{"id":84985,"date":"2025-08-05T06:34:08","date_gmt":"2025-08-05T04:34:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=84985"},"modified":"2025-08-05T06:34:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-05T04:34:08","slug":"fjodor-lukjanov-posledni-bezpecnostni-projekt-evropy-se-tise-hrouti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/08\/05\/fjodor-lukjanov-posledni-bezpecnostni-projekt-evropy-se-tise-hrouti\/","title":{"rendered":"Fjodor Lukjanov: Posledn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed projekt Evropy se ti\u0161e hrout\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Duch Helsinek je pry\u010d a stejn\u011b tak star\u00e1 my\u0161lenka evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti<\/h3>\n

Tento t\u00fdden si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me 50. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed p\u0159elomov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v evropsk\u00e9 diplomacii. V roce 1975 se v Helsink\u00e1ch se\u0161li vedouc\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 35 zem\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, Kanady a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 Evropy, aby podepsali Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd akt Konference o bezpe\u010dnosti a spolupr\u00e1ci v Evrop\u011b (KBSE). Dohoda zavr\u0161ila roky jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o m\u00edrov\u00e9m sou\u017eit\u00ed dvou soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 dominovaly sv\u011btov\u00e9mu d\u011bn\u00ed od konce druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

V t\u00e9 dob\u011b mnoz\u00ed v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd akt upevn\u00ed pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd status quo. Form\u00e1ln\u011b uznal st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed hranice \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b hranic Polska, obou N\u011bmeck a Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu \u2013 a uznal sf\u00e9ry vlivu, kter\u00e9 formovaly Evropu od roku 1945. Nebyl to jen diplomatick\u00fd dokument, ale r\u00e1mec pro zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ideologick\u00e9 konfrontace.<\/span><\/p>\n

O pades\u00e1t let pozd\u011bji je odkaz Helsinek hluboce paradoxn\u00ed. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd akt stanovil soubor u\u0161lechtil\u00fdch princip\u016f: vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd respekt, nevm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed se, m\u00edrov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f, nedotknuteln\u00e9 hranice a spolupr\u00e1ci k vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu. V mnoha ohledech nab\u00edzel vizi ide\u00e1ln\u00edch mezist\u00e1tn\u00edch vztah\u016f. Kdo by mohl proti takov\u00fdm c\u00edl\u016fm nam\u00edtat?<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto principy se v\u0161ak nezrodily ve vakuu. Byly podpo\u0159eny stabiln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hou sil mezi NATO a Var\u0161avskou smlouvou. Studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka navzdory v\u0161em sv\u00fdm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm poskytla jakousi strukturu. Byla pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky jin\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky \u2013 a jej\u00ed pravidla, jakkoli drsn\u00e1, byla ch\u00e1p\u00e1na a do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry respektov\u00e1na.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento syst\u00e9m ji\u017e neexistuje. Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd vznikl po roce 1945, se rozpadl a neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jasn\u00e1 n\u00e1hrada. Pokusy o zaveden\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu do zbytku Evropy po skon\u010den\u00ed studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky usp\u011bly jen kr\u00e1tce. OBSE, kter\u00e1 se vyvinula z KBSE, se stala n\u00e1strojem pro vnucov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch norem ostatn\u00edm \u2013 roli, kterou ji\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011b plnit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Navzdory rostouc\u00ed pot\u0159eb\u011b spolupr\u00e1ce v nestabiln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b existuje OBSE dnes p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v teorii. Pojem \u201epanevropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti\u201c, kter\u00fd byl z\u00e1kladem Helsinsk\u00e9ho procesu, se stal zastaral\u00fdm. Procesy jsou nyn\u00ed rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a asymetrick\u00e9; rivalov\u00e9 jsou nerovn\u00ed a \u010detn\u00ed. Neexistuje ji\u017e spole\u010dn\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

To nezastavilo vol\u00e1n\u00ed po o\u017eiven\u00ed OBSE jako politick\u00e9ho prost\u0159edn\u00edka, zejm\u00e9na uprost\u0159ed ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch kriz\u00ed. M\u016f\u017ee se v\u0161ak instituce vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 v bipol\u00e1rn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobit dne\u0161n\u00ed multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed poru\u0161e? Historie nazna\u010duje opak. V\u011bt\u0161ina instituc\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed ztratila v obdob\u00edch ot\u0159es\u016f v\u00fdznam. Dokonce i NATO a EU, dlouho pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za pil\u00ed\u0159e Z\u00e1padu, \u010del\u00ed rostouc\u00edmu vnit\u0159n\u00edmu i vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu tlaku. Zda vydr\u017e\u00ed, nebo podlehnou nov\u00fdm, flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm seskupen\u00edm, se teprve uvid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je, \u017ee se samotn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti zm\u011bnila \u2013 nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 zmizela. Evropa u\u017e nen\u00ed st\u0159edem sv\u011bta, jak\u00fdm kdysi b\u00fdvala. Stala se divadlem, nikoli re\u017eis\u00e9rem, glob\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed. Pro Washington je Evropa st\u00e1le v\u00edce druho\u0159ad\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem, vn\u00edman\u00fdm optikou soupe\u0159en\u00ed s \u010c\u00ednou. Americk\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed nyn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1 Evropu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako trh a pomocn\u00e9ho partnera, nikoli jako hnac\u00ed s\u00edlu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 politika Trumpovy administrativy tento posun zd\u016fraz\u0148uje. Opat\u0159en\u00ed nam\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 proti Rusku se nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010dasto m\u00e9n\u011b t\u00fdkaj\u00ed Moskvy a v\u00edce Pekingu nebo jin\u00fdch velk\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed. Dokonce i konflikt na Ukrajin\u011b, a\u010dkoli je z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd, je mnoh\u00fdmi ve Washingtonu pova\u017eov\u00e1n za p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ka v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch geopolitick\u00fdch \u0161achov\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vezm\u011bme si tak\u00e9 zmen\u0161enou roli OBSE v \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fdch konflikt\u016f. Jeden ned\u00e1vn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad to ilustruje: n\u00e1vrhy na z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed exteritori\u00e1ln\u00edho koridoru p\u0159es Arm\u00e9nii, chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho americkou soukromou vojenskou spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Tato my\u0161lenka se mo\u017en\u00e1 nikdy neuskute\u010dn\u00ed, ale odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed na Z\u00e1pad\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u2013 my\u0161len\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e lze legitimitu vytv\u00e1\u0159et dle pot\u0159eby, s tradi\u010dn\u00edmi institucemi, jako je OBSE, nebo bez nich.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd akt z roku 1975 byl zp\u011btn\u011b vrcholem geopolitick\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed Evropy. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st Evropy ji\u017e nebyla hlavn\u00edmi akt\u00e9ry, ale z\u016fstala prim\u00e1rn\u00ed ar\u00e9nou. Ani to u\u017e neplat\u00ed. Osud kontinentu st\u00e1le v\u00edce utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mocnosti a m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed se spojenectv\u00ed. Jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed nov\u00e9 dohody, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed realitu a zahrnuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 akt\u00e9ry. Zda v\u0161ak takov\u00fdch dohod lze dos\u00e1hnout, nen\u00ed zdaleka jist\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eDuch Helsinek\u201c nezmizel \u2013 ale u\u017e neo\u017eivuje instituce, kter\u00e9 kdysi vytvo\u0159il. Principy z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e9, ale kontext, kter\u00fd jim d\u00e1val smysl, je pry\u010d. Pokud chce kolektivn\u00ed Evropa novou \u00e9ru bezpe\u010dnosti a spolupr\u00e1ce, nebude muset za\u010d\u00edt o\u017eivov\u00e1n\u00edm minulosti, ale p\u0159ijet\u00edm jej\u00edho konce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od\u00a0Fjodora Lukjanova<\/strong>\u00a0, \u0161\u00e9fredaktora \u010dasopisu Rusko v glob\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech, p\u0159edsedy prezidia Rady pro zahrani\u010dn\u00ed a obrannou politiku a \u0159editele v\u00fdzkumu Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho diskusn\u00edho klubu Valdaj.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Fjodor<\/a><\/div>\n
\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Duch Helsinek je pry\u010d a stejn\u011b tak star\u00e1 my\u0161lenka evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti Tento t\u00fdden si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8282,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[9602,1503,368],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84985"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=84985"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84985\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84985"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=84985"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=84985"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}