{"id":80372,"date":"2025-06-04T00:12:13","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T22:12:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=80372"},"modified":"2025-06-03T11:52:33","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T09:52:33","slug":"americke-vojenske-ponizeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/06\/04\/americke-vojenske-ponizeni\/","title":{"rendered":"Americk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Kdy\u017e se 30. srpna 2021 posledn\u00ed americk\u00e9 jednotky st\u00e1hly z K\u00e1bulu, znamenalo to konec 20let\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu \u2013 a jedno z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v historii americk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Chaotick\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny na k\u00e1bulsk\u00e9m leti\u0161ti, kde se zoufal\u00ed Afgh\u00e1nci dr\u017eeli odl\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch letadel, se vryly do glob\u00e1ln\u00edho pov\u011bdom\u00ed. \u00dastup, pl\u00e1novan\u00fd jako spo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd, se stal symbolem \u00fapadku americk\u00e9 moci. O \u010dty\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: Jak k tomu do\u0161lo a co to znamen\u00e1 pro roli Ameriky ve sv\u011bt\u011b?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ko\u0159eny por\u00e1\u017eky<\/span><\/h3>\n

Por\u00e1\u017eka v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu nebyla n\u00e1hl\u00fdm kolapsem, ale v\u00fdsledkem dvou desetilet\u00ed strategick\u00fdch chyb. Po \u00fatoc\u00edch z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2001 zah\u00e1jily USA operaci Trval\u00e1 svoboda s c\u00edlem rozdrtit al-K\u00e1idu a svrhnout Taliban. Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch byl rychl\u00fd: Taliban byl b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f vyhn\u00e1n z K\u00e1bulu. M\u00edsto toho, aby v\u0161ak USA nastolily stabiln\u00ed vl\u00e1du a st\u00e1hly se, zapletly se do zdlouhav\u00e9ho procesu budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1roda, kter\u00fd nebyl ani kulturn\u011b, ani logisticky \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho\u00a0<\/span>gener\u00e1ln\u00edho inspektora pro rekonstrukci Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu (SIGAR)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0z roku 2023 shrnula probl\u00e9my: nadm\u011brn\u00e9 spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed se na z\u00e1padn\u00ed modely spr\u00e1vy v\u011bc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch, korupci v afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b a \u0161patn\u011b vycvi\u010denou afgh\u00e1nskou arm\u00e1du, kter\u00e1 \u010dasto existovala sp\u00ed\u0161e na pap\u00ed\u0159e ne\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti. USA utratily p\u0159es 2 biliony dolar\u016f, ale podle SIGAR \u201ez\u00e1klady pro udr\u017eitelnou stabilitu nikdy nebyly polo\u017eeny\u201c. T\u00e1lib\u00e1n, operuj\u00edc\u00ed ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech, t\u011bchto slabin zneu\u017e\u00edval a neust\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159oval svou mocenskou z\u00e1kladnu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Strategicky \u0161patn\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dovou chybou bylo rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed pozornosti zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 v\u00e1lkou v Ir\u00e1ku. Po\u010d\u00ednaje rokem 2003 USA p\u0159esunuly sv\u00e9 zdroje a pozornost z Hind\u00faku\u0161e na Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod, co\u017e dalo Talibanu prostor k reorganizaci. Zpr\u00e1va\u00a0<\/span>spole\u010dnosti RAND Corporation<\/span><\/a>\u00a0zjistila, \u017ee po\u010det americk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu do roku 2005 klesl na m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 20 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f, zat\u00edmco povstalci zdokonalili svou taktiku, v\u010detn\u011b improvizovan\u00fdch v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (IED), kter\u00e1 se stala hlavn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami americk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Obamova administrativa od roku 2009 zavedla strategii \u201en\u00e1r\u016fstu\u201c, kter\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161ila po\u010det voj\u00e1k\u016f na v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 000. Jak v\u0161ak den\u00edk\u00a0<\/span>Washington Post odhalil ve sv\u00fdch dokumentech o Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, ameri\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 si \u010dasto uv\u011bdomovali, \u017ee jejich \u00fasil\u00ed selh\u00e1v\u00e1, ale ve\u0159ejn\u011b informovali o pokroku. Jeden z vysok\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f byl citov\u00e1n slovy: \u201eNem\u00e1me tu\u0161en\u00ed, co tady d\u011bl\u00e1me.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00daloha afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm slab\u00fdm m\u00edstem byla afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da veden\u00e1 prezidentem A\u0161rafem Ghan\u00edm. Korupce byla endemick\u00e1: Podle\u00a0<\/span>Transparency International<\/span><\/a>\u00a0pat\u0159il Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n mezi nejzkorumpovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b sv\u011bta. Finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na rekonstrukci byly zpronev\u011b\u0159eny a afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da byla \u0161patn\u011b vybaven\u00e1 a demoralizovan\u00e1. Kdy\u017e T\u00e1lib\u00e1n v srpnu 2021 zah\u00e1jil ofenz\u00edvu, Ghan\u00ed uprchl do zahrani\u010d\u00ed a arm\u00e1da se z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vzdala bez boje. Podle zpr\u00e1vy Rady\u00a0<\/span>pro zahrani\u010dn\u00ed vztahy<\/span><\/a>\u00a0byla afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da \u201efas\u00e1dou udr\u017eovanou pouze d\u00edky podpo\u0159e USA\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dastup: logistick\u00e1 no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016fra<\/span><\/h3>\n

Rozhodnut\u00ed prezidenta Joea Bidena dokon\u010dit sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk do srpna 2021 bylo politicky motivov\u00e1no u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti 20. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Jeho proveden\u00ed v\u0161ak m\u011blo katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sledky. Sta\u017een\u00ed za\u010dalo uzav\u0159en\u00edm leteck\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny Bagram v \u010dervenci 2021 bez dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho upozorn\u011bn\u00ed afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fdch sil, co\u017e podle\u00a0<\/span>The New York Times<\/span><\/a>\u00a0vyvolalo chaos. K\u00e1bulsk\u00e9 leti\u0161t\u011b se stalo jedin\u00fdm evakua\u010dn\u00edm bodem, co\u017e vedlo k ikonick\u00fdm sc\u00e9n\u00e1m zoufal\u00fdch dav\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va americk\u00e9ho\u00a0<\/span>ministerstva obrany<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Geopolitick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu oslabilo glob\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed Ameriky. Spojenci zpochyb\u0148ovali spolehlivost USA, zejm\u00e9na po jednostrann\u00e9m sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk bez adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed konzultace s partnery v NATO. Koment\u00e1\u0159 v\u00a0<\/span>\u010dasopise Foreign Affairs<\/span><\/a>\u00a0varoval, \u017ee \u201ed\u016fv\u011bryhodnost USA jako\u017eto garanta bezpe\u010dnosti v Asii a Evrop\u011b utrp\u011bla\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna vyu\u017eila p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti ke kritice USA a zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00ed vlastn\u00ed stability. \u010cl\u00e1nek v\u00a0<\/span>Global Times<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1dn\u00edch novin\u00e1ch, ozna\u010dil sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk za \u201ed\u016fkaz \u00fapadku americk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria\u201c. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 zem\u011b jako Rusko a \u00cdr\u00e1n prohloubily spolupr\u00e1ci s T\u00e1lib\u00e1nem, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zm\u011bnily region\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hu sil, uv\u00e1d\u00ed se ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b\u00a0<\/span>Carnegieho nadace<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed<\/span><\/p>\n

V USA sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk prohloubilo politick\u00e9 rozpory. Republik\u00e1ni kritizovali Bidenovo veden\u00ed, zat\u00edmco n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk obhajovali jako nezbytn\u00fd konec prohran\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Pr\u016fzkum\u00a0<\/span>Pew Research Center<\/span><\/a>\u00a0uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee 54 % Ameri\u010dan\u016f sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk podporuje, ale 69 % pova\u017euje jeho proveden\u00ed za \u0161patn\u011b zvl\u00e1dnut\u00e9. Smrt 13 americk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159i sebevra\u017eedn\u00e9m \u00fatoku na leti\u0161ti v K\u00e1bulu, kter\u00fd provedl ISIS, kritiku zes\u00edlila.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pou\u010den\u00ed pro budoucnost<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u010cty\u0159i roky po sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ponau\u010den\u00ed z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu st\u00e1le relevantn\u00ed. Zaprv\u00e9, por\u00e1\u017eka ukazuje limity budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1roda v kulturn\u011b a politicky slo\u017eit\u00fdch regionech. Zpr\u00e1va\u00a0<\/span>Brookings Institution<\/span><\/a>\u00a0doporu\u010dila omezit budouc\u00ed intervence na jasn\u00e9 a dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9 c\u00edle. Zadruh\u00e9, sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk zd\u016fraz\u0148uje pot\u0159ebu lep\u0161\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a koordinace se spojenci. Zat\u0159et\u00ed, role dezinformac\u00ed \u2013 vnit\u0159n\u00edch i vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u2013 zkreslila vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lky ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed, jak ukazuje zpr\u00e1va Atlantick\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>rady<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Budoucnost americk\u00e9 moci<\/span><\/h3>\n

Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n oslabil vojenskou a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed autoritu Ameriky, ale to nen\u00ed konec jej\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed role. USA z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vojenskou mocnost\u00ed sv\u011bta s obrann\u00fdm rozpo\u010dtem p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edm 800 miliard dolar\u016f v roce 2025, uv\u00e1d\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>Stockholmsk\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed institut pro v\u00fdzkum m\u00edru<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v K\u00e1bulu v\u0161ak zm\u011bnilo vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Zem\u011b jako \u010c\u00edna a Rusko toho vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch narativ\u016f, zat\u00edmco spojenci, jako jsou \u010dlenov\u00e9 NATO, p\u0159ehodnocuj\u00ed svou z\u00e1vislost na USA.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdzvou pro Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty je pou\u010dit se z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, ani\u017e by upadly do izolacionismu. Jak poznamenal koment\u00e1\u0159 v den\u00edku\u00a0<\/span>The National Interest<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty mus\u00ed \u201enal\u00e9zt rovnov\u00e1hu mezi anga\u017eovanost\u00ed a zdr\u017eenlivost\u00ed\u201c. Sv\u011bt pozorn\u011b sleduje, jak Amerika na toto pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zareaguje \u2013 a zda se j\u00ed poda\u0159\u00ed znovu z\u00edskat svou vedouc\u00ed roli.<\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/span><\/p>\n

O autorovi:<\/strong>
\n<\/span>
\nAris Roussinos je sloupka\u0159 pro UnHerd a b\u00fdval\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd zpravodaj, kter\u00fd informoval z konfliktn\u00edch z\u00f3n v Africe, na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b a v Asii. Jeho pr\u00e1ce se zam\u011b\u0159uje na geopolitiku, konflikty a kulturn\u00ed dopad glob\u00e1ln\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kdy\u017e se 30. srpna 2021 posledn\u00ed americk\u00e9 jednotky st\u00e1hly z K\u00e1bulu, znamenalo to konec 20let\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":80373,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[118,80,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80372"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=80372"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80372\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/80373"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=80372"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=80372"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=80372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}