{"id":78426,"date":"2025-05-10T00:16:50","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T22:16:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=78426"},"modified":"2025-05-09T14:22:29","modified_gmt":"2025-05-09T12:22:29","slug":"oskar-krejci-velka-vlastenecka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/05\/10\/oskar-krejci-velka-vlastenecka\/","title":{"rendered":"Oskar Krej\u010d\u00ed: Velk\u00e1 vlasteneck\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Politolog Oskar Krej\u010d\u00ed se zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad rol\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu v\u00a02.\u00a0sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 nejen ob\u011bti a\u00a0um v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f, ale i\u00a0p\u00edsn\u011b, kter\u00e9 je oslavuj\u00ed dodnes.<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00edky primitivn\u00ed politizaci minulosti se d\u016fstojn\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky na hrdiny nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1lky v\u00a0lidsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry zm\u011bnily na souboj emoc\u00ed. V\u00a0\u010cesko-Slovensku to za\u010dalo v\u00a0dubnu 1991. Tehdy jeden v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk \u2013 a\u00a0po\u00a0n\u011bm n\u011bkolik poslanc\u016f \u2013 nat\u0159el pam\u00e1tn\u00edk osvobozen\u00ed Prahy na r\u016f\u017eovo. Tento nekulturn\u00ed \u010din novore\u017eimn\u00ed sd\u011blovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky ok\u00e1zale oslavily. Od t\u00e9 chv\u00edle se \u010das od \u010dasu zvedne kaln\u00e1 vlna, kdy\u017e nov\u00ed obrazoborci \u017eebraj\u00ed o\u00a0medi\u00e1ln\u00ed pozornost. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily \u0159ady t\u011bch, kdo d\u00e1vaj\u00ed najevo odvahu kop\u00e1n\u00edm do mrtv\u00fdch v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f. Jejich z\u00e1sluhou se diskuse o\u00a02.\u00a0sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce zu\u017euje na roli Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu p\u0159i\u00a0osvobozov\u00e1n\u00ed Evropy a\u00a0\u010ceska od n\u011bmeck\u00fdch nacist\u016f. Nen\u00ed to \u00fapln\u00fd obraz t\u00e9to v\u00e1lky. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b se ale jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed pozornosti na toho, kdo m\u00e1 na slavn\u00e9m v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed p\u0159ed 80 lety nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sluhy.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky o\u00a0strategii<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Z\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku se j\u00ed \u0159\u00edkalo\u00a0Svat\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/a>. Stalo se tak d\u00edky Alexandru Alexandrovovi, kter\u00fd u\u017e v\u00a0prvn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch vystihl existencion\u00e1ln\u00ed rozm\u011br boj\u016f. Slo\u017eil tehdy vzne\u0161enou p\u00edse\u0148, p\u0159i\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e mraz\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159i\u00a0kter\u00e9 dodnes nejen v\u00a0Rusku v\u00a0s\u00e1lech vst\u00e1vaj\u00ed poslucha\u010di ze sedadel. Pak se ale v\u017eil n\u00e1zev Velk\u00e1 vlasteneck\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Navazovalo se tak na p\u0159edstavu Vlasteneck\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy proti invazn\u00edm Napoleonov\u00fdm voj\u00e1k\u016fm nebojovala jen regul\u00e9rn\u00ed arm\u00e1da Alexandra I. \u2013 v\u00a0t\u00fdlu jeho vojsk otev\u0159eli \u201edruhou frontu\u201c partyz\u00e1ni. A\u00a0byly i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed podobnosti. Tak\u00e9 Hitler, obdobn\u011b jako Napoleon, dok\u00e1zal p\u0159ed \u00fatokem sjednotit proti Rusku t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 celou kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropu. Traduje se t\u00e9\u017e, \u017ee Napoleona, a\u00a0po\u00a0n\u011bm i\u00a0Hitlera, porazil \u201egener\u00e1l zima\u201c \u2013 mr\u00e1z, na kter\u00fd nebyli \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci p\u0159ipraveni. Jen\u017ee to u\u017e je zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edstava.<\/p>\n

Napoleon obsadil Moskvu v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed roku 1812, opustil ji v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu t\u00e9ho\u017e roku \u2013 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u201egener\u00e1l zima\u201c ho k\u00a0tomu nenutil. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed chybou Napoleona bylo, \u017ee sice obsadil Moskvu, ale nedok\u00e1zal zni\u010dit ruskou arm\u00e1du. Pak se mu situace vymkla z\u00a0rukou. Jeho\u00a0Grande Arm\u00e9e\u00a0<\/em>ve vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 Moskv\u011b trp\u011bla nemocemi a\u00a0dezerc\u00ed, m\u011bla \u0161patn\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0chyb\u011bl politick\u00fd v\u00fdsledek vojensk\u00e9ho \u00fasp\u011bchu v\u00a0podob\u011b jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0carem \u2013 Alexandr byl s\u00a0druhou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy pobl\u00ed\u017e tehdej\u0161\u00edho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta, kter\u00fdm byl Sankt-Pet\u011brburg, Petrohrad. V\u00a0t\u00e9\u017ee dob\u011b Kutuzovova arm\u00e1da dopl\u0148ovala stavy i\u00a0v\u00fdzbroj a\u00a0zdokonalovala v\u00fdcvik.<\/p>\n

\u00dasp\u011bchy nacist\u016f<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee Hitler zopakoval Napoleonovu chybu, je klamav\u00e9. Nejen\u017ee\u00a0Pl\u00e1n Barbarossa<\/em>\u00a0m\u011bl jasn\u011bji stanoven\u00fd politick\u00fd c\u00edl, ale wehrmacht spolu s\u00a0voj\u00e1ky spojenc\u016f \u00fato\u010dil po\u00a0cel\u00e9 linii od Finska po\u00a0Rumunsko. A\u00a0hlavn\u011b: netla\u010dil Rudou arm\u00e1du p\u0159ed sebou. Kdy\u017e 22.\u00a0\u010dervna 1941 za\u00fato\u010dil, jeho pozemn\u00ed motorizovan\u00e9 jednotky a\u00a0p\u0159evaha ve vzduchu dok\u00e1zaly prolamovat frontovou linii a\u00a0uzav\u00edrat velik\u00e1 uskupen\u00ed Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy do smrt\u00edc\u00edch \u201ekotl\u016f\u201c. B\u011bhem prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze Velk\u00e9 vlasteneck\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, tedy kampan\u011b l\u00e9ta a\u00a0podzimu roku 1941, \u010dinily ztr\u00e1ty Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159i miliony voj\u00e1k\u016f. To je v\u00edc, ne\u017e kolik jich bylo shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno na z\u00e1padn\u00edm sm\u011bru v\u00a0okam\u017eiku za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00e1lky. V\u00a0Berl\u00edn\u011b za\u010dali slavit; Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz odepsali i\u00a0politici v\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b a\u00a0ve Washingtonu. Zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee zcela opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b. V\u017edy\u0165 Francie kapitulovala, kdy\u017e ztr\u00e1ty jej\u00ed arm\u00e1dy v\u00a0roce 1940 za jeden a\u00a0p\u016fl m\u011bs\u00edce dos\u00e1hly necel\u00fdch 59 tis\u00edc padl\u00fdch, 123 tis\u00edc ran\u011bn\u00fdch plus dva miliony zajat\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1lka zastihla Rudou arm\u00e1du ve f\u00e1zi reorganizace a p\u0159ezbrojov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 v dob\u011b sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kvality velitelsk\u00e9ho sboru: politick\u00e9 \u010distky zas\u00e1hly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 40 tis\u00edc velitel\u016f Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, ale i pracovn\u00edk\u016f zpravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. To bezesporu p\u0159isp\u011blo k tomu, \u017ee velmi dob\u0159e p\u0159ipraven\u00ed n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed voj\u00e1ci pronikli hluboko do Ruska. Nacist\u00e9 okupovali v\u00edce ne\u017e 1,5 milionu kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch sov\u011btsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, kde \u017eilo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 75 milion\u016f lid\u00ed. V prvn\u00edm roce v\u00e1lky Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz ztratil \u00fazem\u00ed, kde bylo 41 % jeho \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch trat\u00ed, 42 % zdroj\u016f elektrick\u00e9 energie, 71 % \u017eelezn\u00e9 rudy, 63 % uhl\u00ed a 58 % kapacit na v\u00fdrobu hrub\u00e9 oceli. Padl Minsk, Kyjev, Charkov, Smolensk, Od\u011bsa. Leningrad byl obkl\u00ed\u010den, wehrmacht st\u00e1l pod Moskvou\u2026 Takov\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9, vojensk\u00e9, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a \u00fazemn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd st\u00e1t ne\u017e Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz nevydr\u017eel.<\/p>\n

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku zimy 1941 to vypadalo, \u017ee Hitler Rudou arm\u00e1du zni\u010dil. Jen\u017ee v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz stav\u011bl arm\u00e1du novou.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Velk\u00e1 vlasteneck\u00e1 v\u00e1lka trvala t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159i roky. To, \u017ee Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz nakonec zv\u00edt\u011bzil, bylo d\u00e1no \u010dty\u0159mi hlavn\u00edmi faktory, kter\u00e9 se projevily u\u017e v\u00a0prvn\u00ed ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 f\u00e1zi v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n