{"id":90629,"date":"2025-10-26T00:15:49","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T22:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=90629"},"modified":"2025-10-25T08:54:13","modified_gmt":"2025-10-25T06:54:13","slug":"pepe-escobar-cely-svet-je-jevistem-napric-starovekou-hedvabnou-stezkou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/10\/26\/pepe-escobar-cely-svet-je-jevistem-napric-starovekou-hedvabnou-stezkou\/","title":{"rendered":"Pepe Escobar: Cel\u00fd sv\u011bt je jevi\u0161t\u011bm nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d starov\u011bkou Hedv\u00e1bnou stezkou"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Zapome\u0148te na barbarskou propagandu. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska skute\u010dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky a Sin-\u0165iang mohou b\u00fdt kone\u010dnou k\u0159i\u017eovatkou civilizac\u00ed. Pod\u00e9l St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie jsou (tepouc\u00edm) srdcem Srdce zem\u011b.<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

NA JI\u017dN\u00cd HEDV\u00c1BN\u00c9 STEZCE \u2013 Hedv\u00e1b\u00ed je legend\u00e1rn\u00ed. Doslova. Hedv\u00e1b\u00ed, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 pouze v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, historicky nebylo jen luxusn\u00edm produktem, ale tak\u00e9 pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed jednotkou: kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem obchodu a exportn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 105 p\u0159. n. l. p\u0159ist\u00e1la v Persii v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 diplomatick\u00e1 mise, tehdy ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 Parthy, kte\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 okupovali Baktrii, As\u00fdrii, Babylon a \u010d\u00e1sti Indie. Za \u010dty\u0159i stolet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>dynastie Arsakovc\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 sou\u010dasn\u00edka dynastie Chan v \u010c\u00edn\u011b \u2013 byli Parthov\u00e9 v t\u00e9 dob\u011b kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi prost\u0159edn\u00edky transkontinent\u00e1ln\u00edho obchodu. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 a Parthov\u00e9 se se\u0161li, aby prodiskutovali \u2013 co jin\u00e9ho \u2013 obchod.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u010delila s Parthy v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm \u2013 mezi drtivou por\u00e1\u017ekou Crassa u Karrh v roce 53 p\u0159. n. l. a v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm Septima Severa v roce 202. Mezit\u00edm se do \u0158\u00edma dostalo hedv\u00e1b\u00ed. A to ve velk\u00e9m stylu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci poprv\u00e9 spat\u0159ili hedv\u00e1b\u00ed v bitv\u011b u Karrh. Legenda prav\u00ed, \u017ee hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 prapory rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 parthskou arm\u00e1dou, jejich\u017e jisk\u0159iv\u00fd vzhled nad\u00e1val v prudk\u00e9m v\u011btru po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd hluk, vyd\u011bsily \u0159\u00edmskou j\u00edzdu: mluvme o prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy hedv\u00e1b\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011blo k urychlen\u00ed \u00fapadku \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee hedv\u00e1b\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo nic men\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e ekonomickou revoluci. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 republika a pot\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium musely vyv\u00e1\u017eet zlato, jako by z\u00edt\u0159ek nep\u0159i\u0161el, aby si mohly u\u017e\u00edvat sv\u00fdch hedv\u00e1bn\u00fdch zvyk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po parthsk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1d\u011b n\u00e1sledovala s\u00e1s\u00e1novsk\u00e1 Persie. Vl\u00e1dli a\u017e do poloviny 7.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 jejich \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se rozkl\u00e1dala od St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie a\u017e po Mezopot\u00e1mii. S\u00e1s\u00e1novci po n\u011bjakou dobu zt\u011bles\u0148ovali roli velmoci mezi \u010c\u00ednou a Evropou \u2013 a\u017e do doby, kdy je dobyl isl\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka, starov\u011bk\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 cesta: ze Si-anu do Alexandrie, ne do \u0158\u00edma. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si tedy, \u017ee na za\u010d\u00e1tku k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 \u00e9ry se po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky pohybuj\u00ed role hedv\u00e1b\u00ed. Fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed je, \u017ee \u0158\u00edm a \u010c\u00edna\u00a0<\/span>nikdy<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(kurz\u00edva moje) nep\u0159i\u0161ly do p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kontaktu \u2013 navzdory \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le postav (obchodn\u00edk\u016f, dobrodruh\u016f, fale\u0161n\u00fdch \u201evelvyslanc\u016f\u201c), kter\u00e9 se o to pokusily.<\/span><\/p>\n

Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s t\u00edm existovala i N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed stezka \u2013 kter\u00e1 fungovala ji\u017e za dob Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho a pozd\u011bji se stala Stezkou ko\u0159en\u00ed. Tudy se do Indie dostali \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9, Per\u0161an\u00e9 a Arabov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od dynastie Chan se \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 dostali nejen do Indie, ale tak\u00e9 do Vietnamu, Malajsie a na Sumatru. Sumatra se brzy vyvinula v kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed centrum, kam nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b p\u0159iplouvaly arabsk\u00e9 lod\u011b. Pokud jde o del\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, objeven\u00ed z\u00e1konitost\u00ed monzunu \u2013 v prvn\u00edm stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. \u2013 umo\u017enilo \u0158\u00edman\u016fm dos\u00e1hnout i z\u00e1padn\u00edch b\u0159eh\u016f Indie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hedv\u00e1b\u00ed se tedy do \u0158\u00edma dost\u00e1valo po sou\u0161i i po mo\u0159i, p\u0159es spoustu r\u016fzn\u00fdch prost\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f. A p\u0159esto \u0158\u00edm nikdy nic nev\u011bd\u011bl o p\u016fvodu hedv\u00e1b\u00ed, ani se ve sv\u00fdch vratk\u00fdch znalostech vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 a tajemn\u00e9 zem\u011b Seres nedostal d\u00e1l ne\u017e \u0158ekov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Se\u0161el jsem na k\u0159i\u017eovatku (Pam\u00edr)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Po polovin\u011b\u00a0<\/span>1.<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0stolet\u00ed se v ji\u017en\u00ed St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii, v tehdej\u0161\u00edm V\u00fdchodn\u00edm Turkest\u00e1nu, protagonistick\u00e9 roli dost\u00e1v\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>Ku\u0161\u00e1nsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0vlastn\u011b indosk\u00fdtsk\u00e1. Ku\u0161anov\u00e9, soupe\u0159i Parth\u016f v roli posl\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho obchodu, nejen\u017ee usnad\u0148ovali \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed buddhismu, ale tak\u00e9 gandh\u00e1rsk\u00e9ho \u2013 \u0159ecko-buddhistick\u00e9ho \u2013 um\u011bn\u00ed (n\u011bkter\u00e9 origin\u00e1ly lze dodnes nal\u00e9zt za p\u0159emr\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 ceny v um\u011bleck\u00fdch galeri\u00edch v Hongkongu a Bangkoku).<\/span><\/p>\n

A p\u0159esto se pravidla hry d\u00e1le v historii nikdy podstatn\u011b nezm\u011bnila: dva velk\u00e9 p\u00f3ly Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky \u2013 s\u00e1s\u00e1novsk\u00e1 Persie a Byzance \u2013 byly zapojeny do skute\u010dn\u00e9, nel\u00edtostn\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, v n\u00ed\u017e bylo uprost\u0159ed hedv\u00e1b\u00ed. Tajemstv\u00ed v\u00fdroby hedv\u00e1b\u00ed ji\u017e uniklo do ji\u017en\u00ed Asie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato obchodn\u00ed v\u00e1lka se je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce zkomplikovala n\u00e1porem turkick\u00fdch kmen\u016f nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d St\u0159edn\u00ed Asi\u00ed a vznikem obchodn\u00edho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed v Sogdian\u011b (se Samarkandem v centru).<\/span><\/p>\n

V polovin\u011b 7.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0dynastie Tang znovu z\u00edskala kontrolu nad \u010d\u00e1stmi Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky, kter\u00fdm vl\u00e1dla kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed v kotlin\u011b \u0159eky Tarim. To bylo pro pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obchodu naprostou nutnost\u00ed \u2013 proto\u017ee karavann\u00ed stezky proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed t\u011bmito kr\u00e1lovstv\u00edmi obklopovaly a obch\u00e1zely, na severu i na jihu, d\u011bsivou pou\u0161\u0165 Taklamakan, stejn\u011b jako dodnes.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna dynastie Tang cht\u011bla absolutn\u00ed kontrolu alespo\u0148 a\u017e po poho\u0159\u00ed Pam\u00edr, kde se v legend\u00e1rn\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ei, ne\u00fanavn\u011b popisovan\u00e9 dobrodruhy, ale nikdy se 100% jistotou nena\u0161la, setk\u00e1valy sk\u00fdtsk\u00e9, parthsk\u00e9 a persk\u00e9 karavany s \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi karavany, aby vym\u011bnily vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 hedv\u00e1b\u00ed a n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch komodit.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kamenn\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e: Pevnost Ta\u0161kurgan, dominanta mezi \u010c\u00ednou a zbytkem Eurasie. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Kamenn\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e, o kter\u00e9 se zmi\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed geografov\u00e9, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Ptolemaios, je ve skute\u010dnosti pevnost Ta\u0161kurgan v poho\u0159\u00ed Pam\u00edr: m\u00e1 strategick\u00e9 v\u00fdznam, nach\u00e1z\u00ed se na Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezce a dnes je hlavn\u00ed turistickou atrakc\u00ed v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti d\u00e1lnice do Karakoramu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kamenn\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e je symbolick\u00fdm orienta\u010dn\u00edm bodem mezi \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm sv\u011btem a zbytkem Eurasie: na z\u00e1pad\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed indo\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fd sv\u011bt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jel jsem Pam\u00edrskou d\u00e1lnici v T\u00e1d\u017eikist\u00e1nu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0hned za sebou, ne\u017e covid v\u0161echno p\u0159eru\u0161il. Tentokr\u00e1t\u00a0<\/span>n\u00e1\u0161 minikaravan<\/span><\/a>\u00a0k\u0159i\u017eoval Pam\u00edr pod\u00e9l a kolem Karakorumsk\u00e9 d\u00e1lnice na cest\u011b k \u010d\u00ednsko-p\u00e1kist\u00e1nsk\u00e9 hranici: to je nyn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed \u010c\u00ednsko-p\u00e1kist\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho koridoru (CPEC), kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho bodu BRI.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Na cest\u011b v Kar\u00e1koramu \u2013 pam\u00edrsk\u00e1 cesta. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b Pam\u00edr v dob\u00e1ch starov\u011bk\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky umo\u017e\u0148oval dosa\u017een\u00ed o\u00e1zy Ka\u0161gar. Pam\u00edr tvo\u0159\u00ed obrovsk\u00fd horsk\u00fd uzel mezi z\u00e1padn\u00edmi hranicemi Him\u00e1laje, Hind\u00faku\u0161em a ji\u017en\u00edmi svahy \u0164an \u0160anu.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Klikat\u00e9 zat\u00e1\u010dky starov\u011bk\u00e9 stezky Panlong v Pam\u00edru. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Toto m\u00edsto bylo v\u017edy kl\u00ed\u010dovou k\u0159i\u017eovatkou mezi troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdm obchodem spojuj\u00edc\u00edm severn\u00ed Indii, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii \u2013 s nedalekou \u010c\u00ednou \u2013 a z\u00e1padn\u00ed St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii s nedalekou step\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna se setk\u00e1v\u00e1 s isl\u00e1mem: velk\u00e9 historick\u00e9 \u201eco kdyby?\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hedv\u00e1b\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo zna\u010dnou hodnotu jako jednotka kapitalizace a obchodu, hr\u00e1lo mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed roli ne\u017e jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed. V Byzanci bylo hedv\u00e1b\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btem c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9ho monopolu. V\u0161echno bylo p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b regulov\u00e1no: profese, st\u00e1tn\u00ed ateli\u00e9ry, kde pracovaly \u017eeny, a zvyky. St\u00e1t chr\u00e1nil sv\u016fj monopol tvrdou byrokraci\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm se N\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed stezka rozv\u00edjela. Buddhistick\u00e1 a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed mocnost Srivijaya kontrolovala st\u00e1le kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd Malack\u00fd pr\u016fliv vedouc\u00ed z ostrova Sumatra. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vstupuje isl\u00e1m do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho kontextu.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli historie rozhodla, \u017ee se \u0158\u00edm a \u010c\u00edna nikdy p\u0159\u00edmo nesetkaj\u00ed na Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezce, z\u00e1rove\u0148 rozhodla o jasn\u00e9m odd\u011blen\u00ed mezi isl\u00e1mem a \u010c\u00ednou. Nebo si zkuste p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee by se \u010c\u00edna v polovin\u011b 8.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0stala zem\u00ed isl\u00e1mu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bitva u Talasu v roce 751 \u2013 na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Kyrgyzst\u00e1nu \u2013 postavila \u010c\u00ednu proti Arab\u016fm. A jej\u00ed v\u00fdsledek definitivn\u011b ukon\u010dil ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 rozmary ohledn\u011b dobyt\u00ed St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie. Dnes, s Novou Hedv\u00e1bnou stezkou\/BRI, je to jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u2013 o projekci \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed\/investi\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edly po cel\u00e9m Heartlandu a za jeho hranicemi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed kultur: Buchara se setk\u00e1v\u00e1 s Ka\u0161garem. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 8.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0byl kl\u00ed\u010dovou postavou gener\u00e1l umajj\u00e1dsk\u00e9 dynastie Kutajba ibn Muslim. Nejprve dobyl Bucharu a Samarkand, p\u0159ekro\u010dil Fergansk\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed, poho\u0159\u00ed \u0164an-\u0161an a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dos\u00e1hl Ka\u0161garu. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd guvern\u00e9r, kter\u00fd vyc\u00edtil, \u017ee se Kutajba chyst\u00e1 ovl\u00e1dnout \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, mu poslal pytel pln\u00fd zeminy, n\u011bkolik minc\u00ed a \u010dty\u0159i prince jako rukojm\u00ed. Vypo\u010d\u00edtal si, \u017ee takhle arabsk\u00fd dobyvatel neztrat\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159 a nenech\u00e1 St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i na pokoji.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jakkoli neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 se to m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t, toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed trvalo p\u016fl stolet\u00ed. A\u017e do bitvy u Talasu. Nyn\u00ed to srovnejte s Poitiers v roce 732 \u2013 jedno stolet\u00ed po smrti proroka Mohameda. Talas a Poitiers m\u016f\u017eeme jist\u011b interpretovat spole\u010dn\u011b jako dva kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 mezn\u00edky toho, jak byl isl\u00e1m na pokraji roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po cel\u00e9 Eurasii (v\u010detn\u011b jej\u00edho evropsk\u00e9ho poloostrova) a vytvo\u0159il politicko-vojenskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i od \u0158\u00edma po \u010cchang-an (dne\u0161n\u00ed Si-an).<\/span><\/p>\n

No, nestalo se to. P\u0159esto je to jedna z nejneoby\u010dejn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u201eco kdyby\u201c v historii.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam bitvy u Talasu \u2013 na Z\u00e1pad\u011b prakticky ignorovan\u00e9, s v\u00fdjimkou omezen\u00fdch akademick\u00fdch kruh\u016f \u2013 je skute\u010dn\u011b nadlidsk\u00fd. Mimo jin\u00e9 si vynutila novou cirkulaci technik. Arabov\u00e9 s sebou odvedli \u0159emesln\u00edky, odborn\u00edky na hedv\u00e1bnictv\u00ed, ale i v\u00fdrobce pap\u00edru. Ateli\u00e9ry byly nejprve zalo\u017eeny v Samarkandu, pozd\u011bji v Bagd\u00e1du a po cel\u00e9m chal\u00edf\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee pod\u00e9l Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky jsme byli sv\u011bdky zrodu velmi ru\u0161n\u00e9 Pap\u00edrov\u00e9 stezky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pou\u0161t\u011b, hory, o\u00e1zy \u2013 a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u201eotrock\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce\u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

J\u00edzda po d\u00e1lnic\u00edch nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Sin-\u0165iangu\u00a0<\/span>a nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed dokumentu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0po\u00a0<\/span>trase p\u016fvodn\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky<\/span><\/a>\u00a0ze Si-anu do koridoru Kan-su je nesrovnateln\u00e1 historick\u00e1 cesta \u010dasem \u2013 m\u016f\u017eeme si tak podrobn\u011b prohl\u00e9dnout stalet\u00ed st\u0159edoasijsk\u00fdch nepokoj\u016f a\u017e po \u00fapadek n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstn\u00edch p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00fdch kultur v 9.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0. Je vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed znovu se spojit s hlavn\u00edmi akt\u00e9ry: Ujgury, \u010c\u00ed\u0148any Chan, Sogdijci, Indy, nom\u00e1dy, Araby, Tibe\u0165any, T\u00e1d\u017eiky, Kyrgyzy \u2013 a Mongoly.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u00fdstava Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky, kter\u00e1 se aktu\u00e1ln\u011b kon\u00e1 v muzeu Gansu v Lan-\u010dou. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Ko\u010dovn\u00e9 skupiny, kter\u00e9 se prohl\u00e1sily za d\u011bdice nel\u00edtostn\u00fdch Xiongnu, poch\u00e1zely ze severoz\u00e1padn\u00edho Mongolska a z poho\u0159\u00ed Altaj. B\u011bhem 4. stolet\u00ed se k nim p\u0159ipojilo n\u011bkolik starov\u011bk\u00fdch nom\u00e1d\u016f ze z\u00e1padn\u00ed St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie\u00a0<\/span>,<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0\u010d\u00edm\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b zm\u011bnily politickou a etnickou krajinu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xiongnuov\u00e9 s p\u0159est\u00e1vkami drancovali \u010d\u00e1sti severn\u00ed \u010c\u00edny \u2013 a ob\u010das byli l\u00e1k\u00e1ni k v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9mu obchodu, nab\u00edzeli jim tribut nebo je jednodu\u0161e podpl\u00e1celi, aby se dr\u017eeli stranou. Ve skute\u010dnosti m\u011bli Xiongnuov\u00e9 v \u010c\u00edn\u011b odno\u017e, kter\u00e1 se od p\u0159edchoz\u00edch odd\u011blila nejm\u00e9n\u011b na dv\u011b stolet\u00ed: v roce 350 nakonec dobyli Samarkand. Pozd\u011bji to byli Turci, kte\u0159\u00ed znovu p\u0159i\u0161li z Mongolska (ne\u0159\u00edkejte o tom Erdoganovi, on by to nev\u011bd\u011bl) \u200b\u200ba v 6. stolet\u00ed, d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem isl\u00e1mu, sjednotili\u00a0<\/span>step<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm imperativem Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky je kontrast\/dichotomie pou\u0161t\u011b a o\u00e1zy.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Drsn\u00e1 kr\u00e1sa divok\u00e9ho Taklamakanu. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Pou\u0161t\u011b jako Taklamakan a Gobi a n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch, stejn\u011b jako vyprahl\u00e9 stepi a hory pat\u0159\u00ed k nejodporn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm na planet\u011b: to jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rysy \u00fazem\u00ed o rozloze zhruba 6 milion\u016f km\u00b2.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii je velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 obd\u011bl\u00e1van\u00e1 p\u016fda (p\u0159esto zde m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt \u0159adu bavln\u00edkov\u00fdch pol\u00ed) nebo dobr\u00e9 pastviny (m\u016f\u017eeme je vid\u011bt v koridoru Gansu a dokonce i v zem\u00edch Pam\u00edru pobl\u00ed\u017e mocn\u00e9ho Muztagh Ata). P\u0159esto jsou pou\u0161t\u011b a hory srdcem v\u0161eho.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Dobr\u00e9 pastviny v Pam\u00edru. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 o\u00e1zy jsou si samoz\u0159ejm\u011b rovn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e9. Khotan je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed o\u00e1zou Ji\u017en\u00ed hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky \u2013 le\u017e\u00ed nedaleko rozlehl\u00e9, opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 tibetsk\u00e9 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny. To je skv\u011bl\u00e9 pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky aluvi\u00e1ln\u00edmu ku\u017eelu pro drah\u00e9 kameny, zejm\u00e9na nefrit, kter\u00e9 byly po v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 000 let dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 dynastii. Khotan mluvil \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00fdm jazykem \u2013 bl\u00edzk\u00fdm jazyk\u016fm starov\u011bk\u00fdch nom\u00e1d\u016f Sak\u016f a Sk\u00fdt\u016f, p\u00e1n\u016f step\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u010c\u00ednsk\u00fd znak pro \u201ehedv\u00e1b\u00ed\u201c vyryt\u00fd do nefritu p\u0159ed tov\u00e1rnou v Khotanu. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Khotan bylo zu\u0159iv\u00fdm rivalem o\u00e1z d\u00e1le na z\u00e1pad, Jarkandu a Ka\u0161garu. Pod \u010d\u00ednskou kontrolou bylo jen ob\u010das. A Ku\u0161anov\u00e9 ho mohli dobyt ve 2.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0. Indick\u00fd vliv je v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u2013 jak dodnes vid\u00edme v od\u011bvn\u00edch vzorech a j\u00eddle na No\u010dn\u00edm trhu. Ve 3.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0m\u011bl ji\u017e buddhismus v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv \u2013 s nejstar\u0161\u00edmi doklady v povod\u00ed Tarimu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka, vlastn\u011b Cesty, je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b Buddhistick\u00e1 stezka. V Dunhuangu, v koridoru Gansu, byl buddhismus popul\u00e1rn\u00ed tak\u00e9 od 3.\u00a0<\/span>stolet\u00ed<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0: slavn\u00fd m\u00edstn\u00ed mnich Dharmaraksa byl \u017e\u00e1kem indick\u00e9ho mistra. Buddhistick\u00e9 davy v Dunhuangu byly sm\u011bsic\u00ed \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u016f, Ind\u016f a St\u0159edoasiat\u016f \u2013 co\u017e op\u011bt sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o neust\u00e1l\u00e9m prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed kultur.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Velbloud\u00ed karavana v \u00e9\u0159e rozmachu dom\u00e1c\u00ed turistiky, pobl\u00ed\u017e Dunhuangu. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Shakespearovsk\u00e1 metafora \u201ecel\u00fd sv\u011bt je jevi\u0161t\u011b\u201c se pln\u011b hod\u00ed k historii Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky: v\u0161ichni ti herci ze v\u0161ech kout\u016f Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky historicky hr\u00e1li n\u011bkolik rol\u00ed, n\u011bkdy v\u0161echny najednou \u2013 apote\u00f3za obl\u00edben\u00e9ho Si \u0164in-pchingova hesla \u201ev\u00fdm\u011bna mezi lidmi\u201c. To je duch Starov\u011bk\u00e9 i Nov\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hrajeme ujgursk\u00e9 blues. Foto: PE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

M\u011bli jsme \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, \u017ee jsme byli na cest\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00edmo uprost\u0159ed 70. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed Ujgursk\u00e9 autonomn\u00ed oblasti Sin-\u0165iang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezi mnoha \u00fasp\u011bchy socialismu s \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi rysy v Sin-\u0165iangu v oblasti udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje je zkrocen\u00ed Taklamakanu \u2013 neboli \u201emo\u0159e smrti\u201c \u2013 sv\u011btov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ekro\u010dili jsme Taklamakan ze Severn\u00ed Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky v Aksu na Ji\u017en\u00ed stezku, pobl\u00ed\u017e Kerije: a za\u017eili jsme v\u0161echno od bezchybn\u00e9 d\u00e1lnice lemovan\u00e9 r\u00e1kos\u00edm tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00edm \u201e\u010d\u00ednskou magickou kostku\u201c \u2013 aby dr\u017eelo p\u00edsek pry\u010d \u2013 a\u017e po \u010d\u00e1st 3 046 km dlouh\u00e9ho zelen\u00e9ho p\u00e1su blokuj\u00edc\u00edho p\u00edsek, kde roste rostlina, jako je pou\u0161tn\u00ed topol a \u010derven\u00e1 vrba.<\/span><\/p>\n

Taklamakan byl v\u017edy \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed \u2013 hlavn\u00ed hrozbou pro s\u00e9rii o\u00e1z. Ter\u00e9n kolem o\u00e1z je drsn\u00fd: pou\u0161t\u011b, pust\u00e9 hory, pustina Gobi, chud\u00e1 p\u016fda, \u0159\u00eddk\u00e1 vegetace, n\u00edzk\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky, vysok\u00e9 odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, such\u00fd vzduch.<\/span><\/p>\n

To, co vid\u00edme dnes, za\u010dalo je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm kampan\u011b Go West v roce 1999: od roku 1997 \u0159ada \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch a st\u00e1tn\u00edch agentur, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch st\u00e1tn\u00edch podnik\u016f a 14 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch provinci\u00ed a obc\u00ed vyslalo obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f a person\u00e1lu na \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd rozvoj Sin-\u0165iangu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed porovnejte toto v\u0161e s\u00a0<\/span>p\u016fvodn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0, kter\u00fd byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn na akademick\u00e9 konferenci o Sin-\u0165iangu, kterou ned\u00e1vno uspo\u0159\u00e1dala Hongkongsk\u00e1 univerzita v\u011bdy a techniky a Hongkongsk\u00e1 univerzita \u2013 moji soused\u00e9, kdy\u017e jsem \u017eil ve Vo\u0148av\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavu. V\u00fdzkum uk\u00e1zal, jak britsk\u00e1 MI6 od 90. let instrumentalizovala men\u0161inu Ujgur\u016f bok po boku pomoc\u00ed masivn\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed PR kampan\u011b s explicitn\u00edm c\u00edlem rozd\u011blit \u010c\u00ednu na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z toho se vyvinula CIA vykonstruovan\u00e1 obvin\u011bn\u00ed z \u201egenocidy\u201c z posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika let a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b masy \u201enucen\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce\u201c, kter\u00e9 sotva p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaly v koncentra\u010dn\u00edch\/p\u0159ev\u00fdchovn\u00fdch t\u00e1borech. B\u011bhem na\u0161ich rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch cest, veden\u00fdch Ujgury, jsme byli odhodl\u00e1ni naj\u00edt otrockou pr\u00e1ci na bavln\u00edkov\u00fdch pol\u00edch pod\u00e9l Severn\u00ed Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky nebo uprost\u0159ed Taklamakanu. No, promi\u0148te: takov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce neexistuje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Propaganda v\u0161ak byla nezbytn\u00e1 pro nabr\u00e1n\u00ed spousty Ujgur\u016f do ISIS, v\u010detn\u011b jejich po\u010detn\u00e9ho kontingentu v Idlib\u00edst\u00e1nu, kter\u00fd se nyn\u00ed voln\u011b pohybuje mezi S\u00fdri\u00ed a tureckou hranic\u00ed. Neodv\u00e1\u017eili by se vr\u00e1tit do Sin-\u0165iangu a \u010delit \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm tajn\u00fdm informac\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zapome\u0148te na barbarskou propagandu. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska skute\u010dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky a Sin-\u0165iang mohou b\u00fdt kone\u010dnou k\u0159i\u017eovatkou civilizac\u00ed. Ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii jsou (tekouc\u00edm) srdcem Srdce zem\u011b. A nyn\u00ed se op\u011bt vracej\u00ed jako protagonist\u00e9 v srdci d\u011bjin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pepe Escobar<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zapome\u0148te na barbarskou propagandu. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska skute\u010dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":90630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[760,30,2181,1152,3080],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90629"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90629"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90629\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/90630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}