{"id":84692,"date":"2025-07-31T06:44:03","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T04:44:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=84692"},"modified":"2025-07-31T06:44:03","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T04:44:03","slug":"pripad-ktery-by-mohl-umlcet-otevreny-internet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/07\/31\/pripad-ktery-by-mohl-umlcet-otevreny-internet\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00edpad, kter\u00fd by mohl uml\u010det otev\u0159en\u00fd internet"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed bitva o Lewellenov DeFi k\u00f3d by mohla rozhodnout o tom, zda je psan\u00ed softwaru pova\u017eov\u00e1no za chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd projev, nebo za krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastrukturu.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bylo jen ot\u00e1zkou \u010dasu, ne\u017e se v\u00e1lka o digit\u00e1ln\u00ed suverenitu p\u0159esune ze zasedac\u00edch m\u00edstnost\u00ed Silicon Valley do feder\u00e1ln\u00edch soudn\u00edch s\u00edn\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Ten okam\u017eik nyn\u00ed nastal. S sebou nese ot\u00e1zku obrovsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu: M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt psan\u00ed k\u00f3du zlo\u010dinem?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ministerstvo spravedlnosti se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee za ur\u010dit\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed tomu tak b\u00fdt m\u016f\u017ee. A rostouc\u00ed koalice skupin zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi pr\u00e1vy a blockchainem tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se ministerstvo spravedlnosti nebezpe\u010dn\u011b m\u00fdl\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spor se to\u010d\u00ed kolem Michaela Lewellena, softwarov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd vyvinul protokol pro spr\u00e1vu decentralizovan\u00fdch financ\u00ed (DeFi). Jeho c\u00edlem bylo vydat jej jako open-source software.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ministerstvo spravedlnosti se v\u0161ak domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee Lewellen\u016fv projekt poru\u0161uje z\u00e1kon z roku 1992, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 bojovat proti nelicencovan\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm se p\u0159evodem pen\u011bz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Doty\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1kon, \u00a7 1960 hlavy 18, je vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n tak, \u017ee se vztahuje nejen na finan\u010dn\u00ed zprost\u0159edkovatele, ale tak\u00e9 na v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed peer-to-peer transakce.<\/span>
\nTento v\u00fdklad podle odp\u016frc\u016f z\u00e1kon natahuje k nepozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010cty\u0159i hlavn\u00ed politick\u00e9 organizace, v\u010detn\u011b Blockchain Association, Crypto Council for Innovation, Paradigm a DeFi Education Fund, podaly pod\u00e1n\u00ed amicus curiae na podporu Lewellena.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jejich argument je stejn\u011b technick\u00fd jako filozofick\u00fd:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Software nen\u00ed p\u0159evod pen\u011bz. Publikov\u00e1n\u00ed open source k\u00f3du, i kdy\u017e usnad\u0148uje finan\u010dn\u00ed transakce mezi ostatn\u00edmi, nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e jako manipulace s finan\u010dn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky nebo jejich p\u0159eprava jm\u00e9nem n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eVl\u00e1da aktivn\u011b pron\u00e1sleduje n\u011bkolik v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f peer-to-peer kryptom\u011bnov\u00e9ho softwaru\u2026 i kdy\u017e tito v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i jednodu\u0161e vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed software s otev\u0159en\u00fdm zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dem,\u201c uv\u00e1d\u00ed se v dokumentu a varuje, \u017ee takov\u00e1 interpretace ma\u017ee rozd\u00edl mezi v\u00fdrobcem n\u00e1stroj\u016f a provozovatelem.<\/em><\/p>\n

Otev\u0159en\u00fd zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d je software, jeho\u017e zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d je ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00fd a nen\u00ed pod kontrolou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, tak\u017ee si jej kdokoli m\u016f\u017ee voln\u011b prohl\u00ed\u017eet, pou\u017e\u00edvat, upravovat a distribuovat.<\/span><\/p>\n

V j\u00e1dru se jedn\u00e1 o koncept\u00a0<\/span>\u00faschovy<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Paragraf 1960 se vztahuje na ty, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky, ale tato \u010dinnost v\u017edy vy\u017eadovala, aby jedna strana p\u0159evzala kontrolu nad pen\u011bzi a pot\u00e9 je p\u0159evedla. Software bez autorizace, jako je Lewellen\u016fv, stejn\u011b jako open source k\u00f3d, jednodu\u0161e poskytuje r\u00e1mec pro jednotlivce, aby mohli prov\u00e1d\u011bt transakce p\u0159\u00edmo, bez centr\u00e1ln\u00ed strany, kter\u00e1 by finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky dr\u017eela.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eVe sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b paragraf 1960 nejde tak daleko, aby \u0159\u00edkal… \u017ee nelze \u201ap\u0159ev\u00e9st\u2018 nebo \u201ap\u0159ev\u00e9st\u2018 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky jm\u00e9nem n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho, ani\u017e by se p\u0159ijala a vzdala p\u00e9\u010de nebo kontroly,\u201c vysv\u011btluje se v pod\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, z\u00e1kon se zam\u011b\u0159uje na zprost\u0159edkovatele. Lewellen se v\u0161ak, stejn\u011b jako mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed vyv\u00edjej\u00ed DeFi n\u00e1stroje, do transakce zcela nezapojil.<\/span><\/p>\n

Logika ministerstva spravedlnosti vede k znepokojiv\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru: Pokud pouh\u00e9 zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed k\u00f3du, kter\u00fd lze pou\u017e\u00edt pro finan\u010dn\u00ed transakce, sta\u010d\u00ed k vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti, pak by se jak\u00fdkoli v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 mohl st\u00e1t zraniteln\u00fdm v\u016f\u010di cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b v\u011bc\u00ed \u2013 bez ohledu na \u00famysl nebo kontrolu.<\/span><\/p>\n

V pod\u00e1n\u00ed amicus curiae se k ilustraci tohoto bodu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nepodlo\u017een\u00e1 analogie:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eSt\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e softwaru je podle tohoto v\u00fdkladu srovnateln\u00e9 se st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdrobce p\u00e1nv\u00ed, proto\u017ee n\u011bkdo pou\u017eil p\u00e1nev k ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Tato argumentace, pokud ji soudy p\u0159ijmou, by mohla udusit celou generaci v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eTv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 mo\u017en\u00e9mu trestn\u00edmu st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed [\u2026] se v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i softwaru pro peer-to-peer p\u0159evod kryptom\u011bn rozhodnou bu\u010f se p\u0159est\u011bhovat do zahrani\u010d\u00ed, nebo zcela p\u0159estat vyv\u00edjet sv\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje,\u201c varuje dopis.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i ji\u017e za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed tyto v\u00fdpo\u010dty prov\u00e1d\u011bt. Open source repozit\u00e1\u0159e se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed st\u00e1le m\u00e9n\u011b. Projekty, kter\u00e9 byly kdysi vytvo\u0159eny ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 dom\u00e9n\u011b, jsou p\u0159emis\u0165ov\u00e1ny nebo zcela odkl\u00e1d\u00e1ny. Strach nen\u00ed abstraktn\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span>Je bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed a paralyzuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lewellen\u016fv p\u0159\u00edpad se neodehr\u00e1v\u00e1 ve vakuu. P\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed v dob\u011b, kdy americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da st\u00e1le v\u00edce zasahuje proti v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016fm kryptom\u011bn, jejich\u017e n\u00e1stroje umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed soukrom\u00ed a anonymitu. Dva prominentn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady,\u00a0<\/span>USA v. Storm<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>USA v. Rodriguez<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e\u00a0<\/span>Tornado Cash<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, protokolu, kter\u00fd m\u00edch\u00e1 transakce, aby zakryl jejich p\u016fvod.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fatoky vyvolaly vlnu \u017ealob od skupin za ob\u010dansk\u00e9 svobody a zast\u00e1nc\u016f blockchainu, kte\u0159\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vl\u00e1da zach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 daleko.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeden z t\u011bchto soudn\u00edch spor\u016f skon\u010dil tento m\u011bs\u00edc tich\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011brem. Americk\u00fd odvolac\u00ed soud pro jeden\u00e1ct\u00fd obvod zam\u00edtl \u017ealobu podanou spole\u010dnost\u00ed Coin Center, kter\u00e1 zpochyb\u0148ovala sankce ministerstva financ\u00ed z roku 2022 uvalen\u00e9 na spole\u010dnost Tornado Cash.<\/span><\/p>\n

Propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, dosa\u017een\u00e9 spole\u010dnou dohodou, ukon\u010dilo pokus Coin Center bojovat proti ozna\u010den\u00ed chytr\u00fdch smluv a adres pen\u011b\u017eenek Tornado Cash za c\u00edl sankc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skupina pro zast\u00e1nce pr\u00e1va tvrdila, \u017ee ministerstvo financ\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dilo sv\u00e9 pravomoci t\u00edm, \u017ee s autonomn\u00edm k\u00f3dem zach\u00e1zelo jako se sankcionovanou osobou nebo subjektem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lewellenovi stoupenci nepo\u017eaduj\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>plo\u0161nou imunitu<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Po\u017eaduj\u00ed, aby soud objasnil, jak daleko z\u00e1kon sah\u00e1 \u2013 a kde kon\u010d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edm sektoru pln\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edch \u0161ed\u00fdch z\u00f3n m\u016f\u017ee\u00a0<\/span>jasnost<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0znamenat rozd\u00edl mezi v\u00fdvojem n\u011b\u010deho revolu\u010dn\u00edho a jeho \u00fapln\u00fdm opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

V pod\u00e1n\u00ed se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee pouze deklaratorn\u00ed rozsudek m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jistotu, kterou v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci v r\u00e1mci hranic USA. Bez n\u011bj jsou rizika p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e1 \u2013 a pravidla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u00e1gn\u00ed. V takov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed se k\u00f3d st\u00e1v\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>p\u0159\u00edt\u011b\u017e\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed historie: Dva precedenty<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b medializovan\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edpadem byl\u00a0<\/span>Skljarov v roce 2001<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, kdy byl rusk\u00fd program\u00e1tor Dmitrij Skljarov zat\u010den FBI za to, \u017ee na hackersk\u00e9 konferenci p\u0159edstavil n\u00e1stroj pro obch\u00e1zen\u00ed ochrany DRM v elektronick\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch. Pobou\u0159en\u00ed bylo obrovsk\u00e9. Nakonec byl propu\u0161t\u011bn, ale p\u0159\u00edpad zanechal mrazivou stopu na v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u00edch po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem byl p\u0159\u00edpad\u00a0<\/span>Bernstein v. DOJ<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0v 90. letech: Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd v\u011bdec Daniel Bernstein \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b za\u017ealoval americk\u00fd z\u00e1kaz v\u00fdvozu kryptografie. Soud rozhodl, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d je \u0159e\u010d<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 a proto je chr\u00e1n\u011bn prvn\u00edm dodatkem \u00fastavy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto rozhodnut\u00ed pos\u00edlilo v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e open-source a zajistilo jejich pr\u00e1va na v\u00fdvoj svobodn\u00e9ho softwaru \u2013 precedent, kter\u00fd je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0<\/span>Lewellen<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0znovu<\/span> p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1v\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od Kena Macona<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed bitva o Lewellenov DeFi k\u00f3d by mohla rozhodnout o tom, zda je psan\u00ed softwaru…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":84693,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,647,57,9571],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84692"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=84692"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84692\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/84693"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84692"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=84692"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=84692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}