{"id":80192,"date":"2025-06-02T00:18:49","date_gmt":"2025-06-01T22:18:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=80192"},"modified":"2025-06-01T14:28:36","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T12:28:36","slug":"umely-zivot-kdyz-chemie-napodobuje-biologicke-bunky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/06\/02\/umely-zivot-kdyz-chemie-napodobuje-biologicke-bunky\/","title":{"rendered":"Um\u011bl\u00fd \u017eivot: Kdy\u017e chemie napodobuje biologick\u00e9 bu\u0148ky"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee se d\u00edv\u00e1te mikroskopem na drobn\u00e9 kuli\u010dky, kter\u00e9 se d\u011bl\u00ed, rostou a mno\u017e\u00ed \u2013 stejn\u011b jako \u017eiv\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. Tyto struktury se v\u0161ak neskl\u00e1daj\u00ed z jedin\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 molekuly. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec DNA, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd protein, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ze slo\u017eit\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch kamen\u016f \u017eivota. Jen \u010dist\u00e1 chemie, kter\u00e1 p\u0159esto napodobuje jedno z nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tajemstv\u00ed \u017eivota: sebereprodukci.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u011bdci z Harvardovy univerzity dos\u00e1hli pozoruhodn\u00e9ho pr\u016flomu, kter\u00fd by mohl revolu\u010dn\u011b zm\u011bnit na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota a jeho p\u016fvodu. Poprv\u00e9 uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 struktury se mohou tvo\u0159it a replikovat zcela bez biologick\u00fdch molekul. Studie publikovan\u00e1 pod n\u00e1zvem \u201eSebereprodukce jako autonomn\u00ed proces r\u016fstu a reorganizace v pln\u011b abiotick\u00fdch, um\u011bl\u00fdch a syntetick\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch\u201c v renomovan\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span>\u010dasopise Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span><\/a> popisuje syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je schopen sebereprodukce prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010dist\u00e9 syntetick\u00e9 chemie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experiment byl zalo\u017een na elegantn\u00ed chemick\u00e9 reakci zvan\u00e9 polymerac\u00ed indukovan\u00e1 samosestavov\u00e1n\u00ed (PISA). V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pou\u017eili pouze nebiologick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky: ve vod\u011b rozpustn\u00fd polymer, hydrofobn\u00ed molekulu pro p\u0159enos \u0159et\u011bzce, monomer a sv\u011btlem aktivovan\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor. Tyto zd\u00e1nliv\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 ingredience byly oza\u0159ov\u00e1ny zelen\u00fdm LED sv\u011btlem po dobu 90 minut p\u0159i teplot\u011b 33 \u00b0C v uzav\u0159en\u00e9 n\u00e1dob\u011b pod dus\u00edkovou atmosf\u00e9rou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e sv\u011btlo tvo\u0159\u00ed \u017eivot<\/span><\/h3>\n

To, co se stalo potom, hrani\u010dilo s magi\u00ed chemie. Pod vlivem zelen\u00e9ho sv\u011btla se molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed bloky spojily a vytvo\u0159ily dlouh\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce \u2013 tento \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd proces je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako RAFT fotopolymerace. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 molekuly m\u011bly dv\u011b zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 vlastnosti: jeden konec vodu miloval, druh\u00fd ji odpuzoval. Tyto amfifiln\u00ed struktury, jak je chemici naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed, se chovaly jako drobn\u00e9 magnety se dv\u011bma p\u00f3ly.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Sch\u00e9ma um\u011bl\u00e9ho \u017eivota z laborato\u0159e. Obr\u00e1zek (C) Report24\/Heinz Steiner<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Povaha takov\u00fdch molekul vede k fascinuj\u00edc\u00edmu jevu samoorganizace. Stejn\u011b jako kapky oleje ve vod\u011b se vodoodpudiv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti navz\u00e1jem vyhled\u00e1valy a spont\u00e1nn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159ely mal\u00e9 dut\u00e9 kuli\u010dky \u2013 chemick\u00e9 bubliny, kter\u00e9 funk\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed biologick\u00e9 bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny. Ale to byl jen za\u010d\u00e1tek je\u0161t\u011b \u00fa\u017easn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spory bez biologie<\/span><\/h3>\n

Um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 bubliny si vyvinuly schopnost, kter\u00e1 byla d\u0159\u00edve pova\u017eov\u00e1na za v\u00fdsadu \u017eivota: za\u010daly se rozmno\u017eovat. Stejn\u011b jako biologick\u00e9 bu\u0148ky uvol\u0148ovaly mal\u00e9 polymer\u016fm podobn\u00e9 spory, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyvinuly do nov\u00fdch vezikul. Reprodukce neprob\u00edhala line\u00e1rn\u011b, ale z generace na generaci se zrychlovala \u2013 exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u016fst p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed bakteri\u00ed nebo jin\u00fdch mikroorganism\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eTento proces napodobuje kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 vlastnosti \u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a otev\u00edr\u00e1 nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro v\u00fdvoj cel\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy syst\u00e9m\u016f podobn\u00fdch \u017eivotu, ale nebiologick\u00fdch,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Sai Krishna Katla z v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu Harvardu. Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo revolu\u010dn\u00ed: zcela syntetick\u00fd syst\u00e9m se reprodukoval autonomn\u011b, bez jak\u00e9koli biologick\u00e9 pomoci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1hada p\u016fvodu \u017eivota<\/span><\/h3>\n

V\u00fdznam tohoto objevu sah\u00e1 daleko za hranice laborato\u0159e. P\u0159edchoz\u00ed pokusy o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed samoorganizuj\u00edc\u00edch se syst\u00e9m\u016f se v\u011bt\u0161inou spol\u00e9haly na biochemick\u00e9 slo\u017eky nebo neprok\u00e1zaly skute\u010dnou sebereplikaci. Tato studie poprv\u00e9 popisuje autonomn\u00ed, biochemicky neinvazivn\u00ed syst\u00e9m s reproduk\u010dn\u00edmi vlastnostmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Reprodukce z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u017eivotn\u00edch funkc\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jednoduch\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 reakce by mohla poskytnout kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 vod\u00edtka k ot\u00e1zce p\u016fvodu \u017eivota. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee prvn\u00ed formy \u017eivota neza\u010daly se slo\u017eit\u00fdmi molekulami, jako je DNA nebo proteiny, ale s mnohem jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edmi chemick\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 se dok\u00e1zaly samy organizovat a reprodukovat. Tato hypot\u00e9za by vy\u0159e\u0161ila slavn\u00fd biologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m slepice a vejce: Co bylo d\u0159\u00edv \u2013 informace, nebo struktura?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdhled do syntetick\u00e9 budoucnosti<\/span><\/h3>\n

Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed otev\u00edraj\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed perspektivy pro materi\u00e1lovou v\u011bdu a biotechnologii. Syntetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 se dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed samy organizovat, opravovat a vyv\u00edjet, by mohly m\u00edt revolu\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u2013 od samol\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\u017e po adaptivn\u00ed syst\u00e9my reaguj\u00edc\u00ed na zm\u011bny prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 jsme na za\u010d\u00e1tku nov\u00e9 \u00e9ry, ve kter\u00e9 se hranice mezi \u017eiv\u00fdm a ne\u017eiv\u00fdm st\u00edr\u00e1. V\u011bdci z Harvardu prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee \u017eivot nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b vy\u017eadovat biologii \u2013 n\u011bkdy sta\u010d\u00ed \u010dist\u00e1 chemie, trochu sv\u011btla a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky k odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee se d\u00edv\u00e1te mikroskopem na drobn\u00e9 kuli\u010dky, kter\u00e9 se d\u011bl\u00ed, rostou a mno\u017e\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":80193,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[8988,1156,1820,2170],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80192"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=80192"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80192\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/80193"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=80192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=80192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=80192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}