{"id":85853,"date":"2025-08-19T00:28:07","date_gmt":"2025-08-18T22:28:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=85853"},"modified":"2025-08-18T20:37:48","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T18:37:48","slug":"iain-davis-co-je-to-demokracie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/08\/19\/iain-davis-co-je-to-demokracie\/","title":{"rendered":"Iain Davis: Co je to demokracie?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Vzhledem k rostouc\u00edmu opou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 \u201ezastupitelsk\u00e9 demokracie\u201c si mus\u00edme ujasnit, co demokracie vlastn\u011b je. Jak jinak bychom mohli v\u011bd\u011bt, co chceme nebo za \u010d\u00edm jsme ochotni st\u00e1t?<\/span><\/p>\n

Co demokracie nen\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed si demokracii spojuje s volbou v\u016fdc\u016f nebo \u201ez\u00e1stupc\u016f\u201c. Tento syst\u00e9m se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ereprezentativn\u00ed demokracie\u201c (ZD) \u2013 a ve skute\u010dnosti je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 opakem demokracie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm principem RD je volit z\u00e1stupce, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed vl\u00e1du, je\u017e \u0159\u00edd\u00ed na\u0161e \u017eivoty. Zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed: V\u0161ichni nejsme schopni vl\u00e1dnout si sami. V d\u016fsledku toho v\u0161ichni voli\u010di v RD p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee nikdo ve spole\u010dnosti nen\u00ed schopen p\u0159evz\u00edt odpov\u011bdnost za sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed \u017eivot \u2013 s v\u00fdjimkou mal\u00e9 kliky z\u00e1stupc\u016f. Tito z\u00e1stupci by museli b\u00fdt v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou ovl\u00e1dat nejen sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed \u017eivoty, ale i \u017eivoty v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch. Lid\u00e9 si tedy za z\u00e1stupce vol\u00ed \u201emagick\u00e9 bytosti\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se n\u00e1m, \u017ee RD umo\u017e\u0148uje \u201edemokratickou kontrolu\u201c \u2013 \u00fadajn\u00fd demokratick\u00fd princip. To ale nen\u00ed pravda: RD je ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b antidemokratick\u00fd. Tento term\u00edn pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vl\u00e1dy a jejich propagandist\u00e9 k tomu, aby dikt\u00e1torskou autoritu prod\u00e1vali za demokracii. Dokonce i t\u011bch n\u011bkolik \u201edemokratick\u00fdch ide\u00e1l\u016f\u201c, kter\u00e9 RD \u00fadajn\u011b zast\u00e1v\u00e1, je ignorov\u00e1no, kdykoli se stanou nepohodln\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1949 popsal T. H. Marshall v knize\u00a0<\/span>Ob\u010danstv\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda<\/span><\/em>\u00a0demokratick\u00e9 ide\u00e1ly jako syst\u00e9m pr\u00e1v \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b svobody my\u0161len\u00ed a projevu, pokojn\u00fdch protest\u016f a rovnosti p\u0159ed z\u00e1konem. V \u00fadajn\u00e9 demokracii by tato pr\u00e1va m\u011bla b\u00fdt nedotknuteln\u00e1. P\u0159esto je magi\u010dt\u00ed z\u00e1stupci, kter\u00e9 vol\u00edme a sledujeme, b\u011b\u017en\u011b poru\u0161uj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto ide\u00e1ly jsou \u010dasto uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny pouze k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00fdch bod\u016f proti jin\u00fdm z\u00e1stupc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou obvi\u0148ov\u00e1ni z jejich opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Existuje n\u011bjak\u00fd skute\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1vazek? To \u010din\u00ed koncept registrovan\u00e9ho rozvoje je\u0161t\u011b absurdn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklad: z\u00e1kon EU o svobod\u011b m\u00e9di\u00ed (EMFA)<\/span><\/h3>\n

Nevolen\u00e1 p\u0159edsedkyn\u011b Evropsk\u00e9 komise Ursula von der Leyenov\u00e1 byla ve Finsku vyp\u00edsk\u00e1na, kdy\u017e chv\u00e1lila \u00fadajnou ochranu svobody m\u00e9di\u00ed ze strany EMFA. V\u00fdsm\u011b\u0161n\u011b odv\u011btila, \u017ee kritici by m\u011bli b\u00fdt r\u00e1di, \u017ee ne\u017eij\u00ed v Moskv\u011b, kde by byli okam\u017eit\u011b uv\u011bzn\u011bni. Kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 byl zpochyb\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed politik Armando Mema zat\u010den, dostal pokutu a vyhro\u017eoval okam\u017eit\u00fdm uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00edm, pokud by p\u0159estupek zopakoval \u2013 za \u201eneposlu\u0161nost v\u016f\u010di ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu \u010diniteli\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Svoboda projevu? V praxi nen\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bna. Stejn\u011b jako p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 450 milion\u016f ob\u010dan\u016f EU, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo ve\u0159ejn\u011b se pt\u00e1t sv\u00fdch \u201ereprezentativn\u00edch\u201c v\u016fdc\u016f. Pokud je Rusko diktatura, pak se EU v tomto ohledu sotva li\u0161\u00ed. EMFA je uk\u00e1zkov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem.<\/span><\/p>\n

My\u0161lenka, \u017ee st\u00e1tem regulovan\u00e1 m\u00e9dia mohou b\u00fdt nez\u00e1visl\u00e1, je sama o sob\u011b rozporupln\u00e1. EMFA d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u201eEvropsk\u00e9 regula\u010dn\u00ed rad\u011b\u201c pravomoc definovat a cenzurovat obsah jako \u201edezinformace\u201c nebo \u201emanipulovan\u00e9 informace\u201c \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b bezpochyby kritiky von der Leyen nebo zpr\u00e1v o MEMA.<\/span><\/p>\n

EMFA je v mnoha ohledech podobn\u00fd britsk\u00e9mu\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1konu o online bezpe\u010dnosti<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(OSA) a pl\u00e1novan\u00e9mu americk\u00e9mu\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1konu o bezpe\u010dnosti d\u011bt\u00ed na internetu<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(KOSA). Podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 4 EMFA je \u017eurnalistika \u201enez\u00e1visl\u00e1\u201c, pokud st\u00e1t nerozhodne jinak. Ve \u201eve\u0159ejn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu\u201c mohou vl\u00e1dy novin\u00e1\u0159e monitorovat, \u0161pehovat je, nutit je k odhalen\u00ed sv\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, zabavovat vybaven\u00ed a uzav\u00edrat publikace.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledek: z\u00e1kon umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed cenzuru a kontrolu informac\u00ed, kter\u00fd fakticky podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 pr\u00e1va.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zastupitelsk\u00e1 demokracie \u2013 oligarchie<\/span><\/h3>\n

V syst\u00e9mu region\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstavby je moc centralizovan\u00e1 a prakticky trval\u00e1. Mal\u00e1 skupina je snadno ovlivniteln\u00e1 oligarchy. Z\u00e1stupci v podstat\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed pouze k prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed politik, kter\u00e9 jim diktuj\u00ed think-tanky a d\u00e1rci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 sice mohou volit ka\u017ed\u00e9 n\u011bkolik let, ale t\u00edm se vzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 suverenity \u2013 obvykle na m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 30 dn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Iluze, \u017ee \u017eijeme v demokracii, p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 tak dlouho, dokud v ni v\u011b\u0159\u00edme.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00e1 demokracie<\/span><\/h3>\n

V opravdov\u00e9 demokracii neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed politici v modern\u00edm slova smyslu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk se rod\u00ed s nezciziteln\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy a nikdo je nesm\u00ed poru\u0161ovat, s v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy je to v r\u00e1mci p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va \u2013 \u201ev\u011bdy o spravedlnosti\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 si vl\u00e1dnou sami, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed a dodr\u017euj\u00ed z\u00e1kony prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm n\u00e1hodn\u011b vybran\u00fdch v\u00fdbor\u016f \u2013 podobn\u00fdch porot\u00e1m. Tyto ob\u010dansk\u00e9 poroty schvalovaly a p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1valy z\u00e1kony a jejich \u010dlenov\u00e9 se po uplynut\u00ed omezen\u00e9ho funk\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed vraceli do soukrom\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vina v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm smyslu existuje pouze tehdy, je-li porota jednomysln\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dena, \u017ee ob\u017ealovan\u00fd v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee jeho \u010din zp\u016fsob\u00ed skute\u010dnou \u00fajmu a poru\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1va. Pouh\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kona bez zp\u016fsoben\u00ed \u00fajmy nesta\u010d\u00ed k odsouzen\u00ed. Z\u00e1kony shledan\u00e9 nespravedliv\u00fdmi by poroty zru\u0161ily nebo zm\u011bnily.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edm by se vytvo\u0159il syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e by lid\u00e9 dodr\u017eovali z\u00e1kony ne ze strachu, ale proto, \u017ee jsou spravedliv\u00e9 \u2013 a jejich poru\u0161en\u00ed by bylo trest\u00e1no spravedliv\u00fdm a lidov\u011b kontrolovan\u00fdm procesem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento syst\u00e9m \u2013 samospr\u00e1va lidu, zalo\u017een\u00e1 na p\u0159irozen\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu a neust\u00e1l\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti \u2013 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>demokracie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Nem\u00e1 nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s volbou \u201emagick\u00fdch\u201c z\u00e1stupc\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Iain Davis \u2013 na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010dl\u00e1nku p\u016fvodn\u011b publikovan\u00e9ho v roce 2022<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vzhledem k rostouc\u00edmu opou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 \u201ezastupitelsk\u00e9 demokracie\u201c si mus\u00edme ujasnit, co demokracie vlastn\u011b je. Jak…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3952,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[169,41,1503],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85853"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=85853"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85853\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3952"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=85853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=85853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=85853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}