{"id":91039,"date":"2025-10-31T00:28:10","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T23:28:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=91039"},"modified":"2025-10-30T13:30:55","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T12:30:55","slug":"nadchazejici-obcanske-valky-na-zapade-proc-demokracie-hrozi-zhroucenim-zevnitr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/10\/31\/nadchazejici-obcanske-valky-na-zapade-proc-demokracie-hrozi-zhroucenim-zevnitr\/","title":{"rendered":"Nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky na Z\u00e1pad\u011b: Pro\u010d demokracie hroz\u00ed zhroucen\u00edm zevnit\u0159"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti \u017eily po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed s p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm, \u017ee jejich politick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my jsou stabiln\u00ed. Demokracie, prosperita a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za z\u00e1brany proti chaosu, kter\u00fd zu\u0159il v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta. Ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kolaps st\u00e1t\u016f, masov\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed \u2013 to byly probl\u00e9my Afriky, Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky nebo Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu. Evropa a Severn\u00ed Amerika se naopak pova\u017eovaly za bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159ed t\u00edmto druhem vnit\u0159n\u00ed destrukce. Tato sebejistota se v\u0161ak st\u00e1le v\u00edce ukazuje jako extr\u00e9mn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 iluze.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

V Evrop\u011b jsou st\u00e1le zjevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u201ezlomeniny\u201c, kter\u00e9 odborn\u00edci jako Brit David Betz (profesor v\u00e1lky v modern\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b na kated\u0159e v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch studi\u00ed King’s College London) a Australan MLR Smith (profesor strategick\u00e9 teorie a \u0159editel Centra pro budouc\u00ed obranu a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost v Canbe\u0159e) popisuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 \u0161iroce uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 eseji \u201eReflections on Homeland Insecurity: The Strategic Anatomy of Civil Wars to Come\u201c jako strategickou anatomii budouc\u00edch ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To, co tito dva bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed experti vykresluj\u00ed, je bez\u00fat\u011b\u0161n\u00fd obraz \u201edlouh\u00e9ho soumraku\u201c: \u00e9ry, v n\u00ed\u017e z\u00e1padn\u00ed demokracie ji\u017e nejsou ohro\u017eeny zven\u010d\u00ed, ale zevnit\u0159, proto\u017ee promarnily svou vlastn\u00ed legitimitu. A proto\u017ee v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e9 kdysi vedly daleko od nich, se vracej\u00ed do jejich vlastn\u00edch ulic.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dapadek \u201epolitick\u00e9 legitimity\u201c<\/span><\/h3>\n

J\u00e1drem tohoto v\u00fdvoje je eroze \u201epolitick\u00e9 legitimity\u201c. Legitimita je neviditeln\u00e9 pouto, kter\u00e9 spojuje ob\u010dany a st\u00e1t, d\u016fv\u011bra v efektivitu a poctivost politick\u00fdch proces\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee jejich hlas m\u00e1 v\u00e1hu, \u017ee jejich rozhodnut\u00ed jsou respektov\u00e1na, pak tak\u00e9 akceptuj\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eky v demokratick\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ei. V posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00edch se v\u0161ak v mnoha z\u00e1padn\u00edch zem\u00edch upevnilo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee toto pouto bylo p\u0159eru\u0161eno.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Betz a Smith p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed: \u201eKdy\u017e lid\u00e9 c\u00edt\u00ed, \u017ee politick\u00e9 instituce ji\u017e nejednaj\u00ed v z\u00e1jmu ob\u010dan\u016f, ale \u0159\u00edd\u00ed pouze samy sebe, pak je syst\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako nelegitimn\u00ed \u2013 a toto vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed je sotva vratn\u00e9.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eDevalvace hlas\u016f\u201c v Brexitu<\/span><\/h3>\n

Brexit je toho p\u0159\u00edkladem. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee v roce 2016 t\u011bsn\u00e1, ale jasn\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina Brit\u016f hlasovala pro odchod z EU. M\u00edsto rychl\u00e9 realizace tohoto hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b za\u017eila roky politick\u00e9 patov\u00e9 situace, pr\u00e1vn\u00edch man\u00e9vr\u016f a otev\u0159en\u00fdch pokus\u016f o zvr\u00e1cen\u00ed v\u00fdsledku.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro miliony ob\u010dan\u016f to nebyla jen politick\u00e1 pod\u00edvan\u00e1, ale d\u016fkaz, \u017ee jejich hlas byl \u201eznehodnocen\u201c. A s n\u00edm i \u201ev\u016fle lidu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hlasujte, dokud nebude v\u00fdsledek \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00fd\u201c<\/span><\/h3>\n

Podobn\u00e9 dojmy se objevovaly i b\u011bhem referend v Evropsk\u00e9 unii, a\u0165 u\u017e o Maastrichtsk\u00e9 smlouv\u011b, Smlouv\u011b z Nice nebo Lisabonsk\u00e9 smlouv\u011b: Pokud bylo hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9, opakovalo se, dokud nebyl v\u00fdsledek uspokojiv\u00fd.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Poselstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si z toho mnoho ob\u010dan\u016f odneslo, bylo jasn\u00e9: demokracie plat\u00ed jen tehdy, pokud je v souladu s p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edmi politick\u00fdch elit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jakmile se tento pocit pevn\u011b zako\u0159en\u00ed, cel\u00fd politick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost. Historie i sou\u010dasnost ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e legitimita ub\u00fdv\u00e1, roste ochota k radik\u00e1ln\u00ed opozici \u2013 co\u017e je \u017eivn\u00e1 p\u016fda pro vnit\u0159n\u00ed konflikty.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e1lky p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed traumata a vnit\u0159n\u00ed konflikty<\/span><\/h3>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed konflikty vracej\u00ed na Z\u00e1pad. Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1dal n\u00e1zor, \u017ee v\u00e1lky se odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed jinde. Ale nejpozd\u011bji od intervenc\u00ed v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu a Ir\u00e1ku se tento rozd\u00edl zhroutil. T\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00e1lka na Ukrajin\u011b, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 prakticky na \u201eprahu\u201c EU\/NATO.<\/span><\/p>\n

Miliony lid\u00ed uprchly a st\u00e1le prchaj\u00ed z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b v Evrop\u011b a Severn\u00ed Americe. S nimi v\u0161ak p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed nejen nad\u011bje na lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivot, ale tak\u00e9 nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 konflikty, traumata a loajality.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Konfliktn\u00ed linie v srdci Evropy<\/span><\/h3>\n

V metropol\u00edch, jako je Lond\u00fdn, Berl\u00edn nebo Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e, se formuj\u00ed diasporn\u00ed komunity, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed \u00fazk\u00e9 vazby na krizov\u00e9 oblasti. Konfliktn\u00ed linie, kter\u00e9 byly d\u0159\u00edve geograficky vzd\u00e1len\u00e9, se tak dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do srdce z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento trend je zesilov\u00e1n digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi m\u00e9dii. Facebook, Telegram, TikTok \u2013 jsou to glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ozv\u011bnov\u00e9 komory, kde propaganda, ideologie a mobilizace funguj\u00ed v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b i z\u00e1padn\u00ed extremist\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tyto kan\u00e1ly k z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed stoupenc\u016f, koordinaci \u00fatok\u016f nebo vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch obraz\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Betz a Smith zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed: \u201eKonflikty, kter\u00e9 jsme kdysi pova\u017eovali za vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed operace, se u\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159esunuly do center na\u0161ich m\u011bst. D\u011blic\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ra mezi vnit\u0159n\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed ji\u017e neexistuje.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Evropa jako nov\u00e9 \u201eboji\u0161t\u011b\u201c<\/span><\/h3>\n

V\u00fdsledkem je jak\u00fdsi \u201ereimport\u201c v\u00e1lky: teroristick\u00e9 \u00fatoky v Lond\u00fdn\u011b v roce 2005, Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei v roce 2015, Berl\u00edn\u011b v roce 2016 a dal\u0161\u00edch nejsou n\u00e1hodn\u00fdmi \u010diny jednotlivc\u016f, ale p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky \u201emal\u00fdch v\u00e1lek\u201c, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed st\u00e1ty vedly v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e1lky, kter\u00e9 kdysi byly \u201etam\u201c, u\u017e d\u00e1vno dorazily \u201esem\u201c. Prol\u00ednaj\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed sv\u011bt, tak\u017ee se z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti st\u00e1vaj\u00ed vlastn\u00edm boji\u0161t\u011bm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b t\u00e9to ztr\u00e1ty legitimity a n\u00e1vratu glob\u00e1ln\u00edch konflikt\u016f se uvnit\u0159 zem\u011b objevuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 zlomov\u00e9 linie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Etnick\u00e1 a kulturn\u00ed fragmentace<\/span><\/h3>\n

Ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky nikdy nevznikaj\u00ed z ni\u010deho; zraj\u00ed v trhlin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 rozd\u011bluj\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Dnes je n\u011bkolik z t\u011bchto trhlin jasn\u011b viditeln\u00fdch.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Zaprv\u00e9 je tu etnick\u00e1 a kulturn\u00ed fragmentace. Multikulturn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti bez jednot\u00edc\u00edho r\u00e1mce produkuj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b integrace ne\u017e konkurence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V mnoha velk\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech dnes fakticky existuj\u00ed paraleln\u00ed spole\u010dnosti s vlastn\u00edmi normami, pravidly a loajalitou.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi m\u011bstem a venkovem<\/span><\/h3>\n

K tomu se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 propast mezi m\u011bstem a venkovem. V USA se Demokratick\u00e1 strana spol\u00e9h\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na m\u011bstsk\u00e9 oblasti, zat\u00edmco republik\u00e1ni dominuj\u00ed venkovsk\u00fdm oblastem.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Podobn\u00e9 vzorce lze nal\u00e9zt i v Evrop\u011b: Macron ve Francii t\u011b\u017e\u00ed z metropolitn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, Marine Le Penov\u00e1 ze zanedban\u00e9ho vnitrozem\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V N\u011bmecku z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed Zelen\u00ed a SPD ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech, zat\u00edmco AfD dosahuje dvoucifern\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech. Tyto rozd\u00edly se t\u00e1hnou na kulturn\u00ed, ekonomick\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 \u00farovni a s ka\u017ed\u00fdmi volbami se prohlubuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ztr\u00e1ta soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu<\/span><\/h3>\n

A kone\u010dn\u011b, doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu. C\u00edrkve, kluby, sousedstv\u00ed \u2013 v\u0161echny ty instituce, kter\u00e9 kdysi podporovaly komunitu \u2013 rychle ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam. \u00dapadek klub\u016f, sekularizace, osam\u011blost a ned\u016fv\u011bra \u010din\u00ed spole\u010dnosti n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi k radikalizaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tam, kde se etnick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly st\u0159et\u00e1vaj\u00ed se soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nerovnost\u00ed a politickou frustrac\u00ed, vznikaj\u00ed v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 situace, kter\u00e9 mohou rychle p\u0159er\u016fst v n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Historie poskytuje varovn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady toho, jak takov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k n\u00e1sil\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eRoky olova a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek\u201c\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Severn\u00ed Irsko v letech 1969 a\u017e 1998 je toho prominentn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem: region\u00e1ln\u00ed konflikt, \u017eiven\u00fd n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm a etnick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm, se vyvinul v t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lku s v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 500 \u00famrt\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u00e1lie za\u017eila v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed \u201el\u00e9ta olova\u201c, b\u011bhem nich\u017e levicov\u00e9 Rud\u00e9 brig\u00e1dy, pravicov\u00e9 extremistick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, zedn\u00e1\u0159i, tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby a st\u00e1tn\u00ed represe uvrhly zemi do stavu permanentn\u00ed nestability. V\u00edce informac\u00ed naleznete v m\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>\u010cern\u00e9 knize o zedn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, 1. svazek \u2013 Tajn\u00e1 politika, st\u00e1tn\u00ed teror, politick\u00fd skand\u00e1l<\/span><\/em>\u00a0.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

V Latinsk\u00e9 Americe vedly soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, politick\u00e1 polarizace a ztr\u00e1ta demokratick\u00e9 legitimity nakonec ke \u201e\u0161pinav\u00fdm v\u00e1lk\u00e1m\u201c v Argentin\u011b, Chile a Salvadoru. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 v\u00e1lka se vyzna\u010dovala terorem, mu\u010den\u00edm, vra\u017edami a \u00fapln\u00fdm zhroucen\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eNov\u00e9\u201c ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/h3>\n

Tyto p\u0159\u00edklady ilustruj\u00ed, \u017ee modern\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky jsou asymetrick\u00e9, m\u011bstsk\u00e9 a dif\u00fazn\u00ed. Jsou dlouhodob\u00e9, demoralizuj\u00edc\u00ed a zanech\u00e1vaj\u00ed po sob\u011b spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00e9 po generace.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eNov\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky nejsou bitvy v klasick\u00e9m slova smyslu, ale vy\u010derp\u00e1vac\u00ed v\u00e1lky n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzity, kter\u00e9 vyhlazuj\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, ani\u017e by si to okam\u017eit\u011b uv\u011bdomovaly,\u201c vysv\u011btluj\u00ed experti David Betz a MLR Smith.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9ra pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e9 nestability<\/span><\/h3>\n

P\u0159esn\u011b zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 Betzova a Smithova pochmurn\u00e1 progn\u00f3za. Mluv\u00ed o \u201edlouh\u00e9m soumraku\u201c: \u00e9\u0159e pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e9 nestability, v n\u00ed\u017e se n\u00e1sil\u00ed, protin\u00e1sil\u00ed a represe st\u00e1vaj\u00ed b\u011b\u017enou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jejich \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed teze: Jakmile je legitimita ztracena, je to nevratn\u00e9. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m vn\u00edman\u00fd obyvatelstvem jako podvod se nikdy pln\u011b nezotavil reformami.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se d\u016fv\u011bra naru\u0161\u00ed, za\u010dne \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce: radik\u00e1ln\u00ed hnut\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed na s\u00edle, n\u00e1sil\u00ed eskaluje, st\u00e1t reaguje tvrd\u011b, co\u017e n\u00e1sledn\u011b zvy\u0161uje ned\u016fv\u011bru. Nakonec vznik\u00e1 spir\u00e1la, ze kter\u00e9 je \u00fanik t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201e\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 promrhala svou politickou legitimitu, nikdy nedostala nov\u00fd p\u00edsek do p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00edch hodin\u201c (Betz\/Smith).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eDlouh\u00fd soumrak\u201c u\u017e d\u00e1vno za\u010dal<\/span><\/h3>\n

Budouc\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky nebudou vypadat jako Gettysburg nebo Stalingrad, ale jako permanentn\u00ed stav nouze: m\u011bstsk\u00e1 gerilov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, \u00fatoky, digit\u00e1ln\u00ed mobilizace, vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1lka n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzity, kter\u00e1 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let nahlod\u00e1v\u00e1 spole\u010dnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Varov\u00e1n\u00ed je jasn\u00e9: Z\u00e1pad nen\u00ed imunn\u00ed. Ztr\u00e1c\u00ed z\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 ho \u010dinily siln\u00fdm \u2013 legitimitu, soudr\u017enost, d\u016fv\u011bru.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dovou ot\u00e1zkou tedy ji\u017e nen\u00ed,\u00a0<\/span>zda<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Evropa a Severn\u00ed Amerika za\u017eij\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, ale\u00a0<\/span>kdy<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. A\u00a0<\/span>jak dlouho<\/span><\/em>\u00a0budou trvat. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed znamen\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee jeho vlastn\u00ed spole\u010dnost je imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di rozpadu, se klame. \u201eDlouh\u00fd soumrak\u201c ji\u017e za\u010dal.<\/span><\/p>\n

Guido Grandt<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(* 1963) je investigativn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159, publicista, televizn\u00ed redaktor a nez\u00e1visl\u00fd producent. Jeho pr\u00e1ce se zam\u011b\u0159uje na v\u00fdzkum organizovan\u00e9ho zlo\u010dinu, tajn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed a citliv\u00fdch t\u00e9mat v politice, ekonomice, financ\u00edch, arm\u00e1d\u011b a bezpe\u010dnosti. V\u011bnuje se tak\u00e9 odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed skryt\u00fdch nebo tabuizovan\u00fdch aspekt\u016f soudob\u00fdch historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Guido Grandt vydal p\u0159es 40 knih literatury faktu a napsal p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6 000 \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n