{"id":75429,"date":"2025-04-01T08:03:23","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T06:03:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=75429"},"modified":"2025-04-01T08:03:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T06:03:23","slug":"uriel-araujo-africky-roh-gambit-amerika-podnecuje-napeti-mezi-somalskem-a-somalilandem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/04\/01\/uriel-araujo-africky-roh-gambit-amerika-podnecuje-napeti-mezi-somalskem-a-somalilandem\/","title":{"rendered":"Uriel Araujo: Africk\u00fd roh Gambit – Amerika podn\u011bcuje nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi Som\u00e1lskem a Somalilandem"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Washington zjevn\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee odolat poku\u0161en\u00ed prom\u011bnit sporn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed ve vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny. Historie n\u00e1s varuje, \u017ee takov\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy jen z\u0159\u00eddka kon\u010d\u00ed dob\u0159e \u2013 a u\u017e v\u016fbec ne pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se dostali do k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 palby.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V dal\u0161\u00ed kapitole sv\u00e9 bezohledn\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky se zd\u00e1, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou p\u0159ipraveny za\u017eehnout nov\u00fd chaos v Africk\u00e9m rohu. Posledn\u00ed krok Washingtonu zahrnuje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dohodu quid pro quo se Somalilandem, samozvan\u00fdm nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm regionem Som\u00e1lska, nab\u00edzej\u00edc\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed jeho suverenity v\u00fdm\u011bnou za n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu na strategick\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. Veden\u00ed Somalilandu mezit\u00edm ot\u00e1lelo s vyhl\u00eddkou na \u201eabsorpci\u201c vys\u00eddlen\u00fdch obyvatel Gazy \u2013 tento krok zav\u00e1n\u00ed oportunismem maskovan\u00fdm jako humanitarismus.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aby toho nebylo m\u00e1lo, som\u00e1lsk\u00e9 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady v Mogadi\u0161u kontrovaly vlastn\u00ed nab\u00eddkou a sl\u00edbily USA \u201ev\u00fdhradn\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed kontrolu\u201c nad strategick\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstavy a leteck\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladnami pod\u00e9l Adensk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu. \u00dalovek? Tato aktiva, v\u010detn\u011b cen\u011bn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstavu Berbera, le\u017e\u00ed na sporn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch mimo de facto kontrolu Mogadi\u0161a a le\u017e\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti pevn\u011b v rukou Somalilandu. Americk\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politika op\u011bt odhaluje svou z\u00e1libu v vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed se do k\u0159ehk\u00fdch region\u016f, rozdm\u00fdch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rozkol\u016f a dvo\u0159en\u00ed konflikt\u016f \u2013 to v\u0161e se zn\u00e1m\u00fdm izraelsk\u00fdm st\u00ednem \u010d\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm v pozad\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto odv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se drama nese znaky p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky, kterou Washington nasadil ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, zejm\u00e9na v Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Saha\u0159e (jak jsem\u00a0tehdy psal), kde americk\u00e9 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed marock\u00e9 suverenity v roce 2020 \u2013 zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e9 jako dal\u0161\u00ed dohoda quid pro quo v kontextu\u00a0<\/span>Abrahamov\u00fdch\u00a0<\/span><\/a>dohod<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 vym\u011bnilo \u00fazemn\u00ed legitimitu za strategick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s Izraelem. Stalo se tak b\u011bhem prvn\u00edho funk\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed Donalda Trumpa. Paralely jsou n\u00e1padn\u00e9: sporn\u00fd region, supervelmoc, kter\u00e1 je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako n\u00e1vnada, a \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed agenda, kter\u00e1 up\u0159ednost\u0148uje vojensk\u00e9 op\u011brn\u00e9 body p\u0159ed stabilitou.<\/span><\/p>\n

V Africk\u00e9m rohu jsou s\u00e1zky nem\u00e9n\u011b nest\u00e1l\u00e9. Somaliland, autonomn\u00ed od roku 1991, ale mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b neuznan\u00fd, dlouho hledal legitimitu, zat\u00edmco som\u00e1lsk\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da lp\u00ed na sv\u00e9m n\u00e1roku na odtr\u017een\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spole\u010dnost v tomto regionu je organizov\u00e1na kolem slo\u017eit\u00e9ho klanov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e hlavn\u00ed rodiny jako Darod, Hawiye, Isaaq, Dir a Rahanweyn tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u00e1te\u0159 identity a oddanosti. Snaha Somalilandu o nez\u00e1vislost je\u00a0<\/span>siln\u011b poh\u00e1n\u011bna klanem Isaaq<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, kter\u00fd dominuje na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b a c\u00edtil se marginalizov\u00e1n za re\u017eimu Siad Barre (1969\u20131991), kdy v Mogadi\u0161u vl\u00e1dly ji\u017en\u00ed klany jako Hawiye a Darod. Holocaust Hargeisa, zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako\u00a0<\/span>genocida Isaaq<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, byl nejkrvav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed epizodou b\u011bhem somalilandsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky za nez\u00e1vislost, kdy v letech 1987 a\u017e 1989 re\u017eim Siad Barre sponzoroval zabit\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 100 000 civilist\u016f klanu Isaac.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Somaliland v roce 1991 po zhroucen\u00ed som\u00e1lsk\u00e9 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy jej ovl\u00e1dal stejn\u00fd kdysi pron\u00e1sledovan\u00fd klan Isaaq, zat\u00edmco som\u00e1lsk\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da \u010derp\u00e1 podporu od\u00a0<\/span>\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed sm\u011bsice klan\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, v\u010detn\u011b Hawiye a Darod. Oba regiony jsou v drtiv\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b sunnitsk\u00e9 muslimy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e loajalita klan\u016f tuto trhlinu zesiluje \u2013 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e se Isaakov\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>c\u00edt\u00ed historicky marginalizov\u00e1ni ji\u017en\u00edmi klany<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

USA t\u00edm, \u017ee se chop\u00ed nab\u00eddky Somalilandu, riskuj\u00ed rozbit\u00ed ji\u017e tak slab\u00e9ho som\u00e1lsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, potenci\u00e1ln\u011b pos\u00edl\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>povstalce al-Shabaab<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 teroristick\u00e1 skupina p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e1 k Al-K\u00e1id\u011b, kter\u00e1 je p\u0159ipravena vyu\u017e\u00edt nestabilitu a rozd\u011blen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 t\u00edmto konfliktem k prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed agendy) a t\u00edm odhalit des\u00edtky let budov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch snah v Rud\u00e9m mo\u0159i \u2013 to v\u0161e pro boj s n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladnou v \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u011bci se zhor\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e vezmeme v \u00favahu protin\u00e1vrh Som\u00e1lska. Dopis prezidenta Hassana Sheikha Mohamuda z 16. b\u0159ezna Donaldu Trumpovi\u00a0<\/span>nab\u00edz\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u201estrategicky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 aktiva\u201c k pos\u00edlen\u00ed americk\u00e9 anga\u017eovanosti v regionu. P\u0159esto je autorita Mogadi\u0161a nad Berberou a Bosaso \u2013 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstavy v Somalilandu a Puntlandu \u2013 fikc\u00ed. Nejde o velkorys\u00fd dar, ale o zoufal\u00fd trik, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 zma\u0159it snahu Somalilandu o uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. Som\u00e1lsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, oslaben\u00e1 vnit\u0159n\u00edmi spory a pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm povst\u00e1n\u00edm, postr\u00e1d\u00e1 s\u00edlu prosadit svou suverenitu nad t\u011bmito oblastmi. Pozv\u00e1n\u00edm USA do t\u00e9to jurisdik\u010dn\u00ed ba\u017einy p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 Som\u00e1lsko Washingtonu otr\u00e1ven\u00fd kalich \u2013 takov\u00fd, kter\u00fd by mohl zat\u00e1hnout americk\u00e9 s\u00edly do dal\u0161\u00edho ne\u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9ho konfliktu.<\/span><\/p>\n

A pak, abych p\u0159ilil olej do ohn\u011b, jsou tu otisky prst\u016f Izraele.\u00a0<\/span>Zpr\u00e1vy<\/span><\/a>\u00a0z Jerusalem Post a dal\u0161\u00edch nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee ochota Somalilandu absorbovat obyvatele Gazy je v souladu s \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmi americko-izraelsk\u00fdmi diskusemi o p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed Palestinc\u016f vys\u00eddlen\u00fdch pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1lkou. To se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b net\u00fdk\u00e1 humanit\u00e1rn\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f; je to transak\u010dn\u00ed krok k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzn\u011b Washingtonu a Tel Avivu. Ozv\u011bny Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahary jsou ohlu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 strategick\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy Izraele se op\u011bt prol\u00ednaj\u00ed s projekc\u00ed americk\u00e9 moci a m\u011bn\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed spor v geopolitickou \u0161achovnici. Somalilandsk\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdslovn\u011b uvedl my\u0161lenku hostit Gazany v\u00fdm\u011bnou za uzn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e podtrhl cynismus ve h\u0159e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b tak pro USA nejde ani tak o humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pomoc, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e o zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed poddajn\u00e9ho spojence pobl\u00ed\u017e jemensk\u00fdch vod kontrolovan\u00fdch\u00a0<\/span>Houthi<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, kde Izrael \u010del\u00ed hrozb\u00e1m pro svou n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fsledky tohoto bezohledn\u00e9ho man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9, ale stra\u0161liv\u00e9. Uzn\u00e1n\u00ed Somalilandu ze strany USA by nejen podkopalo \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvost Som\u00e1lska, ale tak\u00e9 by povzbudilo dal\u0161\u00ed separatistick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Afrikou, kontinentem, kter\u00fd se ob\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ekreslov\u00e1n\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch hranic. Africk\u00e1 unie, kter\u00e1 je dlouhou dobu zast\u00e1ncem jednoty Som\u00e1lska, by to pova\u017eovala za zradu, kter\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce oslabila d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost Washingtonu na kontinentu. Mezit\u00edm som\u00e1lsk\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da, ji\u017e napjat\u00e1 a bojuj\u00edc\u00ed proti Al-Shabaab, by se mohla pod t\u00edhou tohoto diplomatick\u00e9ho \u00faderu zhroutit a postoupit p\u016fdu extremist\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed prosperuj\u00ed v chaosu.\u00a0<\/span>Puntland<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, dal\u0161\u00ed poloautonomn\u00ed region, by mohl (v nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b) n\u00e1sledovat p\u0159\u00edklad Somalilandu a rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161tit Som\u00e1lsko na mozaiku v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e9n \u2013 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd neslou\u017e\u00ed ani region\u00e1ln\u00ed stabilit\u011b, ani americk\u00fdm z\u00e1jm\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kritici by mohli nam\u00edtnout, \u017ee americk\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna v Berbe\u0159e nab\u00edz\u00ed strategickou protiv\u00e1hu rostouc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnosti \u010c\u00edny v D\u017eibuti a Rud\u00e9m mo\u0159i. Ale za jakou cenu? Africk\u00fd roh je dostate\u010dn\u011b konfliktn\u00edm regionem: vlo\u017een\u00ed americk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly do t\u00e9to nest\u00e1l\u00e9 sm\u011bsi riskuje opakov\u00e1n\u00ed chyb Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu nebo Ir\u00e1ku \u2013 nekone\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00e1lek \u017eiven\u00fdch arogantnost\u00ed a ignorov\u00e1n\u00edm m\u00edstn\u00ed reality. Zapojen\u00ed Izraele jen umoc\u0148uje po\u0161etilost a p\u0159ipout\u00e1 americkou politiku k \u00fazk\u00e9 agend\u011b, kter\u00e1 up\u0159ednost\u0148uje bezpe\u010dnost Tel Avivu a p\u0159itom ignoruje africkou suverenitu. Je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee zat\u00edmco tWashington m\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b\u00a0<\/span>750 z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen<\/span><\/a>\u00a0rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 80 zem\u00edch (a\u010dkoli n\u011bkter\u00e9 odhady nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee toto \u010d\u00edslo by mohlo b\u00fdt a\u017e 900 nebo v\u00edce), \u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 naproti tomu\u00a0<\/span>pouze jednu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u011b uznanou z\u00e1kladnu v z\u00e1mo\u0159\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b tu v D\u017eibuti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Flirtov\u00e1n\u00ed Washingtonu se Somalilandem a zoufal\u00e1 protinab\u00eddka Som\u00e1lska jsou p\u0159\u00edkladem \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho neklidu v americk\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice: kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 zisky na \u00fakor dlouhodob\u00e9 stability. Washington zjevn\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee odolat poku\u0161en\u00ed prom\u011bnit sporn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed ve vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny. Historie n\u00e1s varuje, \u017ee takov\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy jen z\u0159\u00eddka kon\u010d\u00ed dob\u0159e \u2013 a u\u017e v\u016fbec ne pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se dostali do k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 palby. P\u0159esto, jak ukazuje podz\u00e1pletka Gazy, jde m\u00e9n\u011b o m\u00edr a v\u00edce o moc. Nakonec jsou to obyvatel\u00e9 Hornu, nikoli strat\u00e9gov\u00e9 Washingtonu, kdo by mohl zaplatit cenu za tento neuv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd \u0161achov\u00fd tah.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uriel Araujo, PhD,<\/a> antropologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a etnick\u00e9 konflikty<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Washington zjevn\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee odolat poku\u0161en\u00ed prom\u011bnit sporn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed ve vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny. Historie n\u00e1s varuje, \u017ee…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":75430,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[2656,3114,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75429"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=75429"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75429\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/75430"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=75429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=75429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}