{"id":77684,"date":"2025-05-01T00:13:30","date_gmt":"2025-04-30T22:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=77684"},"modified":"2025-04-30T12:05:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-30T10:05:21","slug":"myslite-si-ze-cina-je-narod-ktery-neumi-bojovat-zamyslete-se-znovu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/05\/01\/myslite-si-ze-cina-je-narod-ktery-neumi-bojovat-zamyslete-se-znovu\/","title":{"rendered":"Mysl\u00edte si, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna je \u201en\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd neum\u00ed bojovat\u201c? Zamyslete se znovu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Z\u00e1pad se po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed vysm\u00edval pekingsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b \u2013 mo\u017en\u00e1 toho brzy bude litovat<\/h3>\n

Internet je zaplaven cit\u00e1ty p\u0159ipisovan\u00fdmi \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm filozof\u016fm. Kdo nevid\u011bl mem s\u00a0<\/span>\u201eKonfuciov\u00fdm\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0v\u00fdrokem nebo nesly\u0161el o takzvan\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>\u201estarov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 kletb\u011b\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0o \u017eivot\u011b v zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch? Ve skute\u010dnosti je 99 % t\u011bchto cit\u00e1t\u016f fale\u0161n\u00fdch a odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e z\u00e1padn\u00ed projekce \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 moudrosti ne\u017e jej\u00ed realitu. P\u0159esto jedno r\u010den\u00ed \u2013\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u201ez dobr\u00e9ho \u017eeleza se ned\u011blaj\u00ed h\u0159eb\u00edky; z dobr\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f se ned\u011blaj\u00ed voj\u00e1ci\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u2013 je skute\u010dn\u011b \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9. Je zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm od dynastie Song (konec 10. \u2013 za\u010d\u00e1tek 12. stolet\u00ed) a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se dodnes, k velk\u00e9mu podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed politick\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u011b osvobozeneck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy (PLA).<\/span><\/p>\n

Celosv\u011btov\u011b toto p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed pomohlo p\u0159i\u017eivit m\u00fdtus, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna\u00a0<\/span>\u201enikdy nerada v\u00e1l\u010dila\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>\u201ev\u017edycky prohr\u00e1vala v\u00e1lky\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0Absurdita tohoto n\u00e1zoru je v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u00e1, kdy\u017e se \u010dlov\u011bk jednodu\u0161e pod\u00edv\u00e1 na mapu sv\u011bta dnes. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 \u2013 a nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se \u010c\u00edna st\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnou supervelmoc\u00ed, by tato myln\u00e1 p\u0159edstava mohla m\u00edt pro sv\u011bt nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Historick\u00e9 ko\u0159eny<\/span><\/h2>\n

Abychom pochopili p\u016fvod tohoto p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed, mus\u00edme se pod\u00edvat na strukturu arm\u00e1dy dynastie Song. Ran\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Chan, se spol\u00e9haly na brannou povinnost, ale postupem \u010dasu se \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159sk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy staly normou. Chronick\u00fd nedostatek dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f byl \u0159e\u0161en odvodem zlo\u010dinc\u016f a dlu\u017en\u00edk\u016f \u2013 arm\u00e1dy se tak prom\u011bnily ve sb\u00edrky\u00a0<\/span>\u201ene\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch\u201c lid\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

D\u016fstojn\u00edci naopak poch\u00e1zeli z privilegovan\u00fdch vrstev a skl\u00e1dali c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky. Tyto zkou\u0161ky, a\u010dkoli m\u00e9n\u011b presti\u017en\u00ed ne\u017e jejich civiln\u00ed prot\u011bj\u0161ky, p\u0159esto ud\u011blovaly status. Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee civiln\u00ed byrokracie byla mal\u00e1, co\u017e jej\u00edm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm dod\u00e1valo mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou moc, zat\u00edmco \u0159adov\u00ed voj\u00e1ci z\u016fst\u00e1vali soci\u00e1ln\u011b degradovan\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento vzorec se velmi podobal Evrop\u011b v 17. a 18. stolet\u00ed: privilegovan\u00fd d\u016fstojnick\u00fd sbor a voj\u00e1ci s n\u00edzk\u00fdm spole\u010densk\u00fdm statusem, \u010dasto zlo\u010dinci. Wellingtonova pozn\u00e1mka z roku 1811, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>\u201edo pravideln\u00e9 slu\u017eby vstupuj\u00ed pouze mu\u017ei s nejhor\u0161\u00edm charakterem\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0by se dala \u0159\u00edci i o \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba byla trestem; voj\u00e1ci byli sp\u00ed\u0161e ob\u00e1v\u00e1ni pro sv\u00e9 \u0161patn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e obdivov\u00e1ni pro svou state\u010dnost. V tomto kontextu d\u00e1valo p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201emu\u017ei a h\u0159eb\u00edky\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0dokonal\u00fd smysl \u2013 a nebylo zdaleka jedine\u010dn\u00e9 pro \u010c\u00ednu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Modern\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed glorifikace voj\u00e1ka \u2013 spojen\u00e1 s masovou brannou povinnost\u00ed, nacionalismem a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm militarismem \u2013 se objevila a\u017e v 19. stolet\u00ed. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b, kde soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a politick\u00e1 zaostalost p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala d\u00e9le, za\u010dala tato transformace s obrovsk\u00fdmi obt\u00ed\u017eemi a\u017e ve 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky \u010c\u00edny<\/span><\/h2>\n

Pravideln\u00e1, centr\u00e1ln\u011b velen\u00e1, profesion\u00e1ln\u011b vycvi\u010den\u00e1 arm\u00e1da \u2013 \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u011b demokratick\u00e1 arm\u00e1da (PLA) \u2013 byla vytvo\u0159ena a\u017e v 50. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed komunist\u016f. PLA t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b prok\u00e1zala svou efektivitu intervenc\u00ed v korejsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, zp\u016fsoben\u00edm \u0159ady por\u00e1\u017eek sil\u00e1m OSN a z\u00e1chranou Severn\u00ed Koreje. Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz se naopak omezil na vysl\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch a protiletadlov\u00fdch jednotek.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1962 zah\u00e1jila \u010c\u00edna v\u010dasnou a p\u0159ekvapivou ofenz\u00edvu proti Indii, b\u011bhem n\u00ed\u017e dos\u00e1hla rychl\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a \u00fazemn\u00edch zisk\u016f. Peking ude\u0159il v dob\u011b, kdy byl sv\u011bt rozptylov\u00e1n kub\u00e1nskou raketovou kriz\u00ed. B\u011bhem 60. let \u010c\u00edna tak\u00e9 poskytovala v\u00fdznamnou vojenskou podporu Severn\u00edmu Vietnamu, ob\u010das nasadila a\u017e 170 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f \u2013 podstatn\u011b v\u00edce, ne\u017e kdy Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz nasadil.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1969 Peking vyprovokoval a vedl mal\u00e9 pohrani\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159ety se SSSR \u2013 promy\u0161lenou demonstraci s\u00edly zam\u011b\u0159enou na dosa\u017een\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f zahrani\u010dn\u00ed a dom\u00e1c\u00ed politiky, v\u010detn\u011b vydl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed cesty pro sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Vojensk\u00e1 slo\u017eka byla mal\u00e1; politick\u00fd dopad byl obrovsk\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm PLA vedla dlouhodobou protipovstaleckou kampa\u0148 v Tibetu a na za\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let porazila partyz\u00e1ny podporovan\u00e9 USA a Indi\u00ed. Zapojila se tak\u00e9 do opakovan\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch akc\u00ed proti Tchaj-wanu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e prok\u00e1zala jasnou p\u0159evahu v Tchajwansk\u00e9m pr\u016flivu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Riskov\u00e1n\u00ed a adaptace<\/span><\/h2>\n

V \u00fanoru 1979 zah\u00e1jila \u010c\u00edna invazi do Vietnamu, nov\u011b vznikl\u00e9ho sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho spojence. Tento odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd \u010din riskoval konflikt s jadernou supervelmoc\u00ed. Kampa\u0148 odhalila nedostatky \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, ale tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1zala jej\u00ed odolnost, ochotu absorbovat t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a schopnost prov\u00e1d\u011bt rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 ofenz\u00edvy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco Vietnam se d\u00edky sov\u011btsk\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m v\u016f\u010di \u010c\u00edn\u011b udr\u017eel, schopnost Pekingu jednat \u2013 a donutit Moskvu i Washington k p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed jejich politiky \u2013 byla velk\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsko-vietnamsk\u00fd konflikt se vyvinul v desetilet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed pohrani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lku, kter\u00e1 se vyzna\u010dovala d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdmi souboji, n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edmi st\u0159ety a n\u00e1jezdy a vyvrcholila rozhodn\u00fdm n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm \u010c\u00edny na Spratlyho ostrovech v roce 1988.<\/span><\/p>\n

Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f v letech 1949-1989 s v\u00fdsledky Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu odhaluje pozoruhodn\u00fd fakt: \u010c\u00edna pou\u017e\u00edvala vojenskou s\u00edlu b\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky \u010dast\u011bji a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b efektivn\u011bji ne\u017e SSSR.<\/span><\/p>\n

Modernizace a trp\u011blivost<\/span><\/h2>\n

Po Maov\u011b smrti pro\u0161la \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u011b vojensk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da hlubokou modernizac\u00ed, a to jak politickou, tak i spole\u010denskou. Vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba z\u00edskala na presti\u017ei. B\u011bhem Kulturn\u00ed revoluce se arm\u00e1da stala pil\u00ed\u0159em vl\u00e1dy a spole\u010dnosti. P\u0159esto se \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politika od 90. let 20. stolet\u00ed obr\u00e1tila k defenziv\u011b \u2013 ne ze slabosti, ale ze strategick\u00e9 kalkulace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu \u010delila \u010c\u00edna unipol\u00e1rn\u00edmu sv\u011btu ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9mu Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. P\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a rozvoj vy\u017eadovaly trp\u011blivost. Peking se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 30 let vyh\u00fdbal velk\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm st\u0159etnut\u00edm a m\u00edsto toho se zam\u011b\u0159oval na ekonomick\u00e9 a technologick\u00e9 pr\u016flomy. Demonstrace s\u00edly byly vyhrazeny pro obranu\u00a0<\/span>\u201ez\u00e1kladn\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0jako nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u011bhem krize v Tchajwansk\u00e9m pr\u016flivu v letech 1995\u20131996.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncem roku 2010 se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed zm\u011bnilo. Americk\u00e1 dominance oslabila. Unipol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d se rozpadl. Vzestup \u010c\u00edny, jak ekonomick\u00fd, tak vojensk\u00fd, se stal nepopirateln\u00fdm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Postupn\u00e9 znovuupev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 moci Pekingem bylo opatrn\u00e9, ale nezam\u011bniteln\u00e9: roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edho dosahu, navazov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00fdch partnerstv\u00ed a prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed v potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch konfliktn\u00edch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd m\u00fdtus<\/span><\/h2>\n

M\u00fdtus o \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 neschopnosti nen\u00ed jen historicky myln\u00fd, ale m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sledky. V minulosti vedlo podce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed protivn\u00edky k chybn\u00fdm odhad\u016fm \u2013 k jejich velk\u00e9 \u00fajm\u011b. Dnes, kdy\u017e se \u010c\u00edna pe\u010dliv\u011b p\u0159ipravuje na sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed velk\u00e9 bojov\u00e9 operace po desetilet\u00edch, by jej\u00ed protivn\u00edci ud\u011blali dob\u0159e, kdyby se zbavili iluz\u00ed a pe\u010dliv\u011bji studovali historii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peking se do v\u00e1lky nehrne. Bude jednat pouze za podm\u00ednek, kter\u00e9 uzn\u00e1 za p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, a za okolnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 si pe\u010dliv\u011b p\u0159ipravil. Ale nenechte se m\u00fdlit: a\u017e \u010c\u00edna bude jednat, nebude pasivn\u00ed a neschopnou mocnost\u00ed, jak si ji p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zastaral\u00e9 stereotypy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od\u00a0<\/span>Vasilije Ka\u0161ina<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, PhD. politologie, \u0159editele Centra pro komplexn\u00ed evropsk\u00e1 a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studia, HSE<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Z\u00e1pad se po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed vysm\u00edval pekingsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b \u2013 mo\u017en\u00e1 toho brzy bude litovat Internet…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":77685,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,80,30,321],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77684"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77684"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77684\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77685"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}