{"id":78478,"date":"2025-05-11T00:17:18","date_gmt":"2025-05-10T22:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=78478"},"modified":"2025-05-10T12:35:52","modified_gmt":"2025-05-10T10:35:52","slug":"nezdrave-bankovnictvi-proc-vetsina-svetovych-bank-smeruje-ke-kolapsu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/05\/11\/nezdrave-bankovnictvi-proc-vetsina-svetovych-bank-smeruje-ke-kolapsu\/","title":{"rendered":"Nezdrav\u00e9 bankovnictv\u00ed: Pro\u010d v\u011bt\u0161ina sv\u011btov\u00fdch bank sm\u011b\u0159uje ke kolapsu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee diskuse o \u201ezdrav\u00e9m bankovnictv\u00ed\u201c bude trochu nudn\u00e1. No, bankovnictv\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>by m\u011blo<\/span><\/em>\u00a0b\u00fdt nudn\u00e9. A jsme si jisti, \u017ee \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 z nich\u017e mnoz\u00ed maj\u00ed probl\u00e9my se sp\u00e1nkem \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011b to cht\u011bj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d je sv\u011btov\u00fd bankovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nezdrav\u00fd \u2013 a co odli\u0161uje zdravou banku od banky nezdrav\u00e9. M\u00e1m podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee ani jeden z tis\u00edce lid\u00ed ten rozd\u00edl doopravdy nech\u00e1pe. V\u00fdsledek: Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomika je nyn\u00ed zalo\u017eena na nesolventn\u00edch bank\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 obchoduj\u00ed s nesolventn\u00edmi m\u011bnami. Oba se ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi po\u010d\u00e1tky zna\u010dn\u011b zhor\u0161ily.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u016fvod modern\u00edho bankovnictv\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

Modern\u00ed bankovnictv\u00ed se vyvinulo ze zlatnick\u00e9ho \u0159emesla st\u0159edov\u011bku. Zlatn\u00edci m\u011bli z\u00e1soby drah\u00fdch kov\u016f, kter\u00e9 bezpe\u010dn\u011b skladovali, nakupovali a prod\u00e1vali. Tyto funkce t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyhnuteln\u011b vedly k p\u016fj\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed zlata \u2013 a tedy i pen\u011bz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zlat\u00e9 mince se pou\u017e\u00edvaly v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm obchod\u011b a\u017e do 30. let 20. stolet\u00ed. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bny byly pevn\u011b nav\u00e1z\u00e1ny na zlato. Banky byly b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 podniky, kter\u00e9 v podstat\u011b skladovaly zlato, p\u016fj\u010dovaly ho a o\u010dek\u00e1valy, \u017ee jim p\u016fj\u010den\u00e9 zlato vr\u00e1t\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dva typy bankovn\u00edch vklad\u016f<\/span><\/h3>\n

V minulosti se vklady jasn\u011b rozli\u0161ovaly:\u00a0<\/span>term\u00ednovan\u00e9 vklady<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>vklady na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Term\u00ednovan\u00e9 vklady<\/span><\/h4>\n

Term\u00ednovan\u00e9 vklady (nap\u0159. spo\u0159ic\u00ed \u00fa\u010dty) znamenaj\u00ed, \u017ee klient d\u00e1v\u00e1 bance k dispozici sv\u00e9 pen\u00edze na ur\u010ditou dobu a za to dost\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00farok. Banka zase v\u011bd\u011bla, \u017ee tyto pen\u00edze m\u016f\u017ee p\u016fj\u010dit po ur\u010ditou dobu \u2013 s \u00farokovou sazbou, kter\u00e1 pokr\u00fdvala rizika selh\u00e1n\u00ed a provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Solidn\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159 p\u016fj\u010d\u00ed takov\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky pouze proti dobr\u00e9mu zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00fdm dlu\u017en\u00edk\u016fm \u2013 pro produktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely, s jasn\u011b definovan\u00fdm spl\u00e1tkov\u00fdm kalend\u00e1\u0159em.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vklady na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/h4>\n

Vklady na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159. b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty) jsou splatn\u00e9 kdykoli. Bank\u00e9\u0159 pen\u00edze bezpe\u010dn\u011b uchov\u00e1v\u00e1, neplat\u00ed z nich \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u00faroky, m\u016f\u017ee si \u00fa\u010dtovat poplatky \u2013 a nesm\u00ed je p\u016fj\u010dovat. Vklady na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jsou jako uskladn\u011bn\u00fd n\u00e1bytek: plat\u00edte za skladov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale ne za to, aby ho n\u011bkdo pou\u017e\u00edval.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed bankovky byly jednodu\u0161e potvrzen\u00edmi o zakoupen\u00ed zlata \u2013 jako skladn\u00ed doklady. Kdy\u017e je st\u00e1ty vydaly, staly se platidlem. Transak\u010dn\u00ed m\u00e9dium \u2013 bankovky, mince, m\u011bna \u2013 bylo omezeno zlatem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d je dne\u0161n\u00ed bankovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nezdrav\u00fd<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pravidla \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00e1sob plat\u00ed i pro bankovnictv\u00ed. Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed bankovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m je v\u0161ak nyn\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b nejist\u00fd \u2013 od doby, kdy ho p\u0159evzaly vl\u00e1dami podporovan\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u00e1m financovat sv\u00e9 v\u00fddaje p\u016fj\u010dkami \u2013 zd\u00e1nliv\u011b bez dan\u00ed. Ale v\u00fdsledkem je devalvace m\u011bny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky existuj\u00ed jen kr\u00e1tkou dobu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad americk\u00fd Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervn\u00ed syst\u00e9m byl… B. byl zalo\u017een teprve v roce 1913.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e1 rezerva \u2013 trik s p\u00e1kov\u00fdm efektem<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bank\u00e9\u0159 vid\u00ed, jak m\u00e1lo zlata se ve skute\u010dnosti shroma\u017e\u010fuje \u2013 a pt\u00e1 se s\u00e1m sebe: Pro\u010d jednodu\u0161e nevyd\u00e1vat v\u00edce potvrzen\u00ed, nep\u016fj\u010dovat v\u00edce pen\u011bz a \u00faroky si nechat? To by byl podvod \u2013 ale l\u00e1kav\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dokud banky jednaj\u00ed samostatn\u011b, riskuj\u00ed, \u017ee budou vystaveny riziku hromadn\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru pen\u011bz. Ale s centr\u00e1ln\u00edmi bankami, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za nimi, je toto nebezpe\u010d\u00ed odvr\u00e1ceno: centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka nastupuje jako \u201ev\u011b\u0159itel posledn\u00ed instance\u201c. To umo\u017e\u0148uje bank\u00e9\u0159\u016fm d\u00e1vat sliby, kter\u00e9 by bez z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b nikdy nemohli dodr\u017eet.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d je dnes v\u0161echno zalo\u017eeno na pap\u00ed\u0159e<\/span><\/h3>\n

V dne\u0161n\u00edm \u201esyst\u00e9mu minim\u00e1ln\u00edch rezerv\u201c sta\u010d\u00ed dr\u017eet jako rezervy pouze zlomek vklad\u016f. V minulosti se za ka\u017edou bankovku ukl\u00e1dalo zlato. Dnes: Fiat pen\u00edze \u2013 pap\u00edr, kter\u00fd je pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00edky tomu je bankovnictv\u00ed mnohem ziskov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed: tyt\u00e9\u017e dolary se p\u016fj\u010duj\u00ed opakovan\u011b a vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u00faroky. Ale p\u00e1kov\u00fd efekt s sebou nese riziko \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdch reakc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky pravideln\u011b upravuj\u00ed sazbu minim\u00e1ln\u00edch rezerv v z\u00e1vislosti na sv\u00e9m posouzen\u00ed situace. Cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m z\u00e1vis\u00ed na d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e \u2013 nikoli na skute\u010dn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vklad\u016f \u2013 klamav\u00e9 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n

V roce 1934 zavedla americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed FDIC \u2013 dnes a\u017e 250 000 dolar\u016f. V Evrop\u011b je garantov\u00e1no 100 000 eur.<\/span><\/p>\n

FDIC v\u0161ak kryje vklady v hodnot\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 11 bilion\u016f dolar\u016f, ale aktiva m\u00e1 pouze 137 miliard dolar\u016f. To odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jednomu centu za dolar. FDIC pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b velk\u00e9 krize zkrachuje \u2013 a bude rekapitalizov\u00e1na nov\u00fdmi pen\u011bzi od Fedu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/span><\/h3>\n

Frak\u010dn\u00ed bankovnictv\u00ed je hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bno v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Vl\u00e1dy a centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky ud\u011blaj\u00ed v\u0161e pro to, aby si udr\u017eely d\u016fv\u011bru \u2013 zejm\u00e9na t\u00edm, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>za ka\u017edou cenu zabr\u00e1n\u00ed deflaci<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0. Aby toho dos\u00e1hli, budou i nad\u00e1le tisknout dolary, eura, jeny, libry atd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mka<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0: V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed nem\u00e1 tu\u0161en\u00ed, co se stane, kdy\u017e se bankovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zhrout\u00ed \u2013 a je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b, jak se chr\u00e1nit. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo si chce zabezpe\u010dit sv\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed, pot\u0159ebuje skute\u010dn\u00e1 aktiva, jako je zlato. P\u0159e\u017eilo tis\u00edcilet\u00ed \u2013 a p\u0159e\u017eije i p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed krizi.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee diskuse o \u201ezdrav\u00e9m bankovnictv\u00ed\u201c bude trochu nudn\u00e1. No, bankovnictv\u00ed\u00a0by m\u011blo\u00a0b\u00fdt nudn\u00e9….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":38926,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[503,45,940,4572],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/78478"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=78478"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/78478\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=78478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=78478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}