{"id":78234,"date":"2025-05-08T00:18:01","date_gmt":"2025-05-07T22:18:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=78234"},"modified":"2025-05-07T16:00:24","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T14:00:24","slug":"cenzura-v-ochrannem-plasti-trumpuv-zakon-proti-deepfakes-se-stava-zbrani-proti-politicke-kritice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/05\/08\/cenzura-v-ochrannem-plasti-trumpuv-zakon-proti-deepfakes-se-stava-zbrani-proti-politicke-kritice\/","title":{"rendered":"Cenzura v ochrann\u00e9m pl\u00e1\u0161ti \u2013 Trump\u016fv z\u00e1kon proti deepfakes se st\u00e1v\u00e1 zbran\u00ed proti politick\u00e9 kritice"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content\" data-id=\"1fb4c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-content.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p><strong><span>\u201eZ\u00e1kon o zru\u0161en\u00ed\u201c: Zbra\u0148 cenzury maskovan\u00e1 jako ochrana.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em><span>Cenzurn\u00ed mechanismus, kter\u00fd nejd\u0159\u00edve st\u0159\u00edl\u00ed a pak se pt\u00e1 \u2013 bez mo\u017enosti n\u00e1pravy.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>Prezident Trump schv\u00e1lil\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reclaimthenet.org\/take-it-down-act-a-trojan-horse-for-online-censorship\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/reclaimthenet.org\/take-it-down-act-a-trojan-horse-for-online-censorship\"><span>z\u00e1kon Take It Down Act<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, kter\u00fd\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.reclaimthenet.org\/take-it-down.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/docs.reclaimthenet.org\/take-it-down.pdf\"><span>m\u00e1<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0bojovat proti distribuci sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch obr\u00e1zk\u016f po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch bez souhlasu (NCII), v\u010detn\u011b deepfakes generovan\u00fdch um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed. Legislativa nabrala na obr\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky podpo\u0159e prvn\u00ed d\u00e1my Melanie Trumpov\u00e9 \u2013 a samotn\u00e9ho Trumpa, kter\u00fd ji ve sv\u00e9m projevu v Kongresu 4. b\u0159ezna v\u00fdslovn\u011b uv\u00edtal:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201eSen\u00e1t pr\u00e1v\u011b schv\u00e1lil z\u00e1kon o odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f\u2026 Jakmile projde Sn\u011bmovnou reprezentant\u016f, t\u011b\u0161\u00edm se na jeho podpis. A pokud v\u00e1m to nevad\u00ed, pou\u017eiji ho i pro sebe \u2013 proto\u017ee s nik\u00fdm se online nezach\u00e1z\u00ed h\u016f\u0159 ne\u017e se mnou, s nik\u00fdm.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>A\u010dkoliv tato pozn\u00e1mka byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b m\u00edn\u011bna ironicky, vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017enou ot\u00e1zku: Jak bude tento z\u00e1kon vym\u00e1h\u00e1n \u2013 a kdo z n\u011bj m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prosp\u011bch?<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span>Nezbytn\u00fd z\u00e1kon s potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00faskal\u00edmi<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Vzestup explicitn\u00edho obsahu generovan\u00e9ho um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed a pomstychtiv\u00e9ho porna je nepochybn\u011b skute\u010dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Ob\u011bti NCII bojuj\u00ed ji\u017e l\u00e9ta za odstran\u011bn\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho obsahu \u2013 \u010dasto marn\u011b. Z\u00e1kon \u201eTake It Down Act\u201c m\u00e1 d\u00e1t jednotlivc\u016fm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravomoc br\u00e1nit se p\u0159ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00fatoky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale stejn\u011b jako u mnoha internetov\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 probl\u00e9m v detailech. Kritici varuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u0161irok\u00fd z\u00e1kon se m\u016f\u017ee rychle st\u00e1t pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zbran\u00ed \u2013 zejm\u00e9na pokud chyb\u00ed jasn\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span>Debata o svobod\u011b projevu<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Zn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu z\u00e1kona vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 obavy, \u017ee by mohl b\u00fdt odstran\u011bn i legitimn\u00ed obsah, jako je satira, \u017eurnalistika nebo politick\u00e9 koment\u00e1\u0159e \u2013 s odkazem na \u00fadajn\u00e1 \u201enekonsenzu\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed. Finan\u010dn\u011b mocn\u00ed jednotlivci nebo politici by mohli z\u00e1kon vyu\u017e\u00edt k odstran\u011bn\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho obsahu, i kdy\u017e nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu skute\u010dn\u00e9mu poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kona.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>P\u0159\u00edklady ukazuj\u00ed, jak nebezpe\u010dn\u011b v\u00e1gn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pojem \u201esexu\u00e1ln\u011b explicitn\u00ed\u201c. Obr\u00e1zek vygenerovan\u00fd um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed, kter\u00fd ukazuje Trumpa, jak l\u00edb\u00e1 Elonu Muskovi nohy \u2013 zjevn\u011b satirick\u00fd \u2013 by teoreticky mohl spadat pod NCII. Stejn\u011b tak upraven\u00fd mem b\u011bhem voleb v roce 2024 zobrazoval Kamalu Harrisovou a Tima Walze jako postavy z filmu \u201eBlb\u00fd a blb\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c s p\u0159ehnan\u00fdmi gesty. Meta obr\u00e1zek cenzurovala \u2013 \u00fadajn\u011b kv\u016fli sexu\u00e1ln\u00edmu obsahu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Takov\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady ilustruj\u00ed \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3ny. Pokud je satira pova\u017eov\u00e1na za NCII, cesta k politick\u00e9 o\u010dist\u011b internetu nen\u00ed daleko.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span>Cenzura stisknut\u00edm tla\u010d\u00edtka: Z\u00e1kon pro mocn\u00e9?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Podle z\u00e1kona mus\u00ed platformy reagovat na \u017e\u00e1dosti o smaz\u00e1n\u00ed do 48 hodin \u2013 bez poskytnut\u00ed jak\u00fdchkoli d\u016fkaz\u016f. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pouh\u00e9 obvin\u011bn\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed k odstran\u011bn\u00ed obsahu. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odvolac\u00ed mechanismus, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed org\u00e1n ani transparentnost. Internet se st\u00e1v\u00e1 minov\u00fdm polem pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo ve\u0159ejn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A soci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00e9dia \u2013 jako obvykle \u2013 tomu samoz\u0159ejm\u011b neodolaj\u00ed. Pokud hroz\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed represe, je lep\u0161\u00ed cenzurovat p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychle ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span>Selektivn\u00ed vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed: Zn\u00e1m\u00fd vzorec<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Z\u00e1kon nebude uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n rovnom\u011brn\u011b. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed kontroluj\u00ed vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va \u2013 jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed obchodn\u00ed komise (FTC) \u2013 maj\u00ed obrovskou moc. Minulost uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee takov\u00e9 org\u00e1ny jednaj\u00ed politicky. B\u011bhem pandemie byli kritici vl\u00e1dy cenzurov\u00e1ni, zat\u00edmco p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 dezinformace z\u016fstaly bez pov\u0161imnut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Spole\u010dnosti a lobbistick\u00e9 skupiny by tak\u00e9 mohly z\u00e1kon vyu\u017e\u00edt k potla\u010den\u00ed kritick\u00e9ho zpravodajstv\u00ed. Spole\u010dnost by mohla tvrdit, \u017ee fotografie poru\u0161uje ochranu NCII \u2013 a odhalen\u00ed, v\u00fdzkumy a hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed oznamovatel\u016f zmiz\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span>\u201eZ\u00e1kon o odstran\u011bn\u00ed\u201c jako trojsk\u00fd k\u016f\u0148<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Na prvn\u00ed pohled se n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona jev\u00ed jako dob\u0159e m\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 ochrana. Ve skute\u010dnosti se ale otev\u00edraj\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 dve\u0159e: k automatizovan\u00e9 cenzu\u0159e, st\u00e1tn\u00edmu dohledu a selektivn\u00edmu potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Podobnost s postupem DMCA je pozoruhodn\u00e1. V praxi byl tento z\u00e1kon tak\u00e9 masov\u011b zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n k cenzurn\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm \u2013 bez d\u016fkaz\u016f, bez pr\u00e1vn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b problematick\u00fd: tlak na \u0161ifrovanou komunikaci. Messengerov\u00e9 slu\u017eby by mohly b\u00fdt nuceny skenovat obsah \u2013 co\u017e by byl p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd \u00fatok na end-to-end \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. Co za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jako ochrana p\u0159ed zneu\u017eit\u00edm, kon\u010d\u00ed tot\u00e1ln\u00edm sledov\u00e1n\u00edm soukrom\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span>Jak\u00fd by byl rozumn\u00fd zp\u016fsob?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed NCII by vy\u017eadovalo:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Jasn\u00e9 definice a ochrana legitimn\u00edch forem projevu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>D\u016fkazn\u00ed b\u0159emeno le\u017e\u00ed na st\u011b\u017eovateli.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Sankce za zneu\u017eit\u00ed syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ochrana pro \u0161ifrovanou komunikaci.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Ale tohle v\u0161echno v z\u00e1kon\u011b o odstran\u011bn\u00ed chyb\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00e1gn\u00ed, ke zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1chyln\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u2013 leg\u00e1ln\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed zbra\u0148 pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed si ji mohou dovolit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span>\u201eZ\u00e1kon o zru\u0161en\u00ed\u201c nen\u00ed ochrann\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem, za kter\u00fd se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1. Je to trojsk\u00fd k\u016f\u0148, kter\u00fd se \u2013 pod rou\u0161kou ochrany ob\u011bt\u00ed \u2013 vyv\u00edj\u00ed, aby elit\u00e1m poskytoval digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrolu a vliv na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo chce zachovat svobodu internetu, mus\u00ed tyto z\u00e1kony kriticky prozkoumat \u2013 d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se svoboda projevu stane jen nostalgickou vzpom\u00ednkou.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c57238 quelle dc-has-condition dc-condition-empty elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c57238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/reclaimthenet.org\/take-it-down-act-free-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201eZ\u00e1kon o zru\u0161en\u00ed\u201c: Zbra\u0148 cenzury maskovan\u00e1 jako ochrana. Cenzurn\u00ed mechanismus, kter\u00fd nejd\u0159\u00edve st\u0159\u00edl\u00ed a pak&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":15195,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[63,37,609],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/78234"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=78234"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/78234\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15195"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=78234"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=78234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}