{"id":72448,"date":"2025-02-17T00:14:37","date_gmt":"2025-02-16T23:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=72448"},"modified":"2025-02-16T14:11:28","modified_gmt":"2025-02-16T13:11:28","slug":"joseph-solis-mullen-iluze-valecne-prosperity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/02\/17\/joseph-solis-mullen-iluze-valecne-prosperity\/","title":{"rendered":"Joseph Solis-Mullen: Iluze v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 prosperity"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

To, \u017ee v\u00e1lka je p\u0159\u00ednosem pro podnik\u00e1n\u00ed dobrovoln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny ke vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu, je, jak poznamenal v roce 1909 jeden z posledn\u00edch britsk\u00fdch nositel\u016f klasick\u00e9ho liber\u00e1ln\u00edho plamene, Norman Angell, velk\u00e1 iluze. Jist\u011b tam byla n\u011bkter\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdrobci zbrojen\u00ed, ale celkov\u011b spole\u010dnost utrp\u011bla v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles \u00farovn\u011b obecn\u00e9ho blahobytu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e Angell u\u010dinil pozn\u00e1mku, kritiku s\u00edl\u00edc\u00edho protekcionismu, imperialismu a z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed zbrojen\u00edm v obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo vypuknut\u00ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v roce 1914, velk\u00fd klasick\u00fd liber\u00e1ln\u00ed francouzsk\u00fd ekonom Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat formuloval z\u00e1kladn\u00ed chybu v argumentech takov\u00fdch zast\u00e1nc\u016f fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed militaris.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na sv\u00e9m slavn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu rozbit\u00e9ho okna Bastiat vysv\u011btlil, \u017ee kdy\u017e je okno rozbit\u00e9, n\u00e1klady na jeho opravu jsou z\u0159ejm\u00e9; sklen\u00e1\u0159 dostane zaplaceno a jejich v\u00fdd\u011blky jsou snadno vid\u011bt. Co v\u0161ak nen\u00ed hned vid\u011bt, je to, co mohl majitel okna ud\u011blat se sv\u00fdmi pen\u011bzi, kdyby okno nebylo rozbit\u00e9 \u2013 mo\u017en\u00e1 si koupil nov\u00fd p\u00e1r bot nebo investoval do n\u011bjak\u00e9ho jin\u00e9ho produktivn\u00edho podniku. Klam rozbit\u00e9ho okna, jak se ve\u0161lo ve zn\u00e1most, podtrhuje kritick\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd n\u00e1hled: to, co je vid\u011bt (p\u0159\u00edjem sklen\u00e1\u0159e), \u010dasto zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 to, co nen\u00ed vid\u011bt (ztracen\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed zdroj\u016f).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bastiat\u016fv pohled, aplikovan\u00fd na militarismus, odhaluje skryt\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f sm\u011brem ke zni\u010den\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Washington st\u00e1le v\u00edce kontroluje ekonomiku ve jm\u00e9nu veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky a p\u0159ipravuje se na dal\u0161\u00ed veden\u00ed, chlub\u00ed se nap\u0159\u00edklad zjevn\u00fdmi v\u00fdhodami plynouc\u00edmi americk\u00fdm korporac\u00edm a pracovn\u00edk\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed z podpory boj\u016f na Ukrajin\u011b, prodeje zbran\u00ed do Izraele nebo rostouc\u00ed militarizace Tchajwansk\u00e9ho pr\u016flivu, nikdy nebylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010delit etatistick\u00e9 propagand\u011b o ekonomick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00ednosu v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jako obvykle se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 takov\u00e1 propaganda ner\u00fdsuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ta, kter\u00e1 obklopuje druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku, o kter\u00e9 v\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b s \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e1 ukon\u010dila Velkou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou krizi a p\u0159inesla \u00farove\u0148 prosperity, kterou Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 nevid\u011bli za celou generaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159i d\u016fkladn\u00e9m odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to unaven\u00e9 propagandy neud\u011blal nikdo v\u00edc ne\u017e velk\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd historik Robert Higgs. Jeho kniha\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Depression, War, and Cold War: Challenging the Myths of Conflict and Prosperity<\/span><\/i>\u00a0, vydan\u00e1 p\u0159ed dv\u011bma desetilet\u00edmi, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nezbytnou \u010detbou pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed by bojovali s nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi zast\u00e1nci dal\u0161\u00edho \u0161\u00edlen\u00e9ho z\u00e1chvatu fisk\u00e1ln\u00edho militarismu na z\u00e1klad\u011b argumentu, \u017ee \u201enapoprv\u00e9 to tak dob\u0159e fungovalo!\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Higgs bo\u0159\u00ed m\u00fdtus, \u017ee druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka p\u0159inesla skute\u010dnou ekonomickou prosperitu. Efektivn\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee zat\u00edmco v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 produkce zv\u00fd\u0161ila HDP a sn\u00ed\u017eila nezam\u011bstnanost, tyto metriky neodr\u00e1\u017eely skute\u010dn\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd blahobyt pro obecnou populaci. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159ovalo zdroje pry\u010d od spot\u0159ebn\u00edho zbo\u017e\u00ed a sm\u011brem k vojensk\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b, co\u017e vedlo k rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9mu nedostatku, p\u0159\u00edd\u011bl\u016fm a poklesu \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b oby\u010dejn\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f. Tento fenom\u00e9n, kter\u00fd Higgs naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ev\u00e1le\u010dnou prosperitou\u201c, byl povrchn\u00edm a zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm ukazatelem ekonomick\u00e9ho r\u016fstu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Higgs tak\u00e9 zpochyb\u0148uje popul\u00e1rn\u00ed narativ, \u017ee vl\u00e1dn\u00ed v\u00fddaje b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky polo\u017eily z\u00e1klad pro pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd boom americk\u00e9 ekonomiky. Ukazuje, \u017ee zjevn\u00e9 o\u017eiven\u00ed nebylo v\u00fdsledkem v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 politiky, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e masivn\u00edch investic a spot\u0159eby soukrom\u00e9ho sektoru, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovaly po skon\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1lky. Kdy\u017e vl\u00e1da kone\u010dn\u011b omezila sv\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy do ekonomiky, soukrom\u00e9 podnik\u00e1n\u00ed mohlo vzkv\u00e9tat a podn\u011bcovat udr\u017eiteln\u00fd r\u016fst a prosperitu.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00fd aspekt Higgsovy anal\u00fdzy spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jeho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na n\u00e1klady ob\u011btovan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, co\u017e je hodn\u011b v souladu s Bastiatov\u00fdmi poznatky. Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, jak obrovsk\u00e9 zdroje nasm\u011brovan\u00e9 do v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed p\u0159edstavovaly monument\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, kapit\u00e1lu a surovin, kter\u00e9 mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity v produktivn\u00edch \u010dinnostech vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00edch bohatstv\u00ed. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed zdaleka nebylo ekonomick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00ednosem, ale obrovsk\u00fdm vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00edm potenci\u00e1lu civiln\u00ed prosperity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201eV\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 prosperita? P\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed americk\u00e9 ekonomiky ve 40. letech 20. stolet\u00ed,\u201c poskytuje Higgs je\u0161t\u011b podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kritiku. Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje rozpory v m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9ho \u00fasp\u011bchu pomoc\u00ed metrik, jako je HDP b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad stavba tank\u016f a bomb m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it HDP, ale nep\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b. M\u00edsto toho p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zdroje spot\u0159ebovan\u00e9 zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd spole\u010dnosti neposkytuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 trval\u00e9 v\u00fdhody. Higgsova pr\u00e1ce vyb\u00edz\u00ed tv\u016frce politik i historiky, aby p\u0159ehodnotili konven\u010dn\u00ed moudrost o v\u00e1lce a prosperit\u011b, a p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1m destruktivn\u00ed iluze, kter\u00e9 jsou t\u011bmto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm vlastn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da pokra\u010duje v nafukov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho vojensko-pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho komplexu pod rou\u0161kou podpory ekonomick\u00e9 prosperity, jsou lekce myslitel\u016f jako Bastiat, Angell a Higgs aktu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdy d\u0159\u00edve. V\u00e1lka, kter\u00e1 zdaleka nen\u00ed motorem r\u016fstu, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 destruktivn\u00edm podnikem, kter\u00fd spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 zdroje, kter\u00e9 by jinak mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivot\u016f milion\u016f m\u00edrov\u00fdmi a produktivn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky. Pokud je historie n\u011bjak\u00fdm vod\u00edtkem, v\u00edra, \u017ee vojensk\u00e9 v\u00fddaje p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed ekonomickou z\u00e1chranu, je nejen iluzorn\u00ed, ale hluboce nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1, ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed jak svobodu jednotlivce, tak ekonomick\u00fd blahobyt spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Joseph Solis-Mullen<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To, \u017ee v\u00e1lka je p\u0159\u00ednosem pro podnik\u00e1n\u00ed dobrovoln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny ke vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu, je, jak poznamenal…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":72449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,45,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72448"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72448"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72448\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=72448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=72448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}