{"id":90489,"date":"2025-10-24T00:23:58","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T22:23:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=90489"},"modified":"2025-10-23T12:38:02","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T10:38:02","slug":"dalsi-pakt-ktery-ma-byt-prijat-hanojsky-pakt-proti-kyberkriminalite-bezpecnostni-nebo-globalni-smlouva-o-sledovani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/10\/24\/dalsi-pakt-ktery-ma-byt-prijat-hanojsky-pakt-proti-kyberkriminalite-bezpecnostni-nebo-globalni-smlouva-o-sledovani\/","title":{"rendered":"Dal\u0161\u00ed pakt, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159ijat: Hanojsk\u00fd pakt proti kyberkriminalit\u011b \u2013 Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed nebo glob\u00e1ln\u00ed smlouva o sledov\u00e1n\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Dohoda OSN slibuje omezen\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kriminality \u2013 kritici varuj\u00ed p\u0159ed \u00fatokem na soukrom\u00ed, svobodu projevu a suverenitu.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1\u00a0\u00damluva OSN proti kyberkriminalit\u011b<\/strong>\u00a0m\u00e1 b\u00fdt podeps\u00e1na v\u00a0Hanoji ve Vietnamu<\/strong>\u00a0ve dnech\u00a0<\/span>25. a 26. \u0159\u00edjna 2025.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o prvn\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed smlouvu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 regulovat spolupr\u00e1ci v boji proti\u00a0p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed online kriminalit\u011b<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 od ransomwaru a\u017e po kr\u00e1de\u017ee identity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed podpisem je jedna v\u011bc jasn\u00e1: tato dohoda je mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen technick\u00fdm krokem k digit\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti. Je to\u00a0<\/span>politick\u00fd dokument<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kter\u00fd by mohl rozhodnout\u00a0o budoucnosti\u00a0<\/span>internetov\u00e9 svobody, st\u00e1tn\u00edho dohledu a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho rozd\u011blen\u00ed moci .<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Co pakt upravuje \u2013 a co ne<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Takzvan\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>\u201eSmlouva OSN o kyberkriminalit\u011b\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kterou OSN p\u0159ijala v roce 2024 a kterou vypracoval \u00da\u0159ad\u00a0<\/span>OSN pro drogy a kriminalitu (UNODC)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, m\u00e1 umo\u017enit st\u00e1t\u016fm<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • jednotn\u011b definovat kyberkriminalitu po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b,<\/span><\/li>\n
  • rychlej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bna digit\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f,<\/span><\/li>\n
  • zjednodu\u0161it extradice a vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159es hranice,<\/span><\/li>\n
  • a umo\u017enit org\u00e1n\u016fm p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k \u00fadaj\u016fm ulo\u017een\u00fdm v zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Zn\u00ed to jako efektivita a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost \u2013 ale bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed pohled odhal\u00ed, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>\u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed dohody jsou rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed pravomoci<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kter\u00e9 by se mohly st\u00e1t nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi v rukou vl\u00e1d bez siln\u00e9 tradice pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u201eKyberkriminalita\u201c, nebo kontrola?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Organizace pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, jako jsou\u00a0<\/span>Human Rights Watch<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>Access Now,<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0ji\u017e m\u011bs\u00edce varuj\u00ed, \u017ee smlouva obsahuje\u00a0<\/span>v\u00e1gn\u00ed definice<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Pojem \u201ekyberkriminalita\u201c by mohl b\u00fdt interpretov\u00e1n tak \u0161iroce, \u017ee by zahrnoval nejen hackery a podvodn\u00edky, ale i\u00a0<\/span>novin\u00e1\u0159e, aktivisty, oznamovatele a v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky v oblasti IT bezpe\u010dnosti<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

    P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u010cl\u00e1nky o \u201eneopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu\u201c nebo \u201ezneu\u017eit\u00ed dat\u201c by se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch ji\u017e mohly spustit, pokud novin\u00e1\u0159i zve\u0159ejn\u00ed unikl\u00e9 vl\u00e1dn\u00ed \u00fadaje nebo pokud bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci odhal\u00ed zranitelnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Dohoda d\u00e1le umo\u017e\u0148uje\u00a0<\/span>p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnu u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch dat<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 bez jasn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho dohledu a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech dokonce bez informov\u00e1n\u00ed dot\u010den\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Kritici proto hovo\u0159\u00ed o\u00a0<\/span>\u201edigit\u00e1ln\u00ed exteritorialit\u011b<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u201c, kter\u00e1 by mohla ohrozit n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1kony na ochranu \u00fadaj\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hostitelsk\u00e1 zem\u011b: symbolick\u00e1 a problematick\u00e1<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee k podpisu doch\u00e1z\u00ed zrovna ve\u00a0<\/span>Vietnamu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, je v\u00edce ne\u017e symbolick\u00e1. Zem\u011b je pravideln\u011b kritizov\u00e1na za\u00a0<\/span>online cenzuru, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bloger\u016f<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Vietnamsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da v posledn\u00edch letech zatkla des\u00edtky aktivist\u016f za jejich p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch \u2013 \u010dasto na z\u00e1klad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00ed z \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Pr\u00e1v\u011b tam chce OSN stanovit glob\u00e1ln\u00ed standard pro digit\u00e1ln\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed pravomoci. Lidskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed skupiny to vn\u00edmaj\u00ed jako\u00a0<\/span>dvoj\u00ed sign\u00e1l<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: oslavu diplomacie \u2013 ale tak\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>varovn\u00fd sign\u00e1l pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1va<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Kdo podepisuje \u2013 a kdo v\u00e1h\u00e1<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Podle UNODC\u00a0vy\u0161le do Hanoje delegace\u00a0<\/span>v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f<\/span><\/strong>
    \n. Mezi t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed podepsat, jsou:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Vietnam<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Rusko<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>\u010c\u00edna<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Braz\u00edlie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Indie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Egypt<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Sa\u00fadsk\u00e1 Ar\u00e1bie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a n\u011bkolik zem\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho\u00a0<\/span>Jihu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Svou podporu vyj\u00e1d\u0159ila i \u0159ada\u00a0<\/span>africk\u00fdch a latinskoamerick\u00fdch zem\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kter\u00e9 slibuj\u00ed podporu v oblasti vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • V\u00a0<\/span>Evrop\u011b<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 podpis\u00a0<\/span>Francie, \u0160pan\u011blska, It\u00e1lie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>\u0158ecka<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, zat\u00edmco\u00a0<\/span>N\u011bmecko<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>Rakousko<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0prosazuj\u00ed nejprve\u00a0<\/span>pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159ezkum<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • \u0160v\u00fdcarsko v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b zva\u017euje podpis dohody,\u00a0<\/span>ale<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0podle ministerstva zahrani\u010d\u00ed by r\u00e1do znovu projednalo \u201ez\u00e1vazn\u00e9 z\u00e1ruky lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v\u201c.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Postoj Spojen\u00fdch\u00a0<\/span>st\u00e1t\u016f<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>Kanady<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a n\u011bkolika\u00a0<\/span>\u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e\u00a0pova\u017euj\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>Budape\u0161\u0165skou \u00famluvu<\/span><\/strong>
      \nz roku 2001 za dostate\u010dn\u00fd r\u00e1mec, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00fd. Washington signalizoval, \u017ee Hanojsk\u00fd pakt \u201ev\u00edt\u00e1\u201c, ale \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>ratifikace v Kongresu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u201enen\u00ed v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m horizontu realistick\u00e1\u201c.\u00a0<\/span>Japonsko<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>Austr\u00e1lie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0tak\u00e9 projevuj\u00ed opatrnost \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli obav\u00e1m o\u00a0<\/span>datovou suverenitu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>vliv autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0na v\u00fdklad smluv.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Jak by m\u011bla b\u00fdt smlouva realizov\u00e1na?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

      Po podpisu vstoup\u00ed pakt v platnost, jakmile\u00a0jej ratifikuje\u00a0<\/span>40 st\u00e1t\u016f<\/span><\/strong>
      \n. Pot\u00e9 za\u010dne rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd proces:<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Adaptace n\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 St\u00e1ty mus\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsobit sv\u00e9 trestn\u00ed z\u00e1kony nov\u00fdm standard\u016fm. Ochrana \u00fadaj\u016f a svoboda tisku se \u010dasto st\u00e1vaj\u00ed t\u00e9maty jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nov\u00fdch datov\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Policie a zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v budoucnu schopny vym\u011b\u0148ovat si informace p\u0159\u00edmo, ani\u017e by se musely spol\u00e9hat na postupy diplomatick\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomoci.<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. Fond pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a technologie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 OSN pl\u00e1nuje programy na vybaven\u00ed rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed technologiemi. Kritici varuj\u00ed, \u017ee by to mohlo autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm vl\u00e1d\u00e1m poskytnout p\u0159\u00edstup k technologi\u00edm sledov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by mohly pou\u017e\u00edt proti vlastn\u00edmu obyvatelstvu.<\/span><\/li>\n
      4. Kontroln\u00ed org\u00e1n<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 OSN chce z\u0159\u00eddit \u201eV\u00fdbor pro kyberkriminalitu\u201c, kter\u00fd by vy\u0161et\u0159oval st\u00ed\u017enosti a p\u0159\u00edpady zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento org\u00e1n by v\u0161ak byl politicky jmenov\u00e1n a jeho nez\u00e1vislost je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za spornou.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Kritick\u00e9 hlasy a otev\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Zat\u00edmco vl\u00e1dy v Hanoji oslavuj\u00ed dohodu jako \u201emiln\u00edk\u201c, ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1,\u00a0<\/span>kdo vymez\u00ed hranice dohledu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

        Organizace pro digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1va zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee bez jasn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch mechanism\u016f proti politick\u00e9mu pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a bez povinnost\u00ed transparentnosti v oblasti \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o data se smlouva st\u00e1v\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0161edou z\u00f3nou s glob\u00e1ln\u00edmi d\u016fsledky<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

        Obavy jsou re\u00e1ln\u00e9: N\u011bkter\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ji\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed kybernetick\u00e9 z\u00e1kony k pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed disident\u016f, novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f nebo nevl\u00e1dn\u00edch organizac\u00ed. Pokud bude Hanojsk\u00e1 dohoda ratifikov\u00e1na, mohla by tato praxe v budoucnu z\u00edskat\u00a0<\/span>legitimitu podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

        Z\u00e1v\u011br: Mezi ochranou a v\u00fdkonem<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Dohoda OSN o kyberkriminalit\u011b by nepochybn\u011b mohla pomoci v boji proti skute\u010dn\u00fdm kybernetick\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m rychleji a efektivn\u011bji.<\/span>
        \nVe sv\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 podob\u011b v\u0161ak hroz\u00ed\u00a0posunem\u00a0<\/span>rovnov\u00e1hy mezi bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed a svobodou ve prosp\u011bch st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontroly.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Kdy\u017e je ochrana dat, svoboda tisku a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sebeur\u010den\u00ed ob\u011btov\u00e1na boji proti \u201ekyberkriminalit\u011b\u201c, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se ochrann\u00fd n\u00e1stroj\u00a0<\/span>glob\u00e1ln\u00edm mand\u00e1tem k dohledu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span>
        \nPodeps\u00e1n\u00ed v Hanoji tak znamen\u00e1 nejen za\u010d\u00e1tek nov\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce, ale tak\u00e9 za\u010d\u00e1tek z\u00e1vodu\u00a0<\/span>o definici digit\u00e1ln\u00ed svobody<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n

        Zdroje<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n
          \n
        • UNODC \u2013 N\u00e1vrh \u00famluvy o boji proti zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00edch a komunika\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed k trestn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm (2024\u20132025)<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Reuters:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eSmlouva OSN o kyberkriminalit\u011b bude podeps\u00e1na v Hanoji uprost\u0159ed obav o lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(\u0159\u00edjen 2025)<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Associated Press:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eZem\u011b se navzdory kritice p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed na podpis \u00damluvy OSN o kyberkriminalit\u011b\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
        • Human Rights Watch, EFF, Access Now \u2013 Prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o rizic\u00edch v oblasti lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Deutsche Welle:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eN\u011bmecko zkoum\u00e1 pakt OSN o kyberkriminalit\u011b \u2013 kritika v\u00e1gn\u00edch formulac\u00ed\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(\u0159\u00edjen 2025)<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Nikkei Asia \/ VNExpress:\u00a0<\/span>\u201eVietnam host\u00ed podpis glob\u00e1ln\u00edho paktu OSN o kyberkriminalit\u011b\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(\u0159\u00edjen 2025)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Dohoda OSN slibuje omezen\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kriminality \u2013 kritici varuj\u00ed p\u0159ed \u00fatokem na soukrom\u00ed, svobodu projevu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":90490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[9950,2320,186],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90489"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90489"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90489\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/90490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}