e9 ozn\u00e1men\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo seznam o dal\u0161\u00edch p\u011bt: holmium, erbium, thulium, europium a ytterbium \u2013 \u010d\u00edm\u017e se celkov\u00fd po\u010det prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed vy\u017eaduj\u00ed v\u00fdvozn\u00ed licence, zv\u00fd\u0161il na dvan\u00e1ct. Tyto licence nebudou ud\u011bleny v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm americk\u00fdm obrann\u00fdm dodavatel\u016fm, jako jsou Raytheon nebo Lockheed Martin, a jsou tak\u00e9 ur\u010deny k ochran\u011b \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, jako je sankcionovan\u00e1 spole\u010dnost\u00a0<\/span>Huawei<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nov\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd pl\u00e1n je v\u00edce ne\u017e jen ekonomick\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm: vys\u00edl\u00e1 jasn\u00fd\u00a0<\/span>geostrategick\u00fd sign\u00e1l<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Peking se sna\u017e\u00ed \u010delit n\u00e1roku Z\u00e1padu na technologick\u00e9 veden\u00ed p\u0159evahou V\u00fdchodu v oblasti p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Ji\u017e v roce 2010 \u010c\u00edna pou\u017e\u00edvala prvky vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin jako geopolitickou p\u00e1ku proti Japonsku. Americk\u00fd obrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl je i nad\u00e1le siln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fd na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech a nov\u00e1 v\u00fdvozn\u00ed omezen\u00ed by mohla ochromit v\u00fdrobn\u00ed linky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trump mezit\u00edm odhaluje svou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed obavu: \u017ee jeho ekonomick\u00e1 politika \u201eAmerika na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b\u201c se obr\u00e1t\u00ed proti n\u011bmu a podn\u00edt\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed inflaci. Odplata za to v\u0161echno by mohla \u010d\u00edst jen p\u00e1r mil od \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u2013 na Tchaj-wanu, ostrov\u011b, po kter\u00e9m tolik tou\u017e\u00ed americk\u00fd establishment v\u0161ech stran.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edmto rozhodn\u00fdm krokem Peking p\u0159esunul konflikt na \u00fazem\u00ed dle vlastn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru. I kdyby se setk\u00e1n\u00ed Si \u0164in-pchinga a Trumpa v Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreji nakonec uskute\u010dnilo, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>summit APEC<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0se stane nov\u00fdm boji\u0161t\u011bm \u2013 m\u00edstem, kde se st\u0159etne diplomacie s ekonomickou v\u00e1lkou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lorenzo Maria\u00a0Pacini<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Kdy\u017e se stanete nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ekonomickou mocnost\u00ed sv\u011bta, mus\u00edte b\u00fdt p\u0159ipraveni na boj. P\u0159ipraveni na cokoli…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":91071,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[30,1503,4876,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91070"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91070"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91070\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}