{"id":85268,"date":"2025-08-10T00:14:10","date_gmt":"2025-08-09T22:14:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=85268"},"modified":"2025-08-09T18:11:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-09T16:11:08","slug":"jak-se-muze-svet-osvobodit-od-americkeho-financniho-kolonialismu-vysvetluje-ekonom-michael-hudson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/08\/10\/jak-se-muze-svet-osvobodit-od-americkeho-financniho-kolonialismu-vysvetluje-ekonom-michael-hudson\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak se m\u016f\u017ee sv\u011bt osvobodit od americk\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu: vysv\u011btluje ekonom Michael Hudson"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content\" data-id=\"1fb4c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-content.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p><strong><span>Michael Hudson popisuje, jak z\u00e1padn\u00ed mocnosti formovaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ve prosp\u011bch severoamerick\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed a na \u00fakor glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu a jak se ten druh\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee br\u00e1nit proti americk\u00e9mu neokolonialismu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Ekonom Michael Hudson popisuje, jak z\u00e1padn\u00ed mocnosti formovaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m ve prosp\u011bch severoamerick\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed na \u00fakor zem\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V tomto rozhovoru s moder\u00e1torem Benem Nortonem Hudson tak\u00e9 navrhuje zp\u016fsoby, jak m\u016f\u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina odolat americk\u00e9mu neokolonialismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span>video<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Jak se m\u016f\u017ee sv\u011bt osvobodit od americk\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu: vysv\u011btluje ekonom Michael Hudson\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tgBUbbTF5Sg?feature=oembed\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong><span>P\u0159epis<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong><span>(Zaveden\u00ed)<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: V\u0161ichni \u017eijeme v dob\u011b velk\u00fdch zm\u011bn. Sv\u011bt proch\u00e1z\u00ed masivn\u00edmi geopolitick\u00fdmi ot\u0159esy a jsme sv\u011bdky vzestupu nov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, jako jsou zem\u011b BRIC, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!WuOA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f5b59a5-c554-41ee-9e97-1fdb78908f6d_3000x2000.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Dvacet zem\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 skupiny BRICS+ nyn\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 % sv\u011btov\u00e9ho HDP, m\u011b\u0159eno v parit\u011b kupn\u00ed s\u00edly (PPP).<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!GEWP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2cc0b49-e1ee-43ac-b71f-8508f78ea367_3000x2000.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"580\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Tyto nov\u00e9 organizace, veden\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00edm Jihem, stejn\u011b jako BRICS, p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu. Probl\u00e9m v\u0161ak p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1: nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace sou\u010dasnosti jsou z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ovl\u00e1d\u00e1ny Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a z\u00e1padn\u00edmi mocnostmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b instituce jako Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond (MMF) a Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka. Jedn\u00e1 se o organizace, v nich\u017e jsou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jedinou zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b s pr\u00e1vem veta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>I v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN vid\u00edme, \u017ee moc je soust\u0159ed\u011bna v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti a USA zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sv\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va veta, aby zabr\u00e1nily jin\u00fdm zem\u00edm v p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v OSN, kter\u00e1 se USA nel\u00edb\u00ed, a to i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee tato opat\u0159en\u00ed podporuje drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!X2Xa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F083206dd-7e6d-4449-a774-30424e154bc6_900x979.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"739\" height=\"804\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsme sv\u011bdky n\u00e1vratu Donalda Trumpa na post prezidenta USA, kter\u00fd pohrozil v\u0161em zem\u00edm sv\u011bta cly. Cla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako politickou zbra\u0148 k \u00fatoku na zem\u011b, jejich\u017e politika se mu nel\u00edb\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad na brazilsk\u00e9ho levicov\u011b sm\u00fd\u0161lej\u00edc\u00edho prezidenta Lulu da Silvu. Trump se sna\u017e\u00ed potrestat jeho i brazilskou vl\u00e1du 50% cly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Trump v\u0161ak tuto politiku instrumentalizace dolaru nezah\u00e1jil. Ta sah\u00e1 des\u00edtky let zp\u011bt. Mnoho americk\u00fdch prezident\u016f, republik\u00e1n\u016f i demokrat\u016f \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b Baracka Obamy, Joea Bidena a George W. Bushe \u2013 tak\u00e9 instrumentalizovalo americk\u00fd dolar a tzv. \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed\u201c finan\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ovl\u00e1dan\u00fd USA, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed, pokud je ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!kfIn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b11b0b4-9f6f-417b-9d5a-d87cc8f8627c_970x720.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"481\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>V\u0161ichni tito ameri\u010dt\u00ed prezidenti uvalili jednostrann\u00e9 sankce, kter\u00e9 poru\u0161ovaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, aby potrestali zem\u011b, jejich\u017e politika se jim nel\u00edbila, a aby zabr\u00e1nili dal\u0161\u00edm zem\u00edm v p\u0159\u00edstupu k tzv. \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu\u201c finan\u010dn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9mu USA \u2013 zem\u00edm jako Venezuela, Kuba, \u00cdr\u00e1n a dokonce i Rusko.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Dnes jsme dos\u00e1hli bodu, kdy Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty uvalily sankce na tolik zem\u00ed. Sankce se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etiny v\u0161ech zem\u00ed sv\u011bta a 60 % zem\u00ed s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy, co\u017e je nut\u00ed hledat nov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 a finan\u010dn\u00ed alternativy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e Trump vyhro\u017euje v\u0161em zem\u00edm sv\u011bta cly, st\u00e1le v\u00edce zem\u00ed hled\u00e1 alternativy k obchodu s USA. U\u017e necht\u011bj\u00ed b\u00fdt na obchodu se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty z\u00e1visl\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Cel\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d \u2013 ekonomick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, finan\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, geopolitick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d \u2013 je v ot\u0159esu a jsme sv\u011bdky vzniku alternativ.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Z tohoto d\u016fvodu m\u00e1m dnes tu \u010dest v\u00e9st rozhovor s renomovan\u00fdm ekonomem Michaelem Hudsonem, autorem \u0159ady knih, v\u010detn\u011b knihy \u201eSuperimperialismus\u00a0<\/span><em><span>: Ekonomick\u00e1 strategie americk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Michael publikoval velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek s n\u00e1zvem \u201eJak se m\u016f\u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina osvobodit od americk\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Co p\u0159esn\u011b je glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina? Z\u00e1padn\u00ed mocnosti p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jen malou men\u0161inu sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace, p\u0159esto\u017ee kolonizovaly drtivou v\u011bt\u0161inu zem\u00ed na Zemi.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!hiha!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9fcef281-f546-4126-bbcf-4fe2b6e273fd_1240x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"821\" height=\"452\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Z\u00e1pad tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze asi 13 a\u017e 14 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem USA, Kanada, Evropa, Austr\u00e1lie a Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land. To jsou zem\u011b kolektivn\u00edho Z\u00e1padu. Zbytek sv\u011bta, tj. zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 86 a\u017e 87 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace, tvo\u0159\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!4atx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0282455a-9f0f-4637-80be-7b73366fba38_6000x4000.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"753\" height=\"502\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku, kter\u00fd Michael napsal, a v na\u0161em dne\u0161n\u00edm rozhovoru vysv\u011btluje, jak mohou zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny nad\u00e1le vyv\u00edjet alternativy k tomu, co naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201efinan\u010dn\u00edm kolonialismem zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm na USA\u201c, jak se \u010c\u00edn\u011b poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it si vlastn\u00ed alternativy a jak se \u010c\u00edna m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t vzorem pro ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ne\u017e se dostanu k samotn\u00e9mu rozhovoru, p\u0159ehraji v\u00e1m zde n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch moment\u016f, kter\u00e9 shrnuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 z Michaelov\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch bod\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MICHAEL HUDSON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zaveden\u00fd Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a Evropou br\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edm zem\u00edm v uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenity nad vlastn\u00edmi da\u0148ov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my. Br\u00e1n\u00ed jim v realizaci hodnoty jejich ropn\u00fdch a nerostn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f; br\u00e1n\u00ed jim v znovuz\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed monopolu na vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eeleznic, leti\u0161\u0165, p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 se staly monopoly, proto\u017ee jejich ekonomiky byly thatcherizov\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu trp\u00ed thatcherismem a reaganomikou, stejn\u011b jako Anglii a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zni\u010dil neoliberalismus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed Jih tedy ne\u010dek\u00e1 jen osvobozen\u00ed od jejich ekvivalentu zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho feudalismu. Nezd\u011bdili feudalismus tak, jako Evropa zd\u011bdila domorodou t\u0159\u00eddu vlastn\u00edk\u016f p\u016fdy, ale n\u011bco je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00edho: vlastn\u00edci p\u016fdy a investo\u0159i v zem\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu jsou cizinci, nikoli domorodci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto celku i jejich klientelistick\u00e9 oligarchie, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed renty. V z\u00e1sad\u011b v\u0161ak vl\u00e1dy nemaj\u00ed moc \u0159\u00eddit sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed ekonomiky, a to nen\u00ed suverenita.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><em><strong><span>(Rozhovor)<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Michaele, v\u017edycky n\u00e1s t\u011b\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee t\u011b tu m\u00e1me. D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee jsi dnes s n\u00e1mi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Poj\u010fme si promluvit o my\u0161lence finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na USA, kterou jste nast\u00ednil v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Co rozum\u00edte pod pojmem finan\u010dn\u00ed kolonialismus? M\u016f\u017eete popsat, jak tento syst\u00e9m funguje, a poskytnout stru\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled jeho v\u00fdvoje a okolnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s dovedly a\u017e sem?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MICHAEL HUDSON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Evropsk\u00fd kolonialismus byl z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vojensk\u00fd. Koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti dob\u00fdvaly zem\u011b, p\u0159evzaly jejich vl\u00e1dy a byly schopny si p\u0159ivlastnit jejich p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 slu\u017eby.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Finan\u010dn\u00ed kolonialismus nevy\u017eadoval vojensk\u00fd n\u00e1tlak. Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1te na obdob\u00ed kolem roku 1820, existovaly zem\u011b jako Haiti v Karibiku, Mexiko, Braz\u00edlie, zem\u011b Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, \u0158ecko v roce 1825 a pozd\u011bji Egypt a Tunisko, kter\u00e9 v podstat\u011b vyhl\u00e1sily svou nez\u00e1vislost. \u010casto to vy\u017eadovalo revoluci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Odhodili koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dce, ale pak \u010delili probl\u00e9mu: Jak obnov\u00edme ekonomiku? Proto\u017ee n\u00e1m nezbyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pen\u00edze. B\u00fdval\u00e9 koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m vl\u00e1dly, n\u00e1m vzaly v\u0161echny pen\u00edze a nezanechaly n\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dnou pr\u016fmyslovou z\u00e1kladnu. Nezanechaly n\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dnou infrastrukturu. A vzaly n\u00e1m v\u0161echny pen\u00edze.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Museli si br\u00e1t p\u016fj\u010dky. Ve 20. letech 19. stolet\u00ed jedna zem\u011b za druhou, Haiti, \u0158ecko, v\u0161echny z\u00e1sobovaly p\u016fj\u010dkami brit\u0161t\u00ed a francouz\u0161t\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159i. Brat\u0159i [Davida] Ricarda vedli spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 \u0158ecku pen\u00edze p\u016fj\u010dila.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee tyto dluhopisy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b zkrachovaly. A n\u00e1sledovala s\u00e9rie zkrachoval\u00fdch plateb, refinancov\u00e1n\u00ed, refinancov\u00e1n\u00ed, refinancov\u00e1n\u00ed. A poka\u017ed\u00e9 se nahromad\u011bn\u00fd \u00farok p\u0159idal k dluh\u016fm t\u011bchto zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sice byly politicky osvobozeny od kolonialismu a ji\u017e nebyly koloniemi, ale finan\u010dn\u011b svobodn\u00e9 nebyly, proto\u017ee si p\u016fj\u010dily tolik pen\u011bz, \u017ee do konce 18. stolet\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v\u011b\u0159itelsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed \u2013 Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie, Francie, N\u011bmecka a dal\u0161\u00edch \u2013 z\u0159\u00eddily bu\u010f centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky, nebo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 komise.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Egypt je toho nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem. Ale tot\u00e9\u017e se stalo na Haiti, v Tunisku a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>N\u00e1rodn\u00ed komise tehdy prohl\u00e1sila: \u201eJste v \u00fapadku, dlu\u017e\u00edte n\u00e1m pen\u00edze, kter\u00e9 jsme v\u00e1m p\u016fj\u010dili na v\u00fdstavbu Suezsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fplavu a rozvoj va\u0161\u00ed ekonomiky. Mus\u00edte n\u00e1m p\u0159edat kontrolu.\u201c To bylo je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e existoval Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V podstat\u011b dosadili, \u010dasto vojenskou silou, okupa\u010dn\u00ed byrokracii, kter\u00e1 p\u0159evzala kontrolu nad fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politikou zem\u00ed. Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1te pozorn\u011bji, vl\u00e1da v podstat\u011b nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politika, proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politiku \u2013 koho zda\u0148ujete, kdo mus\u00ed platit dan\u011b a z jak\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edjmu? A na co pen\u00edze utr\u00e1c\u00edte? Jdou na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy? Jdou na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed r\u016fst?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed politika je to, co definuje vl\u00e1dy. A n\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 komise a jejich prot\u011bj\u0161ky, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky, kter\u00e9 zastupovaly komer\u010dn\u00ed banky, prim\u00e1rn\u011b zahrani\u010dn\u00ed banky, byly v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za n\u00e1rodn\u00ed rozvoj a sm\u011b\u0159ovaly rozvoj t\u011bchto nomin\u00e1ln\u011b svobodn\u00fdch, postkoloni\u00e1ln\u00edch zem\u00ed k finan\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lze se pod\u00edvat na model, kter\u00fd Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie sledovala se sv\u00fdmi americk\u00fdmi koloniemi v 18. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed revoluc\u00ed. Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie br\u00e1nila koloni\u00edm ve vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edch pen\u011bz; cht\u011bla, aby kolonie v Americe byly z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na britsk\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u00edch. Jedin\u00fdm zdrojem pen\u011bz byly p\u016fj\u010dky od britsk\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No, kolonie \u2013 Massachusetts, Pensylv\u00e1nie a dal\u0161\u00ed \u2013 se pokusily vytvo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed m\u011bnu. A byla velmi podobn\u00e1 dolar\u016fm, kter\u00e9 americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da tiskla b\u011bhem ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Tiskly si vlastn\u00ed m\u011bnu jako sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed pen\u00edze. Britov\u00e9 se tomu sna\u017eili zabr\u00e1nit. Bojovali o ni.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To byl jeden z hlavn\u00edch konflikt\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedly k v\u00e1lce za nez\u00e1vislost ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jin\u00e9 zem\u011b mimo americk\u00e9 kolonie, mimo Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, tento boj nepro\u017e\u00edvaly. V Braz\u00edlii, Egypt\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch do\u0161lo k z\u00e1kladn\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji n\u00e1rodn\u00edch m\u011bn. Ale m\u011bnou, kter\u00e1 se v 19. stolet\u00ed st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvala, byly v podstat\u011b drah\u00e9 kovy, zlat\u00e9 slitky a v Asii st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9 slitky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto \u00fav\u011bru vznikla nadstavba pap\u00edrov\u00fdch pen\u011bz z komer\u010dn\u00edch bank. Tato nadstavba pap\u00edrov\u00fdch pen\u011bz byla prim\u00e1rn\u011b omezena na pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 kapitalistick\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, Francie, N\u011bmecko a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty m\u011bly sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. Jin\u00e9 zem\u011b musely pou\u017e\u00edvat britsk\u00e9 pen\u00edze, libry \u0161terlink\u016f, francouzsk\u00e9 franky nebo jednodu\u0161e zlato a st\u0159\u00edbro a nem\u011bly \u017e\u00e1dnou kontrolu nad svou pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed z\u00e1sobou, aby mohly pumpovat pen\u00edze do ekonomiky, kter\u00e9 pak mohly p\u0159id\u00e1vat hodnotu p\u0159ijet\u00edm jako dan\u011b a pou\u017e\u00edt je k budov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed infrastruktury.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To vedlo k t\u00e9to du\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomice. A proto\u017ee tyto zem\u011b nebyly nuceny konkurovat pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm v\u00fdrobk\u016fm z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy nebo industrializovan\u00fdch zem\u00ed, ale produkovat suroviny \u2013 bavlnu v Egypt\u011b, nikoli vlastn\u00ed pr\u016fmysl, kter\u00fd se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z jejich prvn\u00edch v\u016fdc\u016f sna\u017eili vybudovat \u2013 vznikl rozkol mezi producenty surovin na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b a industrializovan\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi na stran\u011b druh\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00e9 zem\u011b dos\u00e1hly p\u0159ebytk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017enily st\u00e1t se v\u011b\u0159itelsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. A producenti komodit se stali dlu\u017enick\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. Kdy\u017e se staly dlu\u017enick\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, ztratily svou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenitu, schopnost vyu\u017e\u00edvat da\u0148ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m a dan\u011b k rozvoji vlastn\u00edch ekonomik, jak to ud\u011blala z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropa a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To dalo vzniknout dv\u011bma r\u016fzn\u00fdm typ\u016fm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ekonomiky, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed ji\u017e dv\u011b stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!XS6H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd608d0-9163-4c79-89c6-fa484847f454_1920x1080.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"827\" height=\"465\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny \u010del\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmu probl\u00e9mu: Co mohou dnes ud\u011blat pro rozvoj sv\u00fdch ekonomik?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee se spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na m\u011bny ostatn\u00edch nam\u00edsto americk\u00e9ho dolaru. Jak mohou dos\u00e1hnout m\u011bnov\u00e9 svobody nejen opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm dolaru? Opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dolaru by skute\u010dn\u011b znamenalo rozchod s cel\u00fdm z\u00e1padn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed, obchodn\u00ed a rozvojov\u00e9 filozofie, kter\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en a prosazov\u00e1n Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty na konci druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, v letech 1944 a 1945, zalo\u017een\u00edm Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho m\u011bnov\u00e9ho fondu a Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jak budou tyto zem\u011b moci tyto pen\u00edze vyu\u017e\u00edt pro sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed rozvoj?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tato ot\u00e1zka se stala nal\u00e9havou za Donalda Trumpa a jeho celn\u00ed politiky, kter\u00e1 podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru zahrnuje cla a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 60 % pro zem\u011b jako Laos a dal\u0161\u00ed asijsk\u00e9 zem\u011b a 50 % pro Braz\u00edlii.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Cla zaveden\u00e1 Donaldem Trumpem znemo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zem\u00edm vyv\u00e1\u017eet do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f nebo jejich evropsk\u00fdch satelitn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f dostatek zbo\u017e\u00ed, aby si mohly zajistit dolary na splacen\u00ed sv\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch dluh\u016f. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty tak t\u011bmto zem\u00edm zabr\u00e1nily v spl\u00e1cen\u00ed jejich zahrani\u010dn\u00edch dluh\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>MMF nav\u0161t\u00edvil zem\u011b \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad Argentinu, co\u017e je docela slavn\u00e9 \u2013 a \u0159ekl: P\u016fj\u010d\u00edme v\u00e1m pen\u00edze na splacen\u00ed va\u0161eho zahrani\u010dn\u00edho dluhu, ale mus\u00edte z\u00edskat dolary prodejem v\u0161eho, co v\u00e1m zbylo z ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb; v\u0161eho, co zbylo z va\u0161ich nerostn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, va\u0161ich z\u00e1sob ropy, va\u0161eho t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu, va\u0161ich les\u016f, va\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdy; mus\u00edte prodat ve\u0161ker\u00fd ve\u0159ejn\u00fd majetek, kter\u00fd m\u00e1te.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To v podstat\u011b ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u011bmto zem\u00edm sotva n\u011bjak\u00e1 \u010dist\u00e1 aktiva. A Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zavedly syst\u00e9m urovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed spor\u016f mezi investorem a st\u00e1tem (ISDS).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pokud vl\u00e1da \u0159ekne: \u201eZvy\u0161me dan\u011b a zda\u0148me monopoln\u00ed renty, kter\u00e9 dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed ropn\u00e9 a t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Chceme stejn\u00fd druh dan\u00ed, jak\u00e9 v 19. stolet\u00ed prosazovali Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill a v\u0161ichni klasi\u010dt\u00ed ekonomov\u00e9,\u201c pak Soud pro urovn\u00e1n\u00ed spor\u016f mezi investorem a st\u00e1tem \u0159ekne: \u201eMus\u00edte zaplatit reparace. Nem\u016f\u017eete m\u011bnit z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 jsou nev\u00fdhodn\u00e9 pro americk\u00e9 nebo satelitn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No, [Tribun\u00e1l pro urovn\u00e1n\u00ed spor\u016f mezi investorem a st\u00e1tem] \u0159ekne: Mus\u00edte zaplatit od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed; nem\u016f\u017eete zm\u011bnit z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 jsou \u0161kodliv\u00e9 pro americkou nebo s USA p\u0159idru\u017eenou spole\u010dnost. M\u00e1te sv\u00e1zan\u00e9 ruce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed syst\u00e9m vytvo\u0159en\u00fd Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a Evropou br\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edm zem\u00edm v uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenity nad vlastn\u00edmi da\u0148ov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my. Br\u00e1n\u00ed jim v z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u011bt hodnoty jejich ropn\u00fdch a nerostn\u00fdch z\u00e1sob; br\u00e1n\u00ed jim v z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u011bt monopoln\u00edch zisk\u016f ze \u017eeleznic, leti\u0161\u0165, p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 se staly monopoly, proto\u017ee jejich ekonomiky byly thatcherizov\u00e1ny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu trp\u00ed thatcherismem a reaganomikou, stejn\u011b jako Anglii a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zpusto\u0161il neoliberalismus.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!XdPw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33a0eaa3-e364-46f9-81e3-123294a058de_4000x2651.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"825\" height=\"547\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>Ronald Reagan a Margaret Thatcherov\u00e1, kmot\u0159i neoliberalismu<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed Jih proto nestoj\u00ed jen p\u0159ed osvobozen\u00edm od sv\u00e9ho ekvivalentu zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho feudalismu. Feudalismus nezd\u011bdili po domorod\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b vlastn\u00edk\u016f p\u016fdy, jako to ud\u011blala Evropa, ale n\u011bco je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00edho: vlastn\u00edci p\u016fdy a investo\u0159i v zem\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu jsou cizinci, nikoli domorodci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto celku i jejich klientelistick\u00e9 oligarchie, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed renty. V z\u00e1sad\u011b v\u0161ak vl\u00e1dy nemaj\u00ed moc \u0159\u00eddit sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed ekonomiky, a to nen\u00ed suverenita.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud tedy definujeme mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo jako ud\u011blen\u00ed suverenity n\u00e1rod\u016fm, jak mohou b\u00fdt zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny suver\u00e9nn\u00edmi zem\u011bmi, pokud mus\u00ed vych\u00e1zet z pozice, kdy mus\u00ed spl\u00e1cet zahrani\u010dn\u00ed dluhy?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se ve stejn\u00e9 situaci jako Haiti, \u0158ecko, Egypt a Tunisko v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy se st\u00e1le v\u00edce zadlu\u017eovaly a musely prod\u00e1vat st\u00e1le v\u00edce sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed a zdroj\u016f cizinc\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Zem\u011b jako Haiti, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159ily k nejhor\u0161\u00edm ob\u011btem, souhlasily s t\u00edm, \u017ee Francii zaplat\u00ed reparace ve v\u00fd\u0161i hodnoty osvobozen\u00fdch otrok\u016f. A kdy\u017e Haiti otroky osvobodilo, prohl\u00e1silo: \u201eNyn\u00ed jsme svobodn\u00e1 zem\u011b.\u201c A byla svobodn\u00e1 v tom smyslu, \u017ee otroctv\u00ed bylo postaveno mimo z\u00e1kon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Aby se ale rozv\u00edjela, zadlu\u017eila se v zahrani\u010d\u00ed a francouz\u0161t\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159i v podstat\u011b zavedli takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m orientovan\u00fd na banky a v\u011b\u0159itele, \u017ee se pracovn\u00ed podm\u00ednky na Haiti od otroctv\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti nezlep\u0161ily.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tot\u00e9\u017e se stalo v mnoha latinskoamerick\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Tot\u00e9\u017e se stalo v Egypt\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 si nomin\u00e1ln\u011b u\u017e\u00edvaly politick\u00e9 svobody. Kv\u016fli sv\u00e9mu zahrani\u010dn\u00edmu dluhu v\u0161ak nem\u011bly \u017e\u00e1dnou kontrolu nad svou vlastn\u00ed politikou. A bylo jim zabr\u00e1n\u011bno v industrializaci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To, co se stalo v 19. stolet\u00ed, je dnes normou pro Latinskou Ameriku, Afriku a postkoloni\u00e1ln\u00ed zem\u011b sv\u011bta, kter\u00e9 se staly dlu\u017enick\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!C1Ij!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd341d5bf-25a6-480b-8660-2f29d0cc48b5_1501x1287.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"917\" height=\"786\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Tak\u017ee neexistuje zp\u016fsob, jak tyto dluhy splatit. A do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, do jak\u00e9 je p\u0159evzal a monitoroval Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond, \u0159ekl: No, to, co u\u010d\u00edme na v\u0161ech na\u0161ich univerzit\u00e1ch, za co lid\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed Nobelovy ceny za ekonomii, je, \u017ee je efektivn\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dovat si pen\u00edze na rozvoj a spl\u00e1cet dluhy sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016f na pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu. V\u0161e, co pot\u0159ebujete, je t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed boj; pokud dok\u00e1\u017eete dostate\u010dn\u011b ochudit svou pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu, jste konkurenceschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No, to je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nesmysl. A b\u011bhem 19. stolet\u00ed se zejm\u00e9na ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech uzn\u00e1valo, \u017ee vysoce placen\u00ed pracovn\u00edci jsou produktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e chud\u00ed pracovn\u00edci. Motto tedy zn\u011blo: chud\u00ed pracovn\u00edci versus vysoce placen\u00ed pracovn\u00edci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A americk\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 \u0161kola pouk\u00e1zala na to, \u017ee dob\u0159e vzd\u011blan\u00ed, dob\u0159e \u017eiven\u00ed a dob\u0159e zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci jsou mnohem produktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e chud\u00ed pracovn\u00edci. To v\u0161e v\u0161ak vy\u017eadovalo soci\u00e1ln\u00ed reformy a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty br\u00e1nily soci\u00e1ln\u00edm reform\u00e1m v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na pozemkov\u00fdm reform\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Od roku 1945 Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka blokovala v\u0161echny p\u016fj\u010dky zem\u00edm, kter\u00e9 navrhly pozemkovou reformu. V d\u016fsledku toho byla v roce 1953 [p\u0159i p\u0159evratu podporovan\u00e9m CIA] svr\u017eena guatemalsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ameri\u010dt\u00ed a evrop\u0161t\u00ed investo\u0159i poskytovali \u00fav\u011bry na rozvoj plant\u00e1\u017en\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a v\u00fdvoz tropick\u00fdch plodin, nikoli v\u0161ak na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed obil\u00ed pro ob\u017eivu, aby se vyhnuli konkurenci s americk\u00fdm zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm a pozd\u011bji s stejn\u011b protekcionistickou Spole\u010dnou zem\u011bd\u011blskou politikou Evropy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00e9 zem\u011b Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy maj\u00ed velkou s\u00edlu v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm obchodu s v\u00fdvozem potravin a zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch produkt\u016f, proto\u017ee industrializovaly sv\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a rozvinuly ho do agrobyznysu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jin\u00fdm zem\u00edm v\u0161ak v p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch potravin a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti na Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech zabr\u00e1nila kombinace Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky, MMF, americk\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a zejm\u00e9na CIA, stejn\u011b jako des\u00edtky politick\u00fdch atent\u00e1t\u016f [a p\u0159evrat\u016f], aby Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty mohly ud\u011blat to, co se v 50. letech po Maov\u011b revoluci pokusily s \u010c\u00ednou.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Cht\u011bli m\u00edt mo\u017enost \u0159\u00edct: \u201eOd\u0159\u00edzneme a uval\u00edme sankce na v\u0161echny zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed potraviny do va\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b; pokud se nepod\u0159\u00edd\u00edte syst\u00e9mu USA, nech\u00e1me v\u00e1s hladov\u011bt.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V 50. letech to byla vlastn\u011b Kanada, kter\u00e1 poru\u0161ila americk\u00e9 sankce a poslala \u010c\u00edn\u011b potraviny, \u010d\u00edm\u017e j\u00ed pomohla p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt. \u010c\u00edna se proto rozhodla, \u017ee nebude z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na potravin\u00e1ch jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopna si potraviny zajistit sama, aby ochr\u00e1nila svou politickou a ekonomickou suverenitu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jin\u00fdm zem\u00edm v tom bylo zabr\u00e1n\u011bno, a to p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b kv\u016fli neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed obchodn\u00ed a investi\u010dn\u00ed politice, kterou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty dotovaly a silou vynucovaly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>U\u017e to nen\u00ed vojensk\u00e1 okupace \u2013 s v\u00fdjimkou S\u00fdrie, Ir\u00e1ku, Libye, Chile, Argentiny a asi 20 nebo 30 dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed; samoz\u0159ejm\u011b je to vojensk\u00e1 okupace. Ale nen\u00ed to pozemn\u00ed invaze, nen\u00ed to okupace ve smyslu kolonialismu. Je to kombinace volebn\u00edho vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, c\u00edlen\u00fdch atent\u00e1t\u016f a v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch technik pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch renti\u00e9rsk\u00fdm kapitalismem, kter\u00fd naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201evoln\u00fdm trhem\u201c a \u201edemokraci\u00ed\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ide\u00e1ly dvou zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou v podstat\u011b stav\u011bny do kontrastu jako \u201edemokracie\u201c, jsou Ukrajina a Izrael.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u201eAutokracie\u201c jsou zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 byly vytvo\u0159eny vl\u00e1dou dostate\u010dn\u011b mocnou na to, aby zabr\u00e1nila vzniku dom\u00e1c\u00ed oligarchie a p\u0159evzala kontrolu nad vlastn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi zdroji, produkc\u00ed potravin, zejm\u00e9na finan\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, a z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi ve\u0159ejn\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami \u2013 zdravotnictv\u00edm a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm. Takto se v podstat\u011b vyv\u00edjel sv\u011bt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V\u00fdzva, kter\u00e9 \u010del\u00ed zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny, je velmi podobn\u00e1 t\u00e9, kter\u00e9 \u010delila Evropa p\u0159ed 200 lety: Jak se m\u016f\u017eeme vymanit z feudalismu a vl\u00e1dy d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy vlastn\u00edk\u016f p\u016fdy a vytvo\u0159it pr\u016fmyslovou t\u0159\u00eddu, kter\u00e1 usiluje o sob\u011bsta\u010dnost, sni\u017euje v\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady a br\u00e1n\u00ed lidem v tom, aby si vyd\u011bl\u00e1vali na \u017eivobyt\u00ed, zat\u00edmco sp\u00ed? Jak se m\u016f\u017eeme rozv\u00edjet?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No, to je cel\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Jak se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed, kdy\u017e jsou konfrontov\u00e1ni nejen s vnit\u0159n\u00ed oligarchi\u00ed, ale s celou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed moc\u00ed, podpo\u0159enou nejen fyzickou silou, ale i ment\u00e1ln\u00ed silou ideologie? U\u017e neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ideologie, kter\u00e1 by se z 19. stolet\u00ed za pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho kapitalismu vyvinula v socialismus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-85002 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"651\" height=\"921\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1-1086x1536.jpg 1086w, https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1-1024x1449.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Plakat1.jpg 1131w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span>Na konci 19. stolet\u00ed v\u0161ichni tak \u010di onak mluvili o socialismu. Byli tu k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed socialist\u00e9, komunit\u00e1rn\u00ed socialist\u00e9, marxisti\u010dt\u00ed socialist\u00e9 a libertari\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed socialist\u00e9 po Henrym Georgeovi (georgist\u00e9), kte\u0159\u00ed se stav\u011bli proti siln\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu, ale up\u0159ednost\u0148ovali zdan\u011bn\u00ed p\u016fdy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Socialist\u00e9 byli nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. A v\u0161ichni si uv\u011bdomovali, \u017ee spole\u010dn\u00fdm jmenovatelem industrializovan\u00fdch zem\u00ed je, \u017ee st\u00e1t mus\u00ed p\u0159evz\u00edt st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli v poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch slu\u017eeb, jako je vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, zdravotnictv\u00ed, doprava, po\u0161tovn\u00ed slu\u017eby a komunikace, aby si pracovn\u00edci zam\u011bstnan\u00ed pr\u016fmysln\u00edky nemuseli platit vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ani zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di ze sv\u00fdch mezd, ale aby st\u00e1t pokryl v\u0161echny tyto extern\u00ed n\u00e1klady, aby se minimalizovaly n\u00e1klady na pr\u00e1ci pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch zam\u011bstnavatel\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>N\u00e1klady na pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu nebyly minimalizov\u00e1ny sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0161ly ruku v ruce s jej\u00edm zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm. Tato rostouc\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 v\u0161ak byla st\u00e1le v\u00edce financov\u00e1na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdmi a soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi investicemi do soci\u00e1ln\u00edch reforem, ochrany spot\u0159ebitele a zdravotn\u00edho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tuto filozofii zcela p\u0159evr\u00e1til \u201evoln\u00fd trh\u201c, co\u017e byla zm\u011bna v\u00fdznamu voln\u00e9ho trhu, na konci 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Michaele, zm\u00ednil jsi tolik zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch my\u0161lenek a nadnesl tolik fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch bod\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>M\u00e1m tolik ot\u00e1zek, ale r\u00e1d bych se vr\u00e1til k my\u0161lence finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na USA. Popsal jste jeho v\u00fdvoj a zm\u00ednil jste n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 organizace, jako je MMF a Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No, Michaele, v\u017edycky jsi zd\u016fraz\u0148oval, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se v\u017edy odm\u00edtaly st\u00e1t sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jak\u00e9koli organizace, pokud nemaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo veta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Po skon\u010den\u00ed druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky si Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty uv\u011bdomily, \u017ee maj\u00ed tuto p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost. Ameri\u010dt\u00ed imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed strat\u00e9gov\u00e9 vid\u011bli, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se hrout\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich arm\u00e1dy byly ve druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce zni\u010deny a \u017ee ji\u017e nebyly schopny sv\u00e1 imp\u00e9ria udr\u017eet. Nastupovala vlna dekolonizace. A tito ameri\u010dt\u00ed imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed strat\u00e9gov\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee je to ten spr\u00e1vn\u00fd okam\u017eik k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale jak jste zm\u00ednil, li\u0161ilo se to od klasick\u00e9ho kolonialismu evropsk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 fyzicky ovl\u00e1daly jin\u00e9 zem\u011b. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty m\u011bly sp\u00ed\u0161e nep\u0159\u00edmou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A USA pomohly vytvo\u0159it organizace, kter\u00e9 naz\u00fdvaly multilater\u00e1ln\u00edmi, ale kter\u00e9 ve skute\u010dnosti multilater\u00e1ln\u00edmi nebyly, ale byly ovl\u00e1d\u00e1ny USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V Organizaci spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f jsme tedy byli sv\u011bdky toho, \u017ee moc byla soust\u0159ed\u011bna v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti, co\u017e d\u00e1valo USA a jejich spojenc\u016fm pr\u00e1vo veta. To zahrnovalo samoz\u0159ejm\u011b USA, Francii, Velkou Brit\u00e1nii a dokonce i b\u00fdval\u00fd Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz a \u010c\u00ednu. Tehdy, p\u0159ed socialistickou revoluc\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b v roce 1949, v\u0161ak \u010c\u00edn\u011b vl\u00e1dli Kuomindang, nacionalist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed byli spojenci USA. A dokonce i Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz byl technicky spojencem USA, a\u010dkoli jsme byli sv\u011bdky toho, jak USA zah\u00e1jily studenou v\u00e1lku proti Sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu svazu je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed koncem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nezapom\u00ednejme ale, \u017ee kdy\u017e Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty tento syst\u00e9m navrhovaly, daly sv\u00fdm spojenc\u016fm v \u010c\u00edn\u011b pr\u00e1vo veta a \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 republika byla Organizac\u00ed spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f uzn\u00e1na a\u017e v roce 1971.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tak\u017ee USA dominuj\u00ed OSN. A i dnes USA zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo veta v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti. Vid\u00edme to v Gaze, kde USA pod veden\u00edm Joea Bidena a Donalda Trumpa odm\u00edtaj\u00ed ka\u017edou rezoluci, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 v Gaze pokra\u010dovat v t\u011bchto brut\u00e1ln\u00edch etnick\u00fdch \u010distk\u00e1ch. Tak\u017ee tohle je Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!I5AP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec54e6a-c253-4691-b35a-450e29028863_1176x992.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"685\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Pak tu byla Brettonwoodsk\u00e1 konference, kter\u00e1 se konala v USA, v Nov\u00e9 Anglii, kde USA z\u00edskaly pr\u00e1vo veta v MMF a Sv\u011btov\u00e9 bance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Dokonce i Sv\u011btov\u00e1 obchodn\u00ed organizace (WTO) byla Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty ochromena t\u00edm, \u017ee zabr\u00e1nily odvolac\u00edmu org\u00e1nu jmenovat nov\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky, nov\u00e9 soudce, kte\u0159\u00ed byli pot\u0159ebn\u00ed k tomu, aby v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech skute\u010dn\u011b rozhodovali.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>T\u00edmto USA zni\u010dily WTO. Vid\u00edme, \u017ee MMF a Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka maj\u00ed v zem\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu zcela po\u0161ramocenou pov\u011bst.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Vrcholnou ironi\u00ed je, \u017ee zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu se pou\u010dily ze zku\u0161enost\u00ed 80. a 90. let. Toto neokoloni\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159evzet\u00ed t\u011bchto ekonomik popsaly na vrcholu neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9ry, kdy MMF a Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka prosazovaly programy struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn a podobn\u00e9 v\u011bci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ironi\u00ed je, \u017ee mnoho zem\u00ed dnes d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost prodeji st\u00e1tn\u00edch dluhopis\u016f na kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdch trz\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na na Wall Street a v americk\u00fdch dolarech, proto\u017ee i kdy\u017e pak z t\u011bchto dluhopis\u016f vypl\u00e1cej\u00ed 10 a\u017e 20% v\u00fdnos, alespo\u0148 nemus\u00ed zav\u00e1d\u011bt \u201estruktur\u00e1ln\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed\u201c po\u017eadovan\u00e1 Sv\u011btovou bankou, kdy\u017e si od n\u00ed p\u016fj\u010duj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!XRzo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ce6a8d-5302-4153-abe4-dc79d5aa38ff_1726x1039.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"918\" height=\"552\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Vid\u00edme tedy, \u017ee tento syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty navrhly na konci druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, je na konci sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee um\u00edr\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku jste pouk\u00e1zal na to, \u017ee Marco Rubio \u2013 sou\u010dasn\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed USA a poradce pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, druh\u00fd americk\u00fd p\u0159edstavitel po Henrym Kissingerovi, nechvaln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9m v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m zlo\u010dinci, kter\u00fd zast\u00e1val funkci ministra zahrani\u010d\u00ed i poradce pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost \u2013 b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho sly\u0161en\u00ed v Sen\u00e1tu p\u0159i potvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 funkce jasn\u011b prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee \u201epov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d je nejen zastaral\u00fd, ale stal se zbran\u00ed.\u201c A absurdn\u011b tvrdil, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o zbra\u0148 pou\u017e\u00edvanou proti USA, co\u017e nen\u00ed pravda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MARCO RUBIO<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d je nejen zastaral\u00fd, ale nyn\u00ed je i zbran\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvanou proti n\u00e1m. To v\u0161e vedlo k okam\u017eiku, kdy mus\u00edme \u010delit nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu riziku geopolitick\u00e9 nestability a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed krize, jak\u00e9 kdy kdokoli za\u017eil ve sv\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b a v dne\u0161n\u00edm prostoru.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Ale co se evidentn\u011b d\u011bje, je to, \u017ee americk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium nyn\u00ed ni\u010d\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159ilo po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, aby slou\u017eilo sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm z\u00e1jm\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A nyn\u00ed vid\u00edme, jak se Trump dokonce odkl\u00e1n\u00ed od fra\u0161ky, iluze, \u017ee USA podporuj\u00ed voln\u00fd obchod. Jak jste zm\u00ednil, v\u017edy existuje mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f pokrytectv\u00ed a dvoj\u00edho metru \u2013 v\u00edte, americk\u00e9 dotace pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd sektor a pr\u016fmysl fosiln\u00edch paliv, seznam by mohl pokra\u010dovat donekone\u010dna.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale Trump nyn\u00ed tento syst\u00e9m ni\u010d\u00ed. Jak by mohl nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m vypadat v tomto multipol\u00e1rn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b? A jak m\u016f\u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina vyu\u017e\u00edt tohoto okam\u017eiku, kdy USA ni\u010d\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd samy vytvo\u0159ily?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A jak m\u016f\u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina vytvo\u0159it syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed z\u00e1jm\u016fm v\u011bt\u0161iny a nikoli z\u00e1jm\u016fm mal\u00e9 men\u0161iny koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch mocnost\u00ed?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MICHAEL HUDSON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: No, Bene, p\u0159esn\u011b jsi vystihl probl\u00e9m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Kdy\u017e Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty trvaly na sv\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu veta, prohl\u00e1sily, \u017ee jsou suver\u00e9nn\u00ed n\u00e1rod. Definice suver\u00e9nn\u00edho n\u00e1roda je takov\u00e1, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 zem\u011b nem\u00e1 pravomoc diktovat jej\u00ed politiku. Aby byla zem\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 a suver\u00e9nn\u00ed, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1sah\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed: Chceme pr\u00e1vo veta, aby \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 zem\u011b nemohla zasahovat a \u0159\u00edkat n\u00e1m, co m\u00e1me d\u011blat. M\u016f\u017eeme bombardovat, koho chceme. M\u016f\u017eeme zas\u00e1hnout, kdykoli chceme, proto\u017ee jsme suver\u00e9nn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Co kdyby jin\u00e9 zem\u011b \u0159ekly: Chceme stejnou definici suverenity, jakou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty prosazovaly po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce? Pak bychom se museli osvobodit od podroben\u00ed se ciz\u00edm dikt\u00e1t\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edvejme na MMF a Sv\u011btovou banku. Na posledn\u00edm setk\u00e1n\u00ed BRICS zazn\u011bl stejn\u00fd po\u017eadavek, kter\u00fd se opakuje ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let: Chceme, aby zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu m\u011bly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed v MMF, Sv\u011btov\u00e9 bance a Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je to hrozn\u00fd, hrozn\u00fd n\u00e1pad. Probl\u00e9m nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho zastoupen\u00ed v MMF, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00ed filozofi\u00ed je v\u00e9st t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed boj formou \u00fasporn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed mezd a z\u00e1kazu odbor\u016f s c\u00edlem udr\u017eet n\u00edzk\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu pod z\u00e1minkou, \u017ee to u\u010din\u00ed zem\u011b konkurenceschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a solventn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, kolik hlas\u016f m\u00e1te ve spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 je v podstat\u011b shnil\u00e1 a\u017e do morku kost\u00ed. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro Sv\u011btovou banku.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, zda \u010dlenov\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed svou hlasovac\u00ed s\u00edlu v organizaci, jej\u00ed\u017e rozvojov\u00e1 filozofie je zalo\u017eena sp\u00ed\u0161e na zaostalosti ne\u017e na rozvoji, kter\u00e1 blahosklonn\u011b ozna\u010duje zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu za \u201erozvojov\u00e9 zem\u011b\u201c, jako by se rozv\u00edjely stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako Brit\u00e1nie, Francie, N\u011bmecko a Amerika, kdy\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti jsou karikaturou pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho kapitalistick\u00e9ho voln\u00e9ho trhu, kter\u00fd se vyvinul v 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pot\u0159ebujeme soubor mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by byly alternativou k Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu m\u011bnov\u00e9mu fondu a Sv\u011btov\u00e9 bance, a dokonce i k Organizaci spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f selhala. Vid\u00edte to v Izraeli. Vid\u00edte to na Ukrajin\u011b. Vid\u00edte to v ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 vedli na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f nen\u00ed schopna vym\u00e1hat pravidla dohod a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed filozofii, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1kladem jej\u00edch zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch dokument\u016f. A tato paral\u00fdza jej\u00ed vym\u00e1hac\u00ed kapacity, schopnost Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f dosadit do \u010dela Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f v\u016fdce antiglobalizovan\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny, jako je [gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk Ant\u00f3nio] Guterres; ochota Ameriky zavra\u017edit nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavitele OSN, jak to ud\u011blali p\u0159ed 50 lety v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b [Patrice] Lumumby.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Mus\u00ed existovat nov\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e1 nebude zahrnovat Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ani jejich satelitn\u00ed st\u00e1ty, jako je N\u011bmecko a dal\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 se posouvaj\u00ed daleko doprava a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed to, co se kdysi naz\u00fdvalo fa\u0161ismem a co sami N\u011bmci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed neonacismem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Politik [Friedrich] Merz \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee obnov\u00edme Wehrmacht tak, jak b\u00fdval, a tentokr\u00e1t vyhrajeme. Je to, jako by N\u011bmecko cht\u011blo restartovat druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No, Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f byla zalo\u017eena z popela druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo opakov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho podobn\u00e9ho. Nemohli tomu zabr\u00e1nit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pot\u0159ebujeme zcela nov\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e9 budou reprezentovat skute\u010dnou glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu, nikoli 15 % \u201ezahrady\u201c Evropy proti 85 % \u201ed\u017eungle\u201c v\u011bt\u0161iny.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pot\u0159ebujeme organizaci ekonomick\u00e9 \u201ed\u017eungle\u201c, kter\u00e1 ji prom\u011bn\u00ed v zahradu, kterou pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd kapitalismus sliboval v 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Ano, a mysl\u00edm, \u017ee u\u017e vid\u00edme prvn\u00ed z\u00e1rodky t\u011bchto nov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed. I kdy\u017e tyto organizace samy o sob\u011b nejsou kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem, mohou b\u00fdt za\u010d\u00e1tkem, alternativou, kter\u00e1 se objevuje nap\u0159\u00edklad v organizac\u00edch, jako je BRICS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>BRICS m\u00e1 Novou rozvojovou banku (NDB), d\u0159\u00edve zn\u00e1mou jako Banka BRICS, kter\u00e1 byla zalo\u017eena jako alternativa ke Sv\u011btov\u00e9 bance.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!_O9a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb448172b-e66b-44e1-af3a-dd4b04006e4d_1280x720.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"779\" height=\"438\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>A tak\u00e9 maj\u00ed \u0161patn\u011b pojmenovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m kontingentn\u00edch rezerv (CRA), kter\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en jako alternativa k MMF. CRA je st\u00e1le v ran\u00e9 f\u00e1zi. St\u00e1le je t\u0159eba ud\u011blat hodn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DQiW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e137de5-e546-4c3e-80b6-b1bb5dd9403a_980x1387.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"951\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Ale na posledn\u00edch dvou summitech BRICS, v roce 2024 v rusk\u00e9 Kazani a pot\u00e9 letos, v roce 2025, v brazilsk\u00e9m Rio de Janeiru, ob\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed zem\u00ed BRICS zd\u016fraznila d\u016fle\u017eitost posilov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto organizac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A existuje mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch men\u0161\u00edch organizac\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b offshore nebo komoditn\u00edch burz, kter\u00e9 lze vyu\u017e\u00edt \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad zlat\u00e1 burza \u2013 k vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed obchodn\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1hy mezi zem\u011bmi BRICS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pak jsou tu dal\u0161\u00ed organizace. M\u00e1me \u0160anghajskou organizaci pro spolupr\u00e1ci.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!sJUh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61c92cfc-9a5f-4507-be16-896d251363a0_2880x1329.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"942\" height=\"435\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span>Ale mysl\u00edm, \u017ee tohle nen\u00ed konec. Tohle nen\u00ed zral\u00e1 alternativa, kterou sv\u011bt pot\u0159ebuje. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je to jen p\u0159\u00edklad sm\u011bru, kter\u00fdm se sv\u011bt ub\u00edr\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A to m\u011b p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k ot\u00e1zce, kterou jsem v\u00e1m cht\u011bl polo\u017eit, Michaele: Mluvil jste o d\u016fle\u017eitosti v\u00fdvoje alternativ. Ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku zmi\u0148ujete i dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 strategie, v\u010detn\u011b mo\u017enosti, \u017ee zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu s glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou, kter\u00e9 jsou z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti uv\u011bzn\u011bny v dolarov\u00fdch dluz\u00edch, kter\u00e9 nemohou splatit, proto\u017ee nejsou schopny tyto dluhy spl\u00e1cet, prost\u011b nezaplat\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tak\u017ee by prost\u011b nem\u011bli platit. A m\u011bli by se spojit a kolektivn\u011b se rozhodnout, \u017ee nebudou platit, \u017ee se dostanou do bankrotu, a majitel\u00e9 jejich st\u00e1tn\u00edch dluhopis\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b mnoha finan\u010dn\u00edch firem na Wall Street, a v\u00edte, t\u011bchto finan\u010dn\u00edch firem zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jako sup\u00ed fondy, veden\u00fdch lidmi jako miliard\u00e1\u0159 Paul Singer z Elliott Management,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>M\u011bli utrp\u011bt obrovsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty nebo jednodu\u0161e p\u0159ij\u00edt o v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 investice. V\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee investuj\u00ed do velmi rizikov\u00fdch dluhopis\u016f. Prost\u011b nedostanou zaplaceno.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tak\u017ee to je n\u00e1pad, kter\u00fd jste navrhl. M\u016f\u017eete se na z\u00e1v\u011br pod\u011blit o n\u011bjak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed n\u00e1pady na kroky, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina podniknout k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed hmatateln\u00e9 alternativy?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MICHAEL HUDSON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Co zem\u00edm BRICS dosud chyb\u011blo, je jasn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 filozofie. Mluvil jste o tom, jak m\u016f\u017eeme zlep\u0161it na\u0161i pozici v r\u00e1mci st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 filozofie a dokonce i v r\u00e1mci MMF a Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>MMF byl velmi chytr\u00fd. Do sv\u00e9 rady naverboval ty nejreak\u010dn\u00edj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1stupce glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu. A proto\u017ee jsou to str\u00fd\u010dkov\u00e9 Jih \u2013 haha, vlastn\u011b jsem cht\u011bl \u0159\u00edct str\u00fd\u010dkov\u00e9 Tomov\u00e9 \u2013 proto\u017ee zastupuj\u00ed zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Existuje iluze, \u017ee pokud nominujete pravicov\u00e9ho, neoliber\u00e1ln\u00edho, rent-seekingov\u00e9ho a pro-\u00fav\u011brov\u00e9ho kandid\u00e1ta, bude tento kandid\u00e1t n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem reprezentovat zemi, ze kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed, a kter\u00e1 vze\u0161la z dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u011b\u0159itelsk\u00e9 oligarchie, je\u017e je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To je fra\u0161ka. Strategie taktik v r\u00e1mci MMF, Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky a OSN nesta\u010d\u00ed. Je pot\u0159eba v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed filozofie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Spr\u00e1vn\u011b jste se zam\u011b\u0159il na to, co lze d\u011blat se zahrani\u010dn\u00edm dluhem. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed bylo provedeno ji\u017e p\u0159ed stolet\u00edm, s konceptem odporn\u00e9ho dluhu. Odporn\u00fd dluh je definov\u00e1n jako dluh uvalen\u00fd na dlu\u017enou zemi bez jak\u00e9hokoli prosp\u011bchu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu by p\u0159ijaly n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kon: V\u011b\u0159itel je povinen posoudit \u00fav\u011bruschopnost zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u016fj\u010duje. A pokud MMF poskytne p\u016fj\u010dku zemi, jako je Argentina, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed pouze k podpo\u0159e vra\u017eedn\u00e9 neofa\u0161istick\u00e9 oligarchie, teroristick\u00e9 oligarchie, kterou dosadili Ameri\u010dan\u00e9, a k boji proti jak\u00e9mukoli druhu socialistick\u00e9 reformy; pokud jsou p\u016fj\u010dky poskytov\u00e1ny zem\u00edm, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 viditeln\u00e9 platebn\u00ed prost\u0159edky; pokud jsou p\u016fj\u010dky poskytov\u00e1ny Ukrajin\u011b, kter\u00e1 je uprost\u0159ed v\u00e1lky, v rozporu se v\u0161emi pravidly MMF, kter\u00e1 zakazuj\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky zem\u00edm ve v\u00e1lce, v rozporu se v\u0161emi pravidly MMF, kter\u00e1 zakazuj\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky zem\u00edm bez viditeln\u00fdch platebn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f; pak se jedn\u00e1 o ohavn\u00fd dluh, nez\u00e1konn\u00fd podle z\u00e1kona.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Faktem je, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00fd dluh glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu je nyn\u00ed ohavn\u00fd, proto\u017ee byl poskytnut bez jak\u00e9koli odpov\u011bdnosti ze strany dr\u017eitel\u016f dluhopis\u016f a vl\u00e1d a instituc\u00ed MMF, kter\u00e9 se na n\u011bm pod\u00edlely jako v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9, aby zajistily, \u017ee p\u016fj\u010dky t\u011bmto zem\u00edm poskytnou prost\u0159edky na splacen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud je zemi poskytnuta p\u016fj\u010dka, ani\u017e by bylo jasn\u00e9, jak ji splat\u00ed, jedn\u00e1 se ze sv\u00e9 podstaty o odporn\u00fd dluh. Je to \u0161patn\u00e1 p\u016fj\u010dka. A tyto \u0161patn\u00e9 p\u016fj\u010dky by m\u011bly b\u00fdt splaceny podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud chcete vytvo\u0159it novou alternativu k Organizaci spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, kter\u00e1 bude skute\u010dn\u011b slou\u017eit sv\u011btu, sjednocen\u00fdm 85 % n\u00e1rod\u016f sv\u011bta, pak je to n\u011bco, co mus\u00ed b\u00fdt absolutn\u011b j\u00e1drem z\u00e1kona: rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi produktivn\u00edm a neproduktivn\u00edm \u00fav\u011brem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tot\u00e9\u017e by se m\u011blo vztahovat na rozd\u00edl mezi produktivn\u00edmi a neproduktivn\u00edmi investicemi. Poskytnut\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky zemi, n\u00e1kup ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho podniku a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 pouh\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb nen\u00ed produktivn\u00ed investic\u00ed, ale investic\u00ed vyb\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed rentu. Investice vyb\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed rentu nejsou v z\u00e1jmu zem\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u0159\u00edjem je vyb\u00edr\u00e1n. Je to op\u011bt nechutn\u00e1 investice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Cel\u00e9 klasick\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi produktivn\u00edm a neproduktivn\u00edm \u00fav\u011brem, produktivn\u00ed a neproduktivn\u00ed prac\u00ed, produktivn\u00ed a neproduktivn\u00ed investic\u00ed \u2013 v\u0161echny tyto diskuse, kter\u00e9 byly \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem rozkv\u011btu klasick\u00e9 politick\u00e9 ekonomie v 19. stolet\u00ed, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt o\u017eiveny a slou\u017eit jako \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vod\u00edtka pro definici toho, co znamen\u00e1 b\u00fdt suver\u00e9nn\u00edm n\u00e1rodem zodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm za sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed rozvoj a pov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm \u00fakolem up\u0159ednost\u0148ovat z\u00e1jmy sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho ekonomick\u00e9ho rozvoje, sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed zem\u011b p\u0159ed z\u00e1jmy zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, p\u0159ed z\u00e1jmy dr\u017eitel\u016f dluhopis\u016f a p\u0159ed z\u00e1jmy renti\u00e9r\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Toto byla cel\u00e1 revoluce 19. stolet\u00ed. Toto byla pr\u016fmyslov\u011b kapitalistick\u00e1 teorie hodnoty a teorie renty. Toto mus\u00ed b\u00fdt j\u00e1drem reforem ve\u0161ker\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed samospr\u00e1vy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee mnoha z t\u011bchto zem\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu vl\u00e1dnou oligarchie, kter\u00e9 byly dosazeny politick\u00fdm vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe od 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed, a to prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u0161ech dikt\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 dosadili, vl\u00e1d, kter\u00e9 svrhli jm\u00e9nem United Fruit Company, \u00fatoku na Chile, kdy byl zvolen soci\u00e1ln\u011bdemokratick\u00fd v\u016fdce [Salvador Allende] a svr\u017een Pinochetem, Kissingerem a Nixonem, kte\u0159\u00ed pak v cel\u00e9 Latinsk\u00e9 Americe vybudovali celou teroristickou organizaci [Operace Kondor], kter\u00e1 se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do Argentiny a nastolila podobn\u00e9 fa\u0161istick\u00e9 diktatury ve velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To v\u0161e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odstran\u011bno, stejn\u011b jako musel b\u00fdt odstran\u011bn feudalismus v Evrop\u011b. To je ta v\u00fdzva.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A nen\u00ed to taktick\u00e1 v\u00fdzva, ale strategick\u00e1 my\u0161lenka rozvoje. Jak m\u016f\u017eeme tentokr\u00e1t skute\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159it Organizaci spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, kter\u00e1 by fungovala? M\u00edsto toho, abychom se nechali un\u00e9st Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00edm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch soud\u016f, jako je Soud pro investory a st\u00e1ty, kter\u00fd br\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edm zem\u00edm v prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed politiky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Michaele, v\u017edycky zmi\u0148uje\u0161 tolik fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch bod\u016f a poskytuje\u0161 tolik d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch historick\u00fdch pozad\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Cht\u011bl byste je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bco dodat, ne\u017e skon\u010d\u00edme? Proto\u017ee to, co jste pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0159ekl, byl vlastn\u011b velmi dobr\u00fd p\u0159echod k druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e9to diskuse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jsme se tedy bavili o tom, \u010demu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te syst\u00e9m finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho na USA, jak vznikl, jak vypad\u00e1, kter\u00e9 instituce tento syst\u00e9m tvo\u0159\u00ed a jak si zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny mohou vyvinout alternativy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tvrdil jste, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna vyvinula konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed alternativu, kter\u00e1 je dobr\u00fdm modelem pro ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ve druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti se podrobn\u011bji pod\u00edv\u00e1me na r\u016fst tohoto druhu neofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed pozemkov\u00e9 aristokracie a na to, jak se renta, neboli vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed renty, stala dominantn\u00ed formou ekonomick\u00e9 aktivity ve financializovan\u00fdch neoliber\u00e1ln\u00edch ekonomik\u00e1ch Z\u00e1padu, na rozd\u00edl od produkce, kter\u00e1 byla j\u00e1drem pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho kapitalismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tak\u017ee toto bude druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st na\u0161\u00ed diskuse. M\u00e1te n\u011bjak\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 my\u0161lenky na z\u00e1v\u011br prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MICHAEL HUDSON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: Ne, to zn\u00ed skv\u011ble. Shrnul jsi to velmi dob\u0159e, Bene.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>BEN NORTON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: D\u011bkujeme, \u017ee jste se k n\u00e1m p\u0159ipojili. Mluvili jsme s Michaelem Hudsonem, renomovan\u00fdm ekonomem a autorem \u0159ady knih.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jeho \u010dl\u00e1nek, o kter\u00e9m jsme dnes diskutovali, m\u00e1 n\u00e1zev \u201eJak se m\u016f\u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina osvobodit od americk\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho kolonialismu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jak jsem \u0159ekl, to byla prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st na\u0161\u00ed diskuse. Ur\u010dit\u011b se pod\u00edvejte i na druhou \u010d\u00e1st.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Je\u0161t\u011b jednou d\u011bkujeme, Michaele, \u017ee jsi s n\u00e1mi. V\u017edycky je to pro n\u00e1s velk\u00fdm pot\u011b\u0161en\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>MICHAEL HUDSON<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0: D\u011bkuji za pozv\u00e1n\u00ed, Bene.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c57238 quelle dc-has-condition dc-condition-empty elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c57238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geopoliticaleconomy.report\/p\/world-us-financial-colonialism-economist-michael-hudson?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=457596&amp;post_id=170203050&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=pf6gr&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Michael Hudson popisuje, jak z\u00e1padn\u00ed mocnosti formovaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ve prosp\u011bch severoamerick\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed a na&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":57764,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,503,59,1052,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85268"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=85268"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85268\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/57764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=85268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=85268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=85268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}