{"id":8982,"date":"2022-03-10T02:30:02","date_gmt":"2022-03-10T01:30:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=8982"},"modified":"2022-03-09T18:57:30","modified_gmt":"2022-03-09T17:57:30","slug":"je-svet-brzy-pripraven-na-digitalni-meny-centralni-banky-zda-se-ze-mmf-si-to-mysli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/03\/10\/je-svet-brzy-pripraven-na-digitalni-meny-centralni-banky-zda-se-ze-mmf-si-to-mysli\/","title":{"rendered":"Je sv\u011bt brzy p\u0159ipraven na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky? Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee MMF si to mysl\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Posun sm\u011brem k digit\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011bn\u00e1m centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky (CBDC) \u201enab\u00edr\u00e1 na s\u00edle, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd vynal\u00e9zavost\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edval z\u00e1padn\u00edch sankc\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed na ruskou ekonomiku nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bolesti, pozornost se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010dtvrtlet\u00edch obrac\u00ed k mo\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsob\u016fm, jak v budoucnu obej\u00edt americk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 sankce.\u00a0Jednou z potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch zbran\u00ed k obch\u00e1zen\u00ed budouc\u00edch sankc\u00ed jsou s\u00edt\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011bn centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky (CBDC),\u00a0<\/span>podle Lewise McLellana<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, editora digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sekce Digital Monetary Institute of Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF):<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011bn centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed po cel\u00e9 Asii (jako je most mCBDC, kter\u00fd zahrnuje Thajsko, Hongkong, \u010c\u00ednu a Spojen\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 emir\u00e1ty).\u00a0Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka Ruska pracuje na digit\u00e1ln\u00edm rublu a guvern\u00e9rka Elvira Nabiullina vyj\u00e1d\u0159ila z\u00e1jem o jeho hodnotu jako prost\u0159edku pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edch plateb, zejm\u00e9na s \u010c\u00ednou.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Lze pou\u017e\u00edt i digit\u00e1ln\u00ed j\u00fcan.\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span>\u010c\u00edn\u011b je \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jej p\u0159ijme ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo m\u00e1 v \u010c\u00edn\u011b v\u00fddaje nebo z\u00e1vazky.\u00a0Tak\u00e9 dolarov\u00e9 stablecoiny, jejich\u017e rozsah a v\u00fdznam roste, by mohly pomoci vytvo\u0159it p\u00e1te\u0159 platebn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kterou nelze omezit odebr\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu ke Swiftu nebo clearingov\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu Fedu.\u00a0<\/span>Nic nenasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu, \u017ee by \u010c\u00edna cht\u011bla pomoci rusk\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem obch\u00e1zet sankce<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 pokud ano, budou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u010delit sankc\u00edm sam\u00fdm \u2013 ale pokud se s\u00ed\u0165 dolarov\u00fdch plateb stane n\u00e1strojem zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky, pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 bude nal\u00e9hav\u011b nutn\u00e9 vyvinout alternativu.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Peking roz\u0161i\u0159uje ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho j\u00fcanu<\/span><\/h2>\n

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed renminbi je prvn\u00ed CBDC, kter\u00fd vydala centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka velk\u00e9 ekonomiky a byl ve\u0159ejn\u011b testov\u00e1n od dubna 2021.\u00a0\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed CBDC zat\u00edm prob\u00edhalo v deseti m\u011bstech a regionech (Shenzhen, Suzhou, Chengdu, Xiong’an, Shanghai, Hainan, Changsha, Xi’an, Qingdao a Dalian).\u00a0<\/span>Podle \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Securities Times<\/span><\/a>\u00a0je Peking bl\u00edzko testov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny j\u00fcan ve t\u0159et\u00ed sad\u011b m\u00edst, kter\u00e1 by mohla zahrnovat provincie Henan, Fujian a Heilongjiang, stejn\u011b jako m\u011bsta Guangzhou, Chongqing, Fuzhou a Xiamen. .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka od roku 2014 zkoum\u00e1 mo\u017enosti, kter\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny nab\u00edzej\u00ed.\u00a0Mezi tyto p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti pat\u0159\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost a \u201e\u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la nov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed\u201c, \u0159ekl Fan Yifei, z\u00e1stupce guvern\u00e9ra \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky, v roce 2016. O rok pozd\u011bji St\u00e1tn\u00ed rada \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky po\u017eehnala rozvoj digit\u00e1ln\u00edho RMB.\u00a0Komer\u010dn\u00ed banky byly p\u0159izv\u00e1ny, aby se p\u0159ipojily k projektu, stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed tech giganti Tencent, Alibaba, Huawei, JD.com a UnionPay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Josh Lipsky, b\u00fdval\u00fd zam\u011bstnanec MMF, kter\u00fd nyn\u00ed pracuje v Atlantic Council, vlivn\u00e9m americk\u00e9m think-tanku,\u00a0<\/span>nazval digit\u00e1ln\u00ed renminbi \u201eprobl\u00e9mem n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti\u201c<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, kter\u00fd ohro\u017euje americk\u00fd dolar.\u00a0\u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 banka v\u0161ak nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 odlehl\u00e1, pokud jde o experimentov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo testov\u00e1n\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho zhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bny.<\/span><\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasnosti je zapojeno celkem 87 centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank v ekonomik\u00e1ch p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00edch 90 % celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho HDP, v\u010detn\u011b Feder\u00e1ln\u00edho rezervn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, Evropsk\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky, Bank of Japan a Bank of England.\u00a0Reserve Bank of India ned\u00e1vno ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm roce (duben 2022 a\u017e b\u0159ezen 2023) spust\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed rupii.\u00a0Za posledn\u00ed dva roky byly online t\u0159i CBDC: takzvan\u00fd DCash ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Karibiku, Sand Dollar na Baham\u00e1ch a eNaira v Nig\u00e9rii, jejich\u017e dopad je podle technologick\u00e9ho zpravodajsk\u00e9ho webu Tech zat\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e zklam\u00e1n\u00edm. Monitor \u201c\u00a0<\/span>ohl\u00e1sil<\/span><\/a>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Jakmile byla spu\u0161t\u011bna, u\u017eivatel\u00e9 si st\u011b\u017eovali na nedostatek funkc\u00ed a\u00a0<\/span>aplikace byla kr\u00e1tce sta\u017eena z obchodu Google Play<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, aby ji vylep\u0161ili.\u00a0<\/span>K lednu bylo sta\u017eeno<\/span><\/a>\u00a0pouze 694 000 pen\u011b\u017eenek eNaira\u00a0(na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b e-Yuan je st\u00e1le v pilotn\u00ed f\u00e1zi, ale m\u00e1 asi\u00a0<\/span>260 milion\u016f u\u017eivatel\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0).\u00a0V\u00fddaje tak\u00e9 z\u016fstaly\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>na 450 000 USD v transakc\u00edch .<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

MMF pevn\u011b na palub\u011b<\/span><\/h2>\n

Jak se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat, Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond (MMF), nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed instituce, je do tohoto procesu siln\u011b zapojen, mimo jin\u00e9 poskytov\u00e1n\u00edm technick\u00e9 pomoci mnoha sv\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm.\u00a0Na akci organizovan\u00e9 Atlantic Council minul\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc\u00a0<\/span>prezidentka MMF Kristalina Georgieva<\/span><\/a>\u00a0nast\u00ednila potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdhody CBDC a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ocenila \u201evynal\u00e9zavost\u201c centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank:<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncep\u010dn\u00ed diskuse o CBDC m\u00e1me za sebou a nyn\u00ed jsme ve f\u00e1zi testov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky si vyhrnuj\u00ed ruk\u00e1vy a seznamuj\u00ed se s bity a bajty digit\u00e1ln\u00edch pen\u011bz.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

CBDC jsou st\u00e1le ve sv\u00fdch ran\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch a nev\u00edme p\u0159esn\u011b, jak daleko nebo jak rychle se vyvinou.\u00a0Co v\u00edme, je, \u017ee centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky buduj\u00ed kapacitu, aby mohly vyu\u017e\u00edvat v\u00fdhod nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed \u2013 aby byly p\u0159ipraveny na cokoli, co m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ij\u00edt.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Pokud jsou CBDC navr\u017eeny pe\u010dliv\u011b, mohou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nab\u00eddnout v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odolnost, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dostupnost a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady ne\u017e soukrom\u00e9 formy digit\u00e1ln\u00edch pen\u011bz.\u00a0To je jasn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s nezaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi krypto aktivy, kter\u00e1 jsou ze sv\u00e9 podstaty nest\u00e1l\u00e1.\u00a0A ani l\u00e9pe spravovan\u00e9 a regulovan\u00e9 stablecoiny nemus\u00ed tak docela konkurovat stabiln\u00ed a dob\u0159e navr\u017een\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bn\u011b centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00edme, \u017ee vynal\u00e9zavost centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank podporuje p\u0159echod k CBDC.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Celkem se CBDC na t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 \u00farovni zab\u00fdv\u00e1 asi 100 zem\u00ed.\u00a0N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed zkoumaj\u00ed, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed testuj\u00ed a p\u00e1r vyvolen\u00fdch ji\u017e CBDC uvol\u0148uje ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Na Baham\u00e1ch existuje Sand Dollar \u2013 m\u00edstn\u00ed CBDC \u2013 ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e rok.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e1 Riksbank vyvinula proof-of-concept a zkoum\u00e1 technologick\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky CBDC.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

V \u010c\u00edn\u011b se digit\u00e1ln\u00ed renminbi [naz\u00fdvan\u00fd e-CNY] vyv\u00edj\u00ed s v\u00edce ne\u017e stovkou milion\u016f u\u017eivatel\u016f a miliardami dolar\u016f v transakc\u00edch.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

A pr\u00e1v\u011b minul\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc vydal Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zpr\u00e1vu, kter\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u201eCBDC by mohlo z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnit strukturu finan\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu USA\u201c[i].<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Jak se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat, MMF se v t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce intenzivn\u011b anga\u017euje, mimo jin\u00e9 poskytov\u00e1n\u00edm technick\u00e9 pomoci mnoha \u010dlen\u016fm.\u00a0D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm \u00fakolem fondu je podporovat v\u00fdm\u011bnu zku\u0161enost\u00ed a podporovat interoperabilitu CBDC.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed peso?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Dokonce i zem\u011b, kde je hotovost st\u00e1le nesporn\u00fdm kr\u00e1lem plateb, se zoufale sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ijmout CBDC.\u00a0P\u0159ed t\u0159emi dny El Pa\u00eds publikoval\u00a0<\/span>\u010dl\u00e1nek<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b) s n\u00e1zvem \u201eJe Mexiko p\u0159ipraveno na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bnu centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky?\u201c \u010cl\u00e1nek za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pohledem na ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 snahy mexick\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky Banco de Mexico (Banxico) prozkoumat mo\u017enost spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho pesa, o kter\u00e9m se Banxico domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee by mohlo b\u00fdt p\u0159ipraveno ji\u017e v roce 2024:<\/span><\/p>\n

Oth\u00f3n Moreno, \u0159editel politiky a studi\u00ed o platebn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech a tr\u017en\u00ed infrastruktu\u0159e centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky, uvedl na ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m semin\u00e1\u0159i o kryptom\u011bn\u00e1ch, \u017ee existuje popt\u00e1vka po stabiln\u00edch m\u011bn\u00e1ch (zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jako stablecoiny) a \u017ee n\u011bkolik centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b analyzuje proces vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0\u201eCentr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky maj\u00ed za sebou historii \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch z\u00e1konn\u00fdch platidel.\u00a0Omezili jsme se na to, \u017ee to d\u011bl\u00e1me fyzicky, ale mysl\u00edm, \u017ee to ukazuje, \u017ee technologie existuje a \u017ee existuje popt\u00e1vka po tom, abychom mohli vyd\u00e1vat stejnou funkcionalitu z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho platidla v digit\u00e1ln\u00ed verzi,\u201c \u0159ekl.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina Mexi\u010dan\u016f ani nev\u00ed, \u017ee Banxico zkoum\u00e1 mo\u017enost spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed CBDC nebo co to CBDC je, nato\u017e jak by to mohlo ovlivnit jejich \u017eivoty, tak\u017ee je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, jak m\u016f\u017ee Moreno tvrdit, \u017ee \u201epopt\u00e1vka je tam\u201c za digit\u00e1ln\u00ed peso.\u00a0Je to je\u0161t\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e uv\u00e1\u017e\u00edte, \u017ee 86 % Mexi\u010dan\u016f st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hotovost, zat\u00edmco pouze 4 % pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mobiln\u00ed platebn\u00ed platformy nebo mezibankovn\u00ed elektronick\u00fd platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m (SPEI).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 debata<\/span><\/h2>\n

Stejn\u011b jako u o\u010dkovac\u00edch pr\u016fkaz\u016f a program\u016f digit\u00e1ln\u00ed identity, kter\u00e9 byly nebo jsou zav\u00e1d\u011bny vl\u00e1dami po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, prakticky neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pokus o informov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti, nato\u017e o jejich konzultaci.\u00a0Jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la pokus\u016f byl v roce 2021\u00a0<\/span>pr\u016fzkum POLITICO<\/span><\/a>\u00a0mezi 2 500 Brity, kter\u00fd zjistil, \u017ee \u201eBritov\u00e9 jsou v\u00edce podez\u0159\u00edvav\u00ed ne\u017e nad\u0161en\u00ed z digit\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011bn centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky (CBDC):\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Pr\u016fzkum zjistil, \u017ee pouh\u00fdch 24 procent respondent\u016f v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee digit\u00e1ln\u00ed libra p\u0159inese v\u00edce u\u017eitku ne\u017e \u0161kody \u2013 30 procent uvedlo opak.\u00a0Zbytek si nemohl vybrat jedno nebo druh\u00e9.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Obavy britsk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti se r\u016fzn\u00ed.\u00a0Hrozba kybernetick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f a hacker\u016f postavila 73 procent respondent\u016f pr\u016fzkumu proti vlastnictv\u00ed Britcoin\u016f.\u00a0Vyhl\u00eddka na ztr\u00e1tu soukrom\u00ed p\u0159i platb\u00e1ch znepokojuje 70 procent, zat\u00edmco 45 procent se ob\u00e1v\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho dopadu Britcoinu na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013\u00a0<\/span>debata<\/span><\/a>\u00a0sd\u00edlen\u00e1 s ostatn\u00edmi kryptom\u011bnami.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd byl tak\u00e9 strach z vl\u00e1dn\u00ed moci, 62 procent uvedlo, \u017ee se boj\u00ed my\u0161lenky, \u017ee by vl\u00e1dn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady zabavily britsk\u00e9 coiny z jejich digit\u00e1ln\u00edch pen\u011b\u017eenek.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00fdhody, kter\u00e9 CBDC nab\u00edzej\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00edm bank\u00e1m, budou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, v\u010detn\u011b mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontroly nad pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed z\u00e1sobou a schopnosti j\u00edt mnohem hloub\u011bji do z\u00e1porn\u00fdch \u00farokov\u00fdch sazeb.\u00a0P\u0159\u00ednosy pro \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost jsou mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u00e9, zat\u00edmco rizika, v\u010detn\u011b ztr\u00e1ty anonymity a soukrom\u00ed, jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b obrovsk\u00e1.\u00a0Jak \u0159ekl v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m rozhovoru Agust\u00edn Carstens, prezident Banky pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed platby, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky a b\u00fdval\u00fd p\u0159edseda Banco de Mexico, schopnost sledovat a porozum\u011bt v\u00fddaj\u016fm v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase je jednou z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch v\u00fdhod ( pro centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky) CBDC:<\/span><\/p>\n

„Nev\u00edme, kdo dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 bankovku ve v\u00fd\u0161i 100 USD, a nev\u00edme, kdo dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 bankovku v hodnot\u011b 1000 peso.“\u00a0Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd rozd\u00edl oproti CBDC je v tom, \u017ee centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka bude m\u00edt absolutn\u00ed kontrolu nad pravidly a p\u0159edpisy upravuj\u00edc\u00edmi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto v\u00fdrazu digit\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky a budeme m\u00edt tak\u00e9 technologii, jak to vynutit.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm ze zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak by centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky mohly vyu\u017e\u00edt sv\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 pravomoci, je p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad utr\u00e1cec\u00edmi n\u00e1vyky lid\u00ed, \u0159ekl El Pa\u00eds mexick\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00edk Etienne Luquet, kter\u00fd se specializuje na kryptom\u011bny.\u00a0„P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee se centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky stanou jak\u00fdmsi druhem v\u0161emocn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00e9 jednotky, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee prov\u00e1d\u011bt audit \u00fa\u010dt\u016f nebo zmrazit \u00fa\u010dty nebo zajistit, \u017ee pen\u00edze lze utr\u00e1cet pouze za ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u011bci.“<\/span><\/p>\n

To nen\u00ed za hranic\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed.\u00a0V \u010dervnu 2021\u00a0<\/span>Daily Telegraph uvedl<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee Bank of England po\u017e\u00e1dala ministry vl\u00e1dy, aby rozhodli, zda by digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bna centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky m\u011bla b\u00fdt \u201eprogramovateln\u00e1\u201c:<\/span><\/p>\n

Tom Mutton, \u0159editel Bank of England, na pond\u011bln\u00ed konferenci \u0159ekl, \u017ee programov\u00e1n\u00ed by se mohlo st\u00e1t kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem budouc\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bny centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky, kde by pen\u00edze byly naprogramov\u00e1ny tak, aby se uvolnily pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e se n\u011bco stane.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0158ekl: \u201eJe mo\u017en\u00e9 zav\u00e9st programovatelnost \u2013 co se stane, kdy\u017e jeden z \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f transakce omez\u00ed [budouc\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed pen\u011bz]?<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201eTo by mohlo v\u00e9st k n\u011bkter\u00fdm spole\u010densky prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm odrazov\u00e1n\u00edm od aktivit, kter\u00e9 jsou n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za spole\u010densky \u0161kodliv\u00e9.\u00a0Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by to ale mohlo znamenat i omezen\u00ed svobod lid\u00ed.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Varoval, \u017ee vl\u00e1da mus\u00ed zas\u00e1hnout a u\u010dinit kone\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm d\u016fsledkem CBDC, a\u0165 u\u017e \u00famysln\u00fdm nebo ne, je dezprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00edch bank, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1hle ocitnou v nespravedliv\u00e9 konkurenci ze strany sv\u00e9ho nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho regul\u00e1tora trhu, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 neomezen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti tisku pen\u011bz.\u00a0Podle Luqueta by komer\u010dn\u00ed banky mohly \u00fapln\u011b zmizet (a\u010dkoli si lze p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 dob\u0159e situovan\u00e9 instituce najdou v nov\u00e9m paradigmatu novou roli).\u00a0T\u00edmto t\u00e9matem se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159isp\u011bvatel z NC Clive ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku\u00a0<\/span>„Mark Carney’s Trojan Unicorn – Uva\u017euj\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky o utajen\u00e9m zn\u00e1rodn\u011bn\u00ed ve suver\u00e9nn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011bn\u00e1ch?“<\/span><\/a>[Mark Carney’s Trojan Unicorn \u2013 Uva\u017euj\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky o tajn\u00e9m zn\u00e1rodn\u011bn\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011bn?<\/span><\/p>\n

V projevu na \u201eChina Europe Finance Summit\u201c v \u0159\u00edjnu 2020, Burkhard Balz, \u010dlen v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 rady Deutsche Bundesbank,\u00a0<\/span>polo\u017eil ot\u00e1zku<\/span><\/a>\u00a0: \u201eCo kdyby byly bankovn\u00ed vklady rychle vybr\u00e1ny v dob\u011b krize a p\u0159evedeny na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed euro? ?\u00a0Tomuto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me \u201eb\u011bh digit\u00e1ln\u00ed banky\u201c.\u00a0D\u016fsledkem by mohla b\u00fdt destabilizace cel\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm velk\u00fdm rizikem, kter\u00e9 CBDC p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed, je to, \u017ee by mohly d\u00e1t centr\u00e1ln\u00edm bank\u00e1m pravomoc odebrat mo\u017enost prov\u00e1d\u011bt transakce jednotlivc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed projevuj\u00ed nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0To by bylo jako ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 loupe\u017e pen\u011bz Trudeauovy vl\u00e1dy v Kanad\u011b, jen mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b viditeln\u00e1 a chaotick\u00e1.\u00a0To by samoz\u0159ejm\u011b bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pouze tehdy, kdyby vl\u00e1dy a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky \u00fapln\u011b vy\u0159adily fyzickou hotovost, jakmile budou CBDC pln\u011b zavedeny \u2013 co\u017e mnoho centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank p\u0159\u00edsah\u00e1, \u017ee to neud\u011blaj\u00ed.\u00a0Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky ale nejsou p\u0159esn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee by dodr\u017eely slovo.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ: BUDE SV\u011aT BRZY P\u0158IPRAVEN NA DIGIT\u00c1LN\u00cd M\u011aNY CENTR\u00c1LN\u00cd BANKY?\u00a0ZD\u00c1 SE, \u017dE MMF SI TO MYSL\u00cd<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Posun sm\u011brem k digit\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011bn\u00e1m centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky (CBDC) \u201enab\u00edr\u00e1 na s\u00edle, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd vynal\u00e9zavost\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky\u201c….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[503,916,2034,1504],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8982"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8982"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8982\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1966"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8982"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8982"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8982"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}