{"id":7348,"date":"2022-01-06T03:39:50","date_gmt":"2022-01-06T02:39:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=7348"},"modified":"2022-01-06T03:44:23","modified_gmt":"2022-01-06T02:44:23","slug":"rusko-a-evropa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2022\/01\/06\/rusko-a-evropa\/","title":{"rendered":"RUSKO a EVROPA"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Auto\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o\u00a0Evrop\u011b, v\u011bt\u0161inou maj\u00ed na mysli jen z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st kontinentu. Ale zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 ur\u010den\u00ed nelze redukovat, i\u00a0Evropa m\u00e1 sv\u016fj v\u00fdchod. P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny on\u00e9 redukce a\u00a0z\u00e1m\u011bny \u010d\u00e1sti za celek jsou z\u010d\u00e1sti historick\u00e9, zp\u016fsobila je minulost. N\u011bkdy v\u0161ak jsou to p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny politick\u00e9, vyvolan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi postoji a\u00a0z\u00e1jmy \u201ezde a\u00a0nyn\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

Rusov\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1rod\u016fm, kter\u00fdm historick\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky ob\u010das br\u00e1nily pokra\u010dovat v\u00a0plynul\u00e9m civiliza\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdvoji a\u00a0odsoudily je k\u00a0boji o\u00a0pouh\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Teprve za p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch podm\u00ednek mohli p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat zdr\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0usilovat o\u00a0pokrok, aby dohonili sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd ov\u0161em ve v\u00fdvoji st\u00e1t nez\u016fstal. Tak hned prvn\u00ed kulturn\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00fd st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd vznikl na jejich \u00fazem\u00ed, Kyjevsk\u00e1 Rus, byl rozvr\u00e1cen tatarsk\u00fdmi \u00fatoky a\u00a0n\u00e1jezdy (1237-1481). P\u0159itom ve 12.stol.dos\u00e1hl tak vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b, \u017ee mohl sout\u011b\u017eit se z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropou. Ale ani kdy\u017e se Rusko kone\u010dn\u011b vyprostilo z\u00a0tatarsk\u00e9 poroby (1481), ne\u0161el jeho v\u00fdvoj p\u0159\u00edmo\u010darou cestou. Od roku 1453, od dobyt\u00ed Ca\u0159ihradu, nahrazuj\u00ed Tatary v\u00a0boji proti Rusku Turci. Cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed trv\u00e1 tento boj o\u00a0d\u011bdictv\u00ed Byzance. Moskevsk\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00ed (pozd\u011bji carstv\u00ed) za\u010dalo v\u00a016.stol. stav\u011bt to, co jejich p\u0159edch\u016fdci stav\u011bli ji\u017e p\u0159ed 500 lety. S\u00a0velikou vervou napravoval v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 zdr\u017een\u00ed car Petr Velik\u00fd (1689-1725). Prov\u00e1d\u011bl moderniza\u010dn\u00ed reformy tak pronikav\u00e9, \u017ee se pr\u00e1vem za\u010dalo hovo\u0159it o\u00a0Rusi p\u0159edpetrovsk\u00e9 a\u00a0popetrovsk\u00e9. \u017de se za\u010dalo s\u00a0ve\u0161kerou v\u00e1\u017enost\u00ed uva\u017eovat o\u00a0vztahu Ruska k\u00a0vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy, \u017ee se v\u00a0Rusku vyhranil sm\u011br \u201ez\u00e1padnick\u00e9\u201c orientace a\u00a0opozi\u010dn\u00ed sm\u011br \u201eslavjanofilsk\u00fd,\u201c kr\u00e1tce, \u017ee vznikl probl\u00e9m, zvan\u00fd \u201eRusko a\u00a0Evropa\u201c.<\/p>\n

Historick\u00e9 minimum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Archeologie ukazuje, \u017ee Slovan\u00e9 od po\u010d\u00e1tku druh\u00e9 poloviny prvn\u00edho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed os\u00eddlili obrovsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0Evrop\u011b od Volhy a\u017e po\u00a0Severn\u00ed mo\u0159e, n\u011bkter\u00e1 do\u010dasn\u011b, v\u011bt\u0161inu v\u0161ak trvale. Octli se na k\u0159i\u017eovatce r\u016fzn\u00fdch migra\u010dn\u00edch vln, v\u00a0nich\u017e se etnika st\u0159\u00eddala, p\u0159evrstvovala, m\u00edsila, p\u0159izp\u016fsobovala. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy mluv\u00ed o\u00a0jejich jednotn\u00e9m jazyce a\u00a0p\u016fvodu ve spole\u010dn\u00e9 pravlasti. Slovan\u00e9 se pak podle geografick\u00e9 polohy nov\u011b objeven\u00fdch s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 rozd\u011blili na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed, z\u00e1padn\u00ed a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edkov\u00e9 dne\u0161n\u00edch Rus\u016f, jako v\u0161ichni Slovan\u00e9, \u017eili za hranicemi antick\u00e9 civilizace, za hranicemi \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria, dlouho nepoznan\u00ed, nezn\u00e1m\u00ed. (Na rozd\u00edl od Germ\u00e1n\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se jako soused\u00edc\u00ed bojovn\u00edci proti \u0158\u00edmu a\u00a0uchvatitel\u00e9 \u0158\u00edma objevili na jevi\u0161ti sv\u011bta mnohem d\u0159\u00edve.)<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bhlasn\u00ed auto\u0159i 1.\u00a0a\u00a02.\u00a0stol., Plinius, Tacitus, Prolemaios, sice zaznamenali jak\u00e9si Anty a\u00a0Venety ve vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch kon\u010din\u00e1ch mezi Vislou, Baltem a\u00a0Karpaty, ale nic o\u00a0nich nev\u011bd\u011bli. A\u017e z\u00a0pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob se dochovala jm\u00e9na v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fdch kmen\u016f z\u00a04.- 6.\u00a0stol., jako Poljan\u00e9,\u00a0Drevljan\u00e9, Severjan\u00e9, Dragovi\u010di, Slov\u011bn\u00e9, Krivi\u010di, Radimi\u010di, Uli\u010di, Tiverci, Bu\u017ean\u00e9 aj.<\/p>\n

Podle etnogenetik\u016f \u0161lo o\u00a0staroruskou n\u00e1rodnost. Novodob\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnosti (rusk\u00e1, ukrajinsk\u00e1 a\u00a0b\u011blorusk\u00e1) se formovaly a\u017e od 17.stol. Sta\u0159\u00ed Slovan\u00e9 s\u00eddlili na rozlehl\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed od Karpat po\u00a0Volhu a\u00a0bojovali tu s\u00a0Avary, tu s\u00a0Chazary (Chaza\u0159i byli spojenci \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Byzantsk\u00e9, vyzn\u00e1n\u00edm izraeliti) a\u00a0b\u016fhv\u00ed s\u00a0k\u00fdm je\u0161t\u011b. Fakta se v\u0161ak ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed v\u00a0mlhovin\u00e1ch neur\u010ditosti. A\u00a0p\u0159ece od nepam\u011bti sm\u011b\u0159ovaly karavany normansk\u00fdch, arabsk\u00fdch a\u00a0\u017eidovsk\u00fdch kupc\u016f od Skandin\u00e1vie na jih,\u00a0k \u010cern\u00e9mu mo\u0159i, vodn\u00ed i\u00a0suchou cestou. Kupci dob\u0159e znali Volhu, Povol\u017e\u00ed, ale znali i\u00a0obchodn\u00ed st\u0159ediska na Dn\u011bpru a\u00a0jinde.\u00a0Pozornost tehdej\u0161\u00edch kronik\u00e1\u0159\u016f vzbudila a\u017e rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 expanze Slovan\u016f po\u010d\u00e1tkem 2.poloviny 1.tis\u00edcilet\u00ed za Dunaj, na Balk\u00e1n. Je to doba jejich st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0zab\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch s\u00eddel. Tehdy se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pramen\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pomineme-li v\u0161ak Slovany ji\u017en\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se s\u00a0vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed civilizac\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy, t\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed ze zbytk\u016f \u0159ecko\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 antiky setkali d\u0159\u00edve, v\u00edme, \u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u00fd krok k\u00a0za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edch Slovan\u016f do sv\u011bta tehdej\u0161\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 civilizace p\u0159edstavuje Kyjevsk\u00e1 Rus, obchodn\u00ed centrum na Dn\u011bpru.\u00a0P\u0159i vzniku Kyjeva snad st\u00e1li norman\u0161t\u00ed Varjagov\u00e9, zakladatel\u00e9 prvn\u00ed vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed dynastie, Rurikovc\u016f. Ti byli vl\u00e1dci i\u00a0v\u00a0Novgorodu. V\u00a010.stol. v\u00a0Kyjev\u011b panoval Vladim\u00edr Velik\u00fd, kn\u00ed\u017ee stolnokyjevsk\u00fd, \u201e\u010derven\u00e9 slun\u00ed\u010dko\u201c rusk\u00fdch bylin. Vl\u00e1dl na \u201esvat\u00e9 Rusi\u201c od Kavkazu k\u00a0Uralu a\u00a0snad a\u017e k\u00a0Baltick\u00e9mu mo\u0159i. Vladim\u00edr se rozhodl pro pok\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho pohansk\u00e9ho lidu a\u00a0zvolil, p\u0159ijal a\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159il k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edho, byzantsk\u00e9ho ritu. Jeho prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tak v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Slovan\u00e9 nav\u00e1zali na misii brat\u0159\u00ed ze Solun\u011b, Konstantina a\u00a0Metod\u011bje, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li k\u00a0n\u00e1m, na Velkou Moravu, r.863.\u00a0P\u0159inesli slovanskou k\u0159es\u0165anskou liturgii, slovansk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo a\u00a0p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed. Pod n\u00e1tlakem \u0159\u00edmsky orientovan\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li z\u00a0germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1padu a\u00a0osobovali si pr\u00e1vo po\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00edm zp\u016fsobu \u0161\u00ed\u0159it u\u010den\u00ed Kristovo, byli v\u0161ak slovan\u0161t\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed r.886 z\u00a0Velk\u00e9 Moravy vyhn\u00e1ni. V\u011bt\u0161ina jich se uch\u00fdlila do Bulharska nebo do Srbska, posl\u00e9ze na\u0161li \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b t\u00e9\u017e v\u00a0Rusku. Rusov\u00e9 se stali k\u0159es\u0165any sice o\u00a0100 let pozd\u011bji ne\u017e Slovan\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed a\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed, ale cyrilometod\u011bjsk\u00fd charakter jejich k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, p\u00edsmo cyrilice a\u00a0jejich nejstar\u0161\u00ed, staroslov\u011bnsk\u00e1 literatura vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho cyrilometod\u011bjsk\u00e9ho pramene. (P\u0159ijet\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed na Rusi popsal nejstar\u0161\u00ed rusk\u00fd kronik\u00e1\u0159 Nestor, my je zn\u00e1me i\u00a0z\u00a0Havl\u00ed\u010dkovy \u00fasm\u011bvn\u00e9 satiry \u201eK\u0159est svat\u00e9ho Vladim\u00edra\u201c). Kyjevsk\u00e1 zem\u011b se t\u011b\u0161ila dobr\u00e9 pov\u011bsti. Kn\u00ed\u017ee Vladim\u00edr si vzal za man\u017eelku byzantskou princeznu, podobn\u011b jako n\u011bmeck\u00fd kr\u00e1l Otto II.<\/p>\n

Nepochybn\u011b vlivem spojen\u00ed s\u00a0Byzanc\u00ed vznikla v\u00a0N\u011bmecku tzv.\u00a0ot\u00f3nsk\u00e1 renesance. A\u00a0podobn\u011b Kyjevsk\u00e1 Rus jist\u011b spojen\u00edm s\u00a0Byzanc\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Vladim\u00edrova s\u0148atku s\u00a0byzantskou princeznou ve v\u00fdvoji z\u00edskala. Byla kulturn\u011b na v\u00fd\u0161i, stala se vysp\u011bl\u00fdm kulturn\u00edm centrem \u0161iroko daleko. V\u00a0Kyjev\u011b a\u00a0v\u00a0Novgorod\u011b byly stav\u011bny kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 chr\u00e1my podle byzantsk\u00fdch vzor\u016f, zdoben\u00e9 mozaikami a\u00a0freskami. Z\u00a0Byzance p\u0159ich\u00e1zely i\u00a0knihy, nejen bohoslu\u017eebn\u00e9. Podn\u00edtilo to p\u0159irozen\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00ed tvorbu, vznikly i\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00ed rusk\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky, Nestor\u016fv \u201eLetopis\u201c(p\u0159elom 11.\u00a0a\u00a012.stol.) a\u00a0\u201eSlovo o\u00a0pluku Igorov\u011b\u201c (1185-7). St\u00e1l\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed ze strany tatarsk\u00fdch n\u00e1jezdn\u00edk\u016f ov\u0161em trvalo. Zn\u00e1me je v\u00a0b\u00e1snick\u00e9 form\u011b z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch \u201ebylin\u201c, n\u00e1rodn\u00edch b\u00e1sn\u00ed rusk\u00e9ho lidu, epick\u00fdch zp\u011bv\u016f, jimi\u017e \u201eskazit\u011bl\u00e9\u201c op\u011bvovali bohat\u00fdry, jako byli Ilja Muromec, Aljo\u0161a Popovi\u010d, Dobry\u0148a Nikiti\u010d, \u010curila Plenkovi\u010d a\u00a0mnoz\u00ed jin\u00ed bohat\u00fd\u0159i z\u00a0kyjevsk\u00e9ho cyklu bylin. (Byl je\u0161t\u011b cyklus novgorodsk\u00fd, moskevsk\u00fd a\u00a0koz\u00e1ck\u00fd.)<\/p>\n

Bohat\u00fd\u0159i state\u010dn\u011b br\u00e1nili\u00a0\u201emati\u010dku syrou zemi,\u201c \u201esvatou Rus,\u201c<\/em>\u00a0jak po\u00a0generace \u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo \u00fastn\u00ed pod\u00e1n\u00ed, ale nakonec neubr\u00e1nili. Ran\u011b feud\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1t Kyjevsk\u00e9 Rusi podlehl r.1240 n\u00e1poru mongolsk\u00fdch Tatar\u016f, definitivn\u011b\u00a0\u201eZlat\u00e1 horda\u201c<\/em>\u00a0si jej podrobila. Zavedla vysok\u00e9 dan\u011b z\u00a0hlavy, po\u0159\u00e1dala devastuj\u00edc\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 vp\u00e1dy do rusk\u00fdch s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165. Pr\u00e1v\u011b opakovan\u00e9 tatarsk\u00e9 vp\u00e1dy a\u00a0o\u017eebra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed nadvl\u00e1da zp\u016fsobily, \u017ee se Rusko ve v\u00fdvoji opozdilo. Mezi mnoha rozdroben\u00fdmi slovansk\u00fdmi kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00edmi a\u00a0mongolsk\u00fdmi chan\u00e1ty \u010dasem pos\u00edlilo Moskevsk\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00ed, zalo\u017een\u00e9 r.1147. Moskva se stala hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem (1325) a\u00a0poda\u0159ilo se j\u00ed vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed centrum. Po\u00a0p\u00e1du Byzance, kter\u00e1 se stala r.1453 ko\u0159ist\u00ed osmansk\u00fdch Turk\u016f, p\u0159es\u00eddlil do Moskvy i\u00a0patriarcha, hlava v\u00fdchodn\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve. Moskva se tak stala\u00a0\u201eT\u0159et\u00edm \u0158\u00edmem.\u201c\u00a0<\/em>Po n\u011bkolika d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edch (nap\u0159.\u00a0na Kulikovsk\u00e9m poli r.1380) se kone\u010dn\u011b Rusko vyprostilo z\u00a0tatarsk\u00e9 poroby (1481). Ale i\u00a0po\u00a0osvobozen\u00ed byly vnit\u0159n\u00ed pom\u011bry za posledn\u00edch Rurikovc\u016f neut\u011b\u0161en\u00e9: intriky, n\u00e1sil\u00ed a\u00a0vra\u017edy v\u00a0boji o\u00a0tr\u016fn, krutovl\u00e1da, lidov\u00e9 bou\u0159e a\u00a0zmatky.\u00a0P\u0159ipomeneme si jen cara Ivana Hrozn\u00e9ho (1533-1584), jak jej zobrazil I.\u00a0E. R\u011bpin, p\u0159ipomeneme si Musorgsk\u00e9ho operu \u201eBoris Godunov\u201c (liter\u00e1rn\u00ed text A.\u00a0S.\u00a0Pu\u0161kina). Hr\u016fza, d\u011bs, zoufalstv\u00ed, vl\u00e1da L\u017eidimitrij\u016f, bezmezn\u00e1 b\u00edda a\u00a0hlad zotro\u010den\u00e9ho lidu.<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tkem 17.stol. nastupuj\u00ed na rusk\u00fd tr\u016fn Romanovci (1613-1917).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mezi p\u0159e\u010detn\u00fdmi v\u00e1lkami, \u00fazemn\u00edmi zm\u011bnami a\u00a0vyty\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00fdch hranic mezi sousedn\u00edmi zem\u011bmi z\u00a0dob panov\u00e1n\u00ed Romanovc\u016f uvedeme jako nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee roku 1654 Ukrajina, veden\u00e1 hejtmanem Bogdanem Chmelnick\u00fdm, se p\u0159ipojila k\u00a0Rusku. Za Petra I. Velik\u00e9ho ( nar. 16782, carem 1689-1725) Rusko vyrostlo v\u00a0mohutnou ruskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Stalo se velmoc\u00ed vedle Anglie, Francie, Rakouska a\u00a0Pruska.<\/p>\n

Car Petr vstoupil do d\u011bjin jako radik\u00e1ln\u00ed reform\u00e1tor s\u00a0c\u00edlem zahladit v\u00a0zemi stopy dlouholet\u00e9 tatarsk\u00e9 poroby a\u00a0zp\u00e1te\u010dnick\u00fdch tradic. Staral se o\u00a0novou techniku, my\u0161len\u00ed, kulturu. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti i\u00a0z\u00a0manu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce v\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b (byl nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u00a0Holandsku, v\u00a0Anglii, ale i\u00a0ve V\u00eddni a\u00a0v\u00a0Praze), dal Rusku novou organizaci administrativn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, arm\u00e1dy, budoval v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo, podporoval vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, knihtisk, dbal o\u00a0povznesen\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0hornictv\u00ed. Vyhl\u00e1sil konec star\u00fdch tradic a\u00a0odlou\u010denosti od ostatn\u00edho sv\u011bta. Zalo\u017eil na severu na \u0159ece N\u011bv\u011b nov\u00e9 m\u011bsto, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo b\u00fdt v\u00fdkladn\u00ed sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed nov\u00e9ho Ruska \u2013 Petrohrad. Od r.1712 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto. (Moskva z\u016fstala m\u011bstem korunova\u010dn\u00edm.) V\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed usiloval z\u00edskat strategick\u00e9 cesty k\u00a0mo\u0159i. Na jihu zat\u00edm nedos\u00e1hl v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdsledku, i\u00a0kdy\u017e byl dobyt Azov, na severu zato s\u00a0naprost\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem. Na jihu se to definitivn\u011b poda\u0159ilo a\u017e Petrov\u00fdm n\u00e1stupc\u016fm ve v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdch boj\u00edch s\u00a0Turky ( v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed r. 1774). Rusov\u00e9 z\u00edskali Azovsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e a\u00a0poloostrov Krym. Kate\u0159ina II. je anektovala r. 1783.\u00a0Anexi uznala i\u00a0Vysok\u00e1 Porta v\u00a0Ca\u0159ihrad\u011b, pora\u017een\u00e1 vojsky kn\u00ed\u017eete Pot\u011bmkina-Tauri\u010devsk\u00e9ho.\u00a0Souhlas vyj\u00e1d\u0159il i\u00a0rakousk\u00fd c\u00edsa\u0159 Josef II.<\/p>\n

Krym, \u010darovn\u00fd poloostrov na severu \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. B\u00e1jn\u00fd Tauris, podobn\u011b jako sousedn\u00ed Kolchis, c\u00edle nejen vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed plavby Argonaut\u016f za\u00a0\u201ezlat\u00fdm rounem.\u201c<\/em>\u00a0Pohnut\u00e1 a\u00a0\u010dasto krvav\u00e1 historie po\u00a0cel\u00e1 uplynul\u00e1 tis\u00edcilet\u00ed a\u00a0stalet\u00ed. A\u00a0znovu se k\u00a0n\u011bmu historie obrac\u00ed. Od r.2014 se stala ot\u00e1zka jeho st\u00e1topr\u00e1vn\u00edho statutu v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm t\u00e9matem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politiky. Jak k\u00a0tomu do\u0161lo? Co tomu p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo?<\/p>\n

Na Krymu od 13.stol. upev\u0148oval svou moc bojovn\u00fd tatarsko-mongolsk\u00fd chan\u00e1t, bohatl drancov\u00e1n\u00edm soused\u016f, prodejem otrok\u016f, krut\u00fdm vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm dan\u00ed. \u010casem upadl do feud\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti na osmansk\u00fdch Turc\u00edch. Po\u00a0jejich por\u00e1\u017ece byl p\u0159ipojen k\u00a0Rusku. Od anexe Krymu Kate\u0159inou II. r.1783 a\u017e k\u00a0p\u00e1du carismu v\u00a0r. 1917 uplynuly 134 roky.\u00a0Av\u0161ak i\u00a0po\u00a0Velk\u00e9 \u0159\u00edjnov\u00e9 revoluci r.1917 z\u016fstal Krym sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Ruska. Nejd\u0159\u00edve se stal autonomn\u00ed republikou, pak oblast\u00ed Rusk\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 federativn\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e9 republiky, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci SSSR. Roku 1954 jej Nikita Chru\u0161\u010dov, hlava tehdej\u0161\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, p\u0159i\u0159adil k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed Ukrajinsk\u00e9 SSR. \u0160lo o\u00a0administrativn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed uvnit\u0159 st\u00e1tn\u00edho celku, bez vlivu na jeho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy. Op\u011bt to bylo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci SSSR.\u00a0Probl\u00e9m nastal, a\u017e kdy\u017e se Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz rozpadl. Stalo se, \u017ee 8.\u00a0prosince 1991 se ve vl\u00e1dn\u00ed rezidenci v\u00a0B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00e9m pralese se\u0161li \u010deln\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 Ruska, Ukrajiny a\u00a0B\u011bloruska, aby projednali ekonomick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky imp\u00e9ria. Tehdy se dohodli, \u017ee zem\u011b, je\u017e spravuj\u00ed, osamostatn\u00ed, rozpust\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz a\u00a0utvo\u0159\u00ed Spole\u010denstv\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. T\u00edm se ov\u0161em Krym, od z\u00e1sahu N. Chru\u0161\u010dova r. 1954 sou\u010d\u00e1st ukrajinsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, octl mimo rusk\u00e9 hranice. (Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Ruska do revoluce byl 134 roky, po\u00a0revoluci 74 roky. Celkem tedy 208 let.)\u00a0D\u016fvody historick\u00e9 a\u00a0strategick\u00e9 vedly pak vl\u00e1du Vladim\u00edra Putina i\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b souhlasu m\u00edstn\u00edho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho referenda k\u00a0znovup\u0159ipojen\u00ed Krymu k\u00a0Rusku. Tento akt se na mnoha vlivn\u00fdch m\u00edstech mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politiky setkal s\u00a0bou\u0159liv\u00fdm nesouhlasem a\u00a0vyvolal i\u00a0v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00e9\u00a0sankce. Jsme jejich sv\u011bdky dosud.<\/p>\n

Ale vra\u0165me se do historie. Car Petr v\u00a0seversk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce p\u0159ipravil \u0160v\u00e9dsko o\u00a0velmocensk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed a\u00a0uvedl Rusko na jeho m\u00edsto. Z\u00edskal d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pozice na Baltu a\u00a0v\u00a0severn\u00ed Evrop\u011b v\u016fbec, stal se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkem mezivl\u00e1dn\u00edch koalic a\u00a0koali\u010dn\u00edch v\u00e1lek. Izolace od ostatn\u00ed Evropy byla p\u0159ekon\u00e1na.\u00a0K st\u00edn\u016fm imper\u00e1torova p\u016fsoben\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee reformy prosazoval tvrd\u011b, bezohledn\u00fdm n\u00e1sil\u00edm, nemilosrdn\u011b proti odp\u016frc\u016fm, i\u00a0kdy\u017e se t\u00fdkaly t\u0159eba jen zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota, od\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00fapravy vous\u016f apod. Byl samovl\u00e1dcem, tv\u016frcem novodob\u00e9ho samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed, despotismu, nositelem absolutn\u00ed moci. Samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed je re\u017eim, v\u00a0kter\u00e9m panovn\u00edkova neomezen\u00e1 v\u016fle \u0159\u00edd\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i po\u00a0v\u0161ech str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch.\u00a0Je to re\u017eim, kter\u00fd v\u00a0Rusku zapustil hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny. A\u00a0i\u00a0kdy\u017e v\u00a0Evrop\u011b doch\u00e1zelo r\u016fzn\u00fdmi formami, revolucemi shora i\u00a0zdola, k\u00a0postupn\u00e9 demokratizaci \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ru\u0161t\u00ed carov\u00e9 a\u017e do roku 1917 trvali na sv\u00e9 nedotknuteln\u00e9, absolutn\u00ed jedinovl\u00e1d\u011b. Trvali na n\u00ed, i\u00a0v\u00a0dob\u011b kdy\u017e ze Z\u00e1padu p\u0159ich\u00e1zely my\u0161lenky osv\u00edcensk\u00e9, my\u0161lenky lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a\u00a0svobod, konstituce, parlamentu, demokracie. I\u00a0carevna Kate\u0159ina II., obdivovan\u00e1 pro sv\u00e9 sympatie k\u00a0pokrokov\u00fdm my\u0161lenk\u00e1m p\u0159edn\u00edch osv\u00edcenc\u016f (nap\u0159.\u00a0k\u00a0tomu, \u010demu u\u010dil Montesquieu), zn\u00e1m\u00e1 svou korespondenc\u00ed s\u00a0Diderotem a\u00a0Voltairem, sotva se doslechla o\u00a0revoluci a\u00a0o\u00a0p\u00e1du francouzsk\u00e9 monarchie, zavrhla osv\u00edcensk\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, odm\u00edtla zru\u0161it nevolnictv\u00ed, tvrd\u011b potla\u010dila Puga\u010devovo selsk\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0bezohledn\u011b upev\u0148ovala star\u00fd re\u017eim. A\u00a0podobn\u011b si uvnit\u0159 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e po\u010d\u00ednali i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed ru\u0161t\u00ed carov\u00e9. I\u00a0za hranicemi dbali o\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0zabezpe\u010den\u00ed carsk\u00e9 moci, v\u011bt\u0161inou z\u00a0pozic nadpr\u00e1v\u00ed absolutismu.\u00a0Rusko se nap\u0159.\u00a0pod\u00edlelo na troj\u00edm d\u011blen\u00ed Polska, pod\u00edlelo se na v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch s\u00a0Turky, \u00fa\u010dastnilo se napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. V\u00e1l\u010dilo z\u00a0pozic obh\u00e1jce p\u0159edrevolu\u010dn\u00edho re\u017eimu. Jen v\u00a0jedn\u00e9 v\u00e1lce m\u00e1 na\u0161e sympatie, jen v\u00a0jednom sm\u011bru schvalujeme jeho postoj v\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00edm historick\u00e9m d\u011bn\u00ed. Jsouc r.1812 napadeno, projevilo Rusko nesm\u00edrnou vlasteneckou state\u010dnost. Vzpomeneme na \u201eVojnu a\u00a0m\u00edr\u201c L. N. Tolst\u00e9ho. Obdivuhodn\u00e9 d\u00edlo, neoby\u010dejn\u011b bohatou a\u00a0v\u011brnou epopej o\u00a0historick\u00e9m d\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 b\u00e1se\u0148 o\u00a0lidsk\u00e9m utrpen\u00ed a\u00a0hrdinstv\u00ed. Jednozna\u010dn\u00fd obdiv m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 \u201eSymfonie 1812,\u201c\u00a0P. I. \u010cajkovsk\u00e9ho, apote\u00f3za slavn\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed p\u0159i\u00a0obran\u011b vlasti, i\u00a0kdy\u017e bylo s\u00a0nesm\u00edrnou bolest\u00ed zapot\u0159eb\u00ed ob\u011btovat i\u00a0Moskvu).\u00a0Av\u0161ak z\u00a0mocensk\u00fdch, nikoli vlasteneck\u00fdch pohnutek pak car Alexander I. na V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9m kongresu (1815) d\u00e1v\u00e1 podn\u011bt k\u00a0zalo\u017een\u00ed\u00a0Svat\u00e9 aliance mocnost\u00ed<\/em>, spojenectv\u00ed panovn\u00edk\u016f proti n\u00e1rod\u016fm,\u00a0k potla\u010den\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch revolu\u010dn\u00edch my\u0161lenek v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. Vl\u00e1da ustavi\u010dn\u00e9ho sl\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0krut\u00fdch perzekuc\u00ed za sebemen\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1znak a\u00a0podez\u0159en\u00ed vyvol\u00e1 v\u00a0Rusku po\u00a0carov\u011b smrti povst\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bkabrist\u016f (1825). N\u011bkolik pluk\u016f \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159i\u00a0zm\u011bn\u011b panovn\u00edka na tr\u016fnu o\u00a0konstituci, \u00fastavu. Pluky jsou obkl\u00ed\u010deny a\u00a0pot\u0159eny. Povstalce a\u00a0jejich p\u0159\u00edznivce krut\u011b trest\u00e1 car\u016fv bratr a\u00a0n\u00e1stupce,\u00a0Mikul\u00e1\u0161 I.,\u00a0\u201e\u010detn\u00edk Evropy.\u201c<\/em>\u00a0Dal\u0161\u00ed car, Alexander II., se stane 1881 ob\u011bt\u00ed atent\u00e1tu. Atent\u00e1t provedli nihilist\u00e9, ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace zast\u00e1nc\u016f individu\u00e1ln\u00edho teroru. Nihilist\u00e9 programov\u011b cht\u011bli odstra\u0148ovat korunovan\u00e9 hlavy a\u00a0vysok\u00e9 hodnost\u00e1\u0159e jako p\u0159edstavitele re\u017eimu nelidsk\u00e9ho \u00fatlaku,\u00a0v o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee t\u00edm nelidsk\u00fd absolutistick\u00fd re\u017eim padne.<\/p>\n

Po l\u00e9ta odsuzovan\u00e9 nevolnictv\u00ed je kone\u010dn\u011b zru\u0161eno r. 1861, ale nov\u00fd stav ve spr\u00e1v\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed stejn\u011b neuspokojuje pot\u0159eby prost\u00fdch mu\u017eik\u016f. D\u00e1l trv\u00e1 jejich bezmezn\u00e1 b\u00edda. (U\u00a0n\u00e1s bylo nevolnictv\u00ed zru\u0161eno o\u00a080 let d\u0159\u00edve, reformou Josefa II., r.1781.) Ostatn\u011b i\u00a0zaveden\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch nedota\u017een\u00fdch reforem carsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy bylo vyvol\u00e1no pot\u0159ebou od\u010dinit nezdar v\u00a0tzv.\u00a0\u201ekrymsk\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1lce\u00a0(1853-1856), kterou Rusku p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b vypov\u011bd\u011bli (ob\u010dasn\u00ed) spojenci, Anglie a\u00a0Francie. Velmoci se tentokr\u00e1t rozhodly podpo\u0159it Turecko, aby zt\u00ed\u017eily Rusku p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0Bosporu a\u00a0Dardanel\u00e1m. Por\u00e1\u017eka Ruska uk\u00e1zala zaostalost zem\u011b a\u00a0prohnilost re\u017eimu. Urychlila zost\u0159en\u00ed revolu\u010dn\u00ed situace, kter\u00e1 pak vedla po\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed por\u00e1\u017ece ve v\u00e1lce s\u00a0Japonskem k\u00a0revoluci r.1905 a\u00a0posl\u00e9ze, za prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, k\u00a0revoluci r. 1917. Revoluce p\u0159inesla definitivn\u00ed konec carsk\u00e9ho samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed a\u00a0posl\u00e9ze vznik Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu socialistick\u00fdch republik.<\/p>\n

Rusko a\u00a0my<\/strong><\/p>\n

Odborn\u00e1 slavistika eviduje bezpo\u010dtu historick\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f o\u00a0\u010desko-rusk\u00fdch liter\u00e1rn\u00edch a\u00a0kulturn\u00edch styc\u00edch od po\u010d\u00e1tku k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed. Omez\u00edme se na novodob\u00fd z\u00e1jem, kter\u00fd u\u00a0n\u00e1s zalo\u017eil sv\u00fdm d\u00edlem J.\u00a0Dobrovsk\u00fd (1753-1829), patriarcha slavistiky i\u00a0na\u0161eho obrozen\u00ed,\u00a0\u201eprvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fd \u010cech nov\u00e9 doby,\u201c<\/em>\u00a0jak jej charakterizoval T.G.Masaryk. Dobrovsk\u00fd ukazoval mimo jin\u00e9 i\u00a0jazykovou bl\u00edzkost \u010desk\u00fdch a\u00a0rusk\u00fdch slov.\u00a0Od slavistiky se odv\u00edj\u00ed slovansk\u00e1 \u010di\u00a0panslovansk\u00e1 my\u0161lenka na\u0161ich d\u011bjin. Co znamen\u00e1? Je to z\u00e1jem o\u00a0pozn\u00e1n\u00ed Slovan\u016f, o\u00a0to, \u010d\u00edm byli, \u010d\u00edm jsou a\u00a0\u010d\u00edm budou. Je to cit pro vz\u00e1jemnost a\u00a0porozum\u011bn\u00ed, je to ochota podporovat se a\u00a0vz\u00e1jemn\u011b si pom\u00e1hat. Od \u00fachvatu nad d\u00e1vn\u00fdm spole\u010dn\u00fdm p\u016fvodem, spole\u010dnou pravlast\u00ed a\u00a0jazykem, a\u017e k\u00a0pozastaven\u00ed nad slo\u017eit\u00fdmi a\u00a0nesnadn\u00fdmi cestami, kter\u00fdmi jim bylo j\u00edt.\u00a0A k\u00a0\u00favaze, jakou prac\u00ed a\u00a0jakou politikou p\u0159ekonat nedostatky a\u00a0vady, jak dos\u00e1hnout obrozen\u00ed a\u00a0kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f rozvoje n\u00e1rod\u016f. Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed historik J. Voborn\u00edk se zam\u00fd\u0161lel (p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 lety) nad slovanskou my\u0161lenkou takto: \u201eMy\u0161lenka se hl\u00e1sila ji\u017e v\u00a017.\u00a0stol. u\u00a0Jihoslovan\u016f, ale jej\u00ed rozmach je novodob\u00fd. Je Z\u00e1padn\u00ed a\u00a0V\u00fdchodn\u00ed. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed my\u0161lenka slovansk\u00e1 je hlavn\u011b p\u016fvodu \u010desko-slovensk\u00e9ho a\u00a0souvis\u00ed s\u00a0cel\u00fdm hnut\u00edm dom\u00e1c\u00edm i\u00a0evropsk\u00fdm. \u201eZ Anglie a\u00a0Francie pronikly koncem 18.\u00a0stol. nov\u00e9 proudy v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho povznesen\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed do N\u011bmec a\u00a0do Rakouska, za Marie Terezie a\u00a0Josefa II. do \u010cech. Na Rus \u0161el proud i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0Francie i\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0N\u011bmec. Na \u010cechy a\u00a0Slov\u00e1ky p\u016fsobil Herder, p\u0159\u00edtel Slovan\u016f, j\u00edm byl podn\u00edcen Durych, Dobrovsk\u00fd a\u00a0j. Tu dobu, kdy\u017e Dobrovsk\u00fd dr\u017eel zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b prapor v\u011bdy slovansk\u00e9, zrodilo se v\u00a0Praze mlad\u00e9, nad\u0161en\u00e9 pokolen\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch romantik\u016f, pou\u010den\u00e9 o\u00a0prom\u011bnlivosti osud\u016f d\u00e1vno minul\u00fdch \u010das\u016f (z\u00a0Hegla a\u00a0Herdera), \u010derpalo z\u00a0toho sm\u011bl\u00e9 nad\u011bje v\u00a0lep\u0161\u00ed budoucnost a\u00a0s\u00a0heslem vz\u00e1jemnosti slovansk\u00e9 vneslo do v\u011bdy slovansk\u00e9 novou n\u00e1ladu, romanticko-poetickou.\u201c<\/p>\n

Na d\u00edlo Dobrovsk\u00e9ho nav\u00e1zali jmenovit\u011b J.\u00a0Jungmann (1773-1847), J.\u00a0Koll\u00e1r (1793-1852), P.\u00a0J.\u00a0\u0160af\u00e1r\u00edk (1795-1861). Badatel\u00e9, liter\u00e1ti, vlastenci, buditel\u00e9. Synov\u00e9 lidu a\u00a0se smyslem pro poetick\u00fd p\u016fvab n\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u017eivota. Okouzlovala je vidina nov\u00e9 kultury, kter\u00e1 bude d\u00edlem Slovan\u016f. To bude kultura prav\u00e9ho, obrozen\u00e9ho lidstv\u00ed.\u00a0\u201eKdykoli \u0159ekne\u0161 Slovan, a\u0165 se ti ozve \u010dlov\u011bk\u201c<\/em>, hl\u00e1sal J. Koll\u00e1r.<\/p>\n

Rusov\u00e9 rozv\u00edjeli V\u00fdchodn\u00ed slovanskou my\u0161lenku. Dostalo se j\u00ed n\u00e1zvu\u00a0\u201eslavjanofilstv\u00ed\u201c<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0orientovala se na pravoslav\u00ed a\u00a0na kulturu dom\u00e1c\u00ed, staroruskou, z\u00e1padn\u00edmi vlivy neporu\u0161enou. Prost\u00fd lid je proto t\u0159eba ct\u00edt a\u00a0milovat, ten unikl zk\u00e1ze, kterou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed civilizace. Lid je t\u0159eba pozn\u00e1vat, jeho zvyky a\u00a0tradice, jeho p\u00edsn\u011b, jeho mudroslov\u00ed, jeho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, jeho um\u011bn\u00ed slovesn\u00e9 i\u00a0v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9, jeho mnohostrann\u00fd folklor ni sv\u00e9r\u00e1z. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed slavjanofilov\u00e9 snili o\u00a0n\u00e1rod\u011b v\u0161eslovansk\u00e9m. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed m\u00ednili, \u017ee v\u0161echny slovansk\u00e9 \u0159eky vplynou do mo\u0159e rusk\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

A jak jsme vn\u00edmali Rusy my u\u00a0n\u00e1s doma?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Za v\u00e1lek s\u00a0revolu\u010dn\u00ed Franci\u00ed (1798-9) pro\u0161ly Suvorovovy rusk\u00e9 pluky \u010desk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. Jejich pobyt podpo\u0159il slovanskou my\u0161lenku a\u00a0pos\u00edlil pov\u011bdom\u00ed o\u00a0jazykov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuznosti \u010cech\u016f a\u00a0Rus\u016f.\u00a0S uspokojen\u00edm p\u00ed\u0161e o\u00a0Rusech jako o\u00a0dobr\u00fdch lidech mil\u010dick\u00fd rycht\u00e1\u0159 F.\u00a0J.\u00a0Vav\u00e1k ve sv\u00fdch \u201ePam\u011btech\u201c. I\u00a0pra\u017esk\u00fd m\u011b\u0161\u0165an J. Rul\u00edk si ve sv\u00e9m den\u00edku libuje, jak jsou si oba jazyky, \u010desk\u00fd a\u00a0rusk\u00fd, podobn\u00e9. Napoleonsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed dotkly n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t. Po\u00a0Suvorovov\u00fdch voj\u00e1c\u00edch p\u0159i\u0161li Kutuzovovi. I\u00a0ti se zapsali do pam\u011bti n\u00e1roda jako lid\u00e9 dob\u0159\u00ed a\u00a0srde\u010dn\u00ed. Jejich zem\u011b\u00a0o\u017eila v\u00a0p\u0159edstav\u00e1ch lidu jako mocn\u00e1 a\u00a0velik\u00e1. J.\u00a0Koll\u00e1r m\u016f\u017ee ve sv\u00e9 \u201eSl\u00e1vy dce\u0159i\u201c (1824) nab\u00e1dat\u00a0\u201e\u2026rad\u011bji k\u00a0velik\u00e9mu p\u0159ichyl tomu tam se dubisku, jen\u017e vzdoruje zhoubn\u00fdm a\u017e dosav\u00e1de \u010das\u016fm.\u201c<\/em>\u00a0A\u00a0se stejnou v\u00edrou lidov\u00e1 v\u011b\u0161tba p\u0159edv\u00edd\u00e1 :\u201eV \u010cech\u00e1ch bude dob\u0159e, a\u017e se k\u016f\u0148 rusk\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka napije z\u00a0Vltavy.\u201c F.\u00a0L.\u00a0\u010celakovsk\u00fd (1799-1852) sledoval, jak v\u00a0letech 1827-29 pronikla rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v\u00a0boj\u00edch proti Turk\u016fm na Balk\u00e1n, p\u0159ekro\u010dila Dunaj a\u00a0osvobozovala ji\u017en\u00ed Slovany. Poc\u00edtil up\u0159\u00edmnou radost, radost rusofilskou. Inspirov\u00e1n nad\u0161en\u00edm a\u00a0vd\u011b\u010dnost\u00ed, vytvo\u0159il sv\u016fj spont\u00e1nn\u00ed, vpravd\u011b b\u00e1snick\u00fd\u00a0\u201eOhlas p\u00edsn\u00ed rusk\u00fdch.\u201c<\/em>\u00a0Pro\u017e\u00edval hluboce i\u00a0slibn\u00e9 v\u0161eslovansk\u00e9 nad\u011bje pro n\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1rod. Byl zklam\u00e1n, kdy\u017e car tvrd\u011b potla\u010dil polsk\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u017edy\u0165 to byl boj slovansk\u00fdch brat\u0159\u00ed za svobodu. Car nebyl takov\u00fd, jak si jej d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159edstavoval,\u00a0\u201edobr\u00fd, bohumil\u00fd, otec laskav\u00fd.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n

Na \u010celakovsk\u00e9m vid\u00edme, \u017ee zpo\u010d\u00e1tku buditel\u00e9 snili sv\u00e9 slovansk\u00e9 a\u00a0rusofilsk\u00e9 sny, p\u0159edstavy a\u00a0ideje, neznaj\u00edce realitu. To zm\u011bnil K.Havl\u00ed\u010dek Borovsk\u00fd, kdy\u017e si vyjel na Rus, aby ji poznal. Str\u00e1vil tam dva roky (1841-43). Cht\u011bl se osobn\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit, m\u016f\u017eeme-li v\u00a0na\u0161em z\u00e1pase za svobodu odtud \u010dekat podporu a\u00a0pomoc. Co vypozoroval, zachytil ve sv\u00fdch \u201eObrazech z\u00a0Rus.\u201c Bylo to za \u010das\u016f Mikul\u00e1\u0161e I., tvrd\u00e9ho despoty, potla\u010ditele d\u011bkabrist\u016f, kdy Havl\u00ed\u010dek zjistil, \u017ee\u00a0\u201eMoskva je carsk\u00e1, \u010dinovnick\u00e1, pravoslavn\u011b duchamorn\u00e1, nevolnick\u00e1, velkopansk\u00e1, h\u00fd\u0159ilsk\u00e1 i\u00a0zabedn\u011bn\u00e1.\u00a0Poru\u010densky slavjanofilsk\u00e1, zat\u00edmco Petrohrad je cizozemsk\u00fd.\u201c<\/em>\u00a0Ale i\u00a0v\u00a0Moskv\u011b se vid\u00ed\u00a0\u201enemoudr\u00e1 honba za m\u00f3dnost\u00ed a\u00a0ciz\u00edmi vzory a\u00a0spousta cizozemc\u016f\u201c<\/em>. Realista Havl\u00ed\u010dek v\u0161ak v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee i\u00a0b\u00eddn\u00fd stav m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00e1rodkem n\u011b\u010deho dobr\u00e9ho. Koriguje romantick\u00e9 slovanstv\u00ed. Nem\u00e1 to b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b sn\u011bn\u00ed, ale pr\u00e1ce, osv\u011bta, \u00fasil\u00ed o\u00a0my\u0161lenkovou, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0politickou samostatnost.\u00a0\u201cRe\u00e1lnost Slovanstva je re\u00e1lnost\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch kmen\u016f\u201c<\/em>, soudil Havl\u00ed\u010dek a\u00a0z\u00fa\u017eil slovanskou ot\u00e1zku na austroslavismus, ideu slovansk\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemnosti v\u00a0r\u00e1mci rakousk\u00e9 monarchie. S\u00a0touto ideou vstoupil i\u00a0do revolu\u010dn\u00edho roku \u201ejara n\u00e1rod\u016f\u201c i\u00a0pam\u00e1tn\u00e9ho Slovansk\u00e9ho sjezdu v\u00a0Praze, do roku 1848.<\/p>\n

Pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 problematika Slovan\u016f rakousk\u00e9 monarchie nezatla\u010dila v\u0161ak nijak p\u0159edstavy o\u00a0Rusku jako velk\u00e9 slovansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed v\u00a0podru\u010d\u00ed ciz\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy. Horouc\u00ed vlastenectv\u00ed, slovansk\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed, touhu po\u00a0osvobozen\u00ed a\u00a0povznesen\u00ed n\u00e1roda dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch letech t\u0159eba i\u00a0n\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed mal\u00ed\u0159, Mikol\u00e1\u0161 Ale\u0161 (1852-1913), autor (mimo jin\u00e9) p\u016fvabn\u00fdch obr\u00e1zk\u016f z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch b\u00e1j\u00ed a\u00a0d\u011bjin, od bohat\u00fdr\u016f Kyjevsk\u00e9 Rusi a\u017e po\u00a0koz\u00e1ky, kter\u00e9 \u201ena vlastn\u00ed o\u010di\u201c vid\u011bl jeho str\u00fdc, vyslou\u017eil\u00fd \u0161vali\u0161\u00e9r.\u00a0Ale to jsme ji\u017e v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19.\u00a0stol., kdy se cel\u00e1 rusk\u00e1 kultura, nejen literatura, st\u00e1v\u00e1 obdivovan\u00fdm duchovn\u00edm vlastnictv\u00edm cel\u00e9ho vzd\u011blan\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Rusk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00factu a\u00a0l\u00e1sku touhou po\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed spravedlnosti, hlubok\u00fdm pohledem do lidsk\u00e9 du\u0161e, nal\u00e9hav\u00fdm t\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00edm po\u00a0smyslu \u017eivota. A\u00a0je v\u00a0tom zajedno s\u00a0ide\u00e1ly a\u00a0p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00edm po\u00a0tajemstv\u00ed pravdy, dobra a\u00a0kr\u00e1sy s\u00a0lidmi na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 pozoruhodn\u00fd spis T.\u00a0G.\u00a0Masaryka,\u00a0\u201eRusko a\u00a0Evropa\u201c<\/em>\u00a0(1919), se op\u00edr\u00e1 z\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti o\u00a0studium kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 literatury, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0dan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed slu\u010dovala filozofii, \u00favahy o\u00a0spole\u010dnosti, o\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed i\u00a0o\u00a0um\u011bn\u00ed. Masaryk se d\u00edv\u00e1 na Rusko o\u010dima z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00e9ho vzd\u011blance a\u00a0humanisty. Analyzuje jeho hospod\u00e1\u0159sko-politickou situaci v\u00a0historick\u00e9m pohledu, s\u00a0\u00fa\u010dast\u00ed rozeb\u00edr\u00e1 n\u00e1zory spisovatel\u016f a\u00a0b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016f jako symptom doby a\u00a0doklad o\u00a0du\u0161evn\u00edm stavu spole\u010dnosti. Slavjanofilov\u00e9 a\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00edci, liber\u00e1lov\u00e9 a\u00a0radik\u00e1lov\u00e9, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed re\u017eimisti i\u00a0disidenti a\u00a0odpadl\u00edci \u2013 v\u0161ichni jsou tu povol\u00e1ni sv\u011bd\u010dit o\u00a0stavu mysli \u201e\u00a0mati\u010dky \u0161ir\u00e9 Rusi.<\/em>\u201c Rusk\u00e1 inteligence se octla na rozcest\u00ed a\u00a0ve v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdch debat\u00e1ch hledala cestu svou i\u00a0cestu sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda. Ot\u00e1zka, kam bude sm\u011b\u0159ovat Rusko, byla pal\u010div\u00e1, osudov\u011b spjat\u00e1 s\u00a0jej\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd vzd\u011blanec st\u00e1l mezi V\u00fdchodem a\u00a0Z\u00e1padem, mezi n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed a\u00a0sv\u011btovost\u00ed, mezi pravoslav\u00edm a\u00a0racionalismem. A\u00a0byl to i\u00a0p\u0159edobraz budouc\u00edho osudov\u00e9ho st\u0159etu sil rusk\u00e9ho samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed a\u00a0revoluce.\u00a0Masaryk si ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 procesu europeizace Ruska. Ukazuje, jak Rusko nen\u00ed od ostatn\u00ed Evropy nepropustn\u011b odd\u011bleno. M\u00e1 sv\u00e9 u\u010ditele i\u00a0na Z\u00e1pad\u011b. V\u016fd\u010d\u00ed duchov\u00e9 ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed jsou tu\u00a0studov\u00e1ni a\u00a0maj\u00ed vliv na utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f na sv\u011bt, \u017eivot, spole\u010dnost, samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed, pravoslav\u00ed. P\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed tak ke krystalizaci ideologi\u00ed, k\u00a0utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011b politick\u00fdch idej\u00ed, etiky, filozofie. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska se z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropou nevid\u00ed Masaryk rozd\u00edl kvality, ale stupn\u011b. Rusko proch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00fdvojem, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropa ji\u017e za sebou. Rusko je t\u00edm \u2013 \u010d\u00edm Evropa byla, soud\u00ed Masaryk. (Dal\u0161\u00ed Masarykovy spisy,\u00a0\u201eNov\u00e1 Evropa. Stanovisko slovansk\u00e9\u201c<\/em>\u00a0(1918) a\u00a0\u201eSv\u011btov\u00e1 revoluce\u201c<\/em>\u00a0(1925) navazuj\u00ed na tyto studie.)<\/p>\n

Z historie je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee zdr\u017een\u00ed Ruska ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji zp\u016fsobily nep\u0159estajn\u00e9 boje s\u00a0Tatary a\u00a0potom s\u00a0Turky. Od n\u00e1stupu Petra I. je situace jin\u00e1. Rusko se stalo mocnost\u00ed a\u00a0vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtel je ji\u017e ohrozit nemohl. P\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou v\u00fdvoje se stal nep\u0159\u00edtel vnit\u0159n\u00ed, zp\u00e1te\u010dnick\u00fd re\u017eim carismu \u2013 samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed. Absolutn\u00ed moc v\u00a0rukou jedince, kter\u00e1 korumpuje jeho, tak jako on korumpuje ostatn\u00ed. Zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nekontrolovan\u00e9 moci, kter\u00e1 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 zv\u016fl\u00ed. \u017divotopisy rusk\u00fdch car\u016f si nezadaj\u00ed s\u00a0\u017eivotopisy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch c\u00e9sar\u016f co do hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed. C\u00edlem autokratick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce je uchopit moc a\u00a0udr\u017eet moc. Zabezpe\u010dit moc p\u0159ed jakoukoli zm\u011bnou, kter\u00e1 by mohla p\u0159ivodit p\u00e1d vl\u00e1dy. Nejde o\u00a0obecn\u00e9 blaho, jde o\u00a0z\u00e1jmy vl\u00e1dce. Sl\u00edd\u00ed se po\u00a0nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00edch, odhaluj\u00ed se zr\u00e1dci, krut\u011b se trestaj\u00ed: vyhnanstv\u00edm na |Sibi\u0159i nebo \u0161ibenic\u00ed. V\u00a0\u017eivot\u011b obyvatel p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 b\u00edda, strach, nedostatek perspektiv, beznad\u011bj. Masaryk si v\u0161\u00edmal, jak t\u0159eba s\u00a0opravdovost\u00ed um\u011blcovy v\u00fdpov\u011bdi o\u00a0\u017eivot\u011b souvis\u00ed ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fd osud mnoha rusk\u00fdch um\u011blc\u016f: Pu\u0161kin, Lermontov, Gribojedov \u2013 zabiti v\u00a0souboji. Bestu\u017eev, Rylj\u011bjev \u2013 ob\u011b\u0161eni. Radi\u0161\u010dev se zast\u0159elil, Ba\u0165u\u0161kov se zbl\u00e1znil. Gogol a\u00a0\u017dukovskij upadli v\u00a0mysticismus a\u00a0polo\u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed. Lomonosov, Milonov, Kostrov, Sumarokov, Sokolovskij, Guber, Jazykov, Pole\u017eajev, Grigorjev, Mej, \u0160ev\u010denko, Pomjalovskij aj. ko\u0159alkovali. \u017de historick\u00e9 a\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny d\u011bsn\u00fd tento jev vysv\u011btluj\u00ed, nen\u00ed pochybnosti, dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Masaryk.<\/p>\n

Jestli\u017ee p\u0159ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou mohl Masaryk soudit, \u017ee Rusko je t\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm Evropa byla, nepochybovali mnoz\u00ed revolucion\u00e1\u0159i po\u00a0r. 1917, \u017ee Rusko je t\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm Evropa bude. Sov\u011btsk\u00fd pokus o\u00a0bezt\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed spole\u010dnost, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se usiluje o\u00a0uspokojov\u00e1n\u00ed hmotn\u00fdch i\u00a0duchovn\u00edch pot\u0159eb v\u0161eho obyvatelstva, byl ov\u0161em zat\u00ed\u017een carsk\u00fdm d\u011bdictv\u00edm ekonomicky i\u00a0soci\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0politicky.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00fdm vl\u00e1dc\u016fm se mnoh\u00e9 poda\u0159ilo: elektrifikace, industrializace, modernizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, rozvoj techniky. Jen d\u00edk pozitivn\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji mohl Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz spolu se Spojenci zv\u00edt\u011bzit nad fa\u0161ismem ve druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Pak ov\u0161em p\u0159i\u0161la zven\u010d\u00ed v\u00e1lka \u201estuden\u00e1\u201c a\u00a0uvnit\u0159 zem\u011b nastala stagnace jako d\u016fsledek zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho autokratick\u00e9ho z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Co\u017e\u00a0gulag<\/em>\u00a0nebyl pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm\u00a0katorgy<\/em>? Re\u017eimu se nepoda\u0159ilo zav\u00e9st v\u010das\u00a0\u201eglasnost\u00b4<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0\u00b4perestrojku<\/em>\u201c. Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz se rozpadl. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jeho \u010d\u00e1sti se demokratizovaly, ale transforma\u010dn\u00ed procesy zdaleka nejsou definitivn\u00ed. Ov\u0161em\u00a0i z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropa proch\u00e1z\u00ed dlouhodobou kriz\u00ed, i\u00a0ona by m\u011bla hledat cestu k\u00a0obnov\u011b histori\u00ed prov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot autentick\u00e9 demokracie a\u00a0nep\u0159edst\u00edran\u00e9ho humanismu.<\/strong>\u00a0Filozofie nezapom\u00edn\u00e1 na u\u010den\u00ed o\u00a0protiv\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0n\u011b\u010dem vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm, dokonalej\u0161\u00edm. Nen\u00ed zapomenuta ani teorie konvergence.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1pad \u010di\u00a0V\u00fdchod? Vybrat a\u00a0harmonizovat autentick\u00e9 hodnoty, a\u0165 ji\u017e p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0kter\u00e9koli sv\u011btov\u00e9 strany. Takov\u00e1 je odpov\u011b\u010f na z\u00e1klad\u011b historick\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A te\u010f je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00edklad politicky motivovan\u00e9ho odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska od Evropy. Neblaze proslul\u00fd\u00a0Podiven<\/em>\u00a0(pseudonym trojice autor\u016f, P.\u00a0Pitharta, P.\u00a0P\u0159\u00edhody a\u00a0M.\u00a0Ot\u00e1hala) ve sv\u00e9m pamfletu\u00a0\u201e\u00daloha \u010cech\u016f v\u00a0d\u011bjin\u00e1ch\u201c<\/em>\u00a0(1991), si p\u0159edsevzal zni\u010dit ve\u0161keru sebed\u016fv\u011bru na\u0161eho n\u00e1roda. Podle n\u011bho jsme si v\u017edycky na n\u011bco jen neodpov\u011bdn\u011b hr\u00e1li, st\u00e1le n\u011bco p\u0159edst\u00edrali, vym\u00fd\u0161leli si o\u00a0sob\u011b m\u00fdty a\u00a0fikce. Podiven v\u0161ak \u201eprohl\u00e9dne\u201c v\u0161echny ty na\u0161e po\u0161etil\u00e9 pokusy plnit sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 posl\u00e1n\u00ed, um\u00ed\u00a0\u201eodhalit\u201c jejich pravou podstatu. Podiven v\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161echny ty \u201epanslavismy, austroslavismy a\u00a0\u010dechoslovakismy\u201c byly jen provokace \u201evzne\u0161en\u00fdch idej\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho hegemonismu\u201c, zalo\u017een\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edmo \u201eplemenn\u011b\u201c \u201est\u00e1totvorn\u00fdm g\u00e9niem Germ\u00e1nstva\u201c. (Jak v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9! A\u00a0nen\u00ed to n\u00e1hodou rasismus?)<\/p>\n

Ale Podiven stihl se z\u00e1\u0161tiplnou p\u0159edpojatost\u00ed znect\u00edt na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch uveden\u00e9ho spisu nejen \u010desk\u00fd, ale i\u00a0rusk\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Zde m\u016f\u017eeme hledat i\u00a0jeden ze zdroj\u016f sou\u010dasn\u00fdch protirusk\u00fdch n\u00e1lad, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161ich m\u00e9di\u00ed. A\u010dkoliv geograficky, historicky ani kulturn\u011b nelze evropsk\u00e9 Rusko od Evropy amputovat, Podiven kategoricky tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u201eRusko nikdy k\u00a0Evrop\u011b nepat\u0159ilo.\u201c Vrcholem neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9ho zneva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edch Slovan\u016f je v\u00fdrok, \u017ee v\u00a0Rusku \u201ehodnoty lidsk\u00e9 osobnosti, z\u016fstanou neobjeveny, \u010dlov\u011bk plat\u00ed jen za \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dku masy.\u201c Takov\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed bud\u00ed \u00fa\u017eas. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee Podiven ne\u010detl nic z\u00a0kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 literatury? Podle \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b rusk\u00e1 literatura m\u00e1 prim\u00e1t v\u00a0odkr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed \u201elidsk\u00e9 osobnosti\u201c na rozd\u00edl od literatury francouzsk\u00e9, kter\u00e1 vynik\u00e1 v\u00a0l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed \u017eivota a\u00a0anglick\u00e9, jej\u00ed\u017e dom\u00e9nou je zobrazen\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Podiven patrn\u011b nev\u00ed, \u017ee nakladatel Otto vyd\u00e1val des\u00edtky svazk\u016f Rusk\u00e9 knihovny jako obl\u00edbenou a\u00a0hluboce lidskou \u010detbu na\u0161ich otc\u016f a\u00a0d\u011bd\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem chce Podiven \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm vsugerovat, \u017ee \u201ehodnoty lidsk\u00e9 osobnosti z\u016fstaly neobjeveny\u201c u\u00a0Pu\u0161kina a\u00a0Lermontova, Gon\u010darova a\u00a0Turgen\u011bva, Tolst\u00e9ho a\u00a0Dostojevsk\u00e9ho, Gogola, Ostrovsk\u00e9ho, \u010cechova a\u00a0Gork\u00e9ho a\u00a0u\u00a0nekone\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f rusk\u00e9 literatury, podle n\u00ed\u017e se dokonce leckde ve sv\u011bt\u011b (nejen v\u00a0Evrop\u011b) u\u010d\u00ed i\u00a0psychologie a\u00a0etika, v\u00fdsostn\u00e9 obory studia lidsk\u00e9 osobnosti? A\u00a0vedle literatury bychom mohli p\u0159ipomenout i\u00a0sv\u011btov\u00e9 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0obdiv rusk\u00e9 hudb\u011b, divadlu, baletu, filmu, um\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9mu. Tomu vyobcov\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska z\u00a0evropsk\u00e9 kultury jist\u011b Podiven s\u00e1m nev\u011b\u0159il! Ale co si m\u00e1me myslet nejen o\u00a0v\u011brohodnosti podobn\u00fdch autor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed v\u016f\u010di Rusku ned\u016fv\u011bru a\u00a0nen\u00e1vist, proto\u017ee se to hod\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fdm jejich \u00fazce partajn\u00edm z\u00e1jm\u016fm?<\/p>\n

Hodnoty lidsk\u00e9 osobnosti stejn\u011b jako jednota lidsk\u00e9ho rodu, \u017eivot v\u00a0bezpe\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0m\u00edru, v\u0161echny autentick\u00e9 hodnoty \u010dlov\u011bka volaj\u00ed po\u00a0tom, aby se Z\u00e1pad i\u00a0V\u00fdchod Evropy setkaly ve vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m porozum\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0spolupr\u00e1ci pro dobro v\u0161eho lidstva.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stanislava Ku\u010derov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed listy<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Auto\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o\u00a0Evrop\u011b, v\u011bt\u0161inou maj\u00ed na mysli jen z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st kontinentu. Ale zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 ur\u010den\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[1042,283,22],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7348"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7348"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7348\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7348"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7348"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}