{"id":71057,"date":"2025-01-27T00:42:19","date_gmt":"2025-01-26T23:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=71057"},"modified":"2025-01-26T17:22:03","modified_gmt":"2025-01-26T16:22:03","slug":"marek-adam-jan-amos-komensky-pribeh-lidske-nezdolnosti-optimismu-i-zklamanych-nadeji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/01\/27\/marek-adam-jan-amos-komensky-pribeh-lidske-nezdolnosti-optimismu-i-zklamanych-nadeji\/","title":{"rendered":"Marek Adam: Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd \u2013 P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh lidsk\u00e9 nezdolnosti, optimismu i zklaman\u00fdch nad\u011bj\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

\u017divotn\u00ed pou\u0165 U\u010ditele n\u00e1rod\u016f vypr\u00e1v\u00ed neoby\u010dejn\u00fd lidsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Osud na\u0161eho velik\u00e1na, Myslitele stoj\u00edc\u00edho na rozhran\u00ed dvou velk\u00fdch d\u011bjinn\u00fdch epoch, renesan\u010dn\u00ed v\u0161e-moudrosti a barokn\u00ed zbo\u017enosti, by jako studnice pestr\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch epizod vydal p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm na rom\u00e1n \u010di velkofilm.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cesta Jana Amose Komensk\u00e9ho se jako zrcadlo \u017eivota odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v jeho tvorb\u011b, je\u017e p\u0159edstavuje spojitou n\u00e1dobu s Myslitelov\u00fdm osobn\u00edm i profesn\u00edm pozn\u00e1n\u00edm. Pat\u0159\u00ed do kategorie t\u011bch lidsk\u00fdch osud\u016f, pro n\u011b\u017e se stal konstituuj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem my\u0161lenkov\u00fd sv\u011bt dan\u00fd hodnotou idej\u00ed v\u0161t\u00edpen\u00fdch ji\u017e p\u0159i narozen\u00ed. Jak\u00e1si a\u017e magick\u00e1 (p\u0159ed)ur\u010denost pos\u00edlen\u00e1 pevn\u00fdmi ko\u0159eny duchovn\u00edho i rodinn\u00e9ho z\u00e1zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd (lat. Comenius), rodn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00edm Szeges (Sege\u0161), se narodil roku 1592, a to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na Ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b v obci Nivnice. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 \u2013 \u00fadajn\u00e9 \u2013 Komensk\u00e9ho rodi\u0161t\u011b s n\u00e1zvem Kom\u0148a\u00a0<\/em>n\u011bjak m\u016f\u017ee souviset s jeho p\u0159\u00eddomkem, lat. slovem\u00a0Comenius<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Komensk\u00fd se c\u00edtil b\u00fdt p\u016fvodem Moravan, av\u0161ak \u0159e\u010d\u00ed a jazykem sp\u00ed\u0161e \u010cech. Otec pr\u00fd, jak ostatn\u011b napov\u00edd\u00e1 rodov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed, m\u011bl ko\u0159eny ma\u010farsk\u00e9. Za svou vlast s\u00e1m Komensk\u00fd pova\u017eoval Moravu, av\u0161ak jako sv\u016fj rodn\u00fd jazyk vn\u00edmal a vnit\u0159n\u011b c\u00edtil \u010de\u0161tinu. Nejprve \u017eil s rodi\u010di v Uhersk\u00e9m Brod\u011b. Jako d\u00edt\u011b t\u011b\u017ece pracoval ve ml\u00fdn\u011b. Morov\u00e1 n\u00e1kaza mu vzala sourozence. V\u00a0dosp\u011blosti v\u011bnoval t\u00e9matu moru i jeden sv\u016fj m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd spis.<\/p>\n

Komensk\u00e9ho otec byl \u010dlenem Jednoty bratrsk\u00e9. \u010ceskobratrsk\u00e1 v\u00edra, realizace my\u0161lenek jiho\u010desk\u00e9ho filosofa Petra Chel\u010dick\u00e9ho, se stala onou osudovou \u017eivotn\u00ed pr\u016fvodkyn\u00ed i pro samotn\u00e9ho U\u010ditele n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd studoval na bratrsk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch v Str\u00e1\u017enici a v P\u0159erov\u011b, pozd\u011bji na n\u011bmeck\u00fdch protestantsk\u00fdch univerzit\u00e1ch v Herbornu a Heidelbergu. Zde vid\u00edme p\u0159\u00edmo internacion\u00e1ln\u00ed rozm\u011br evangelick\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, je\u017e otev\u00edralo bratrskou n\u00e1ru\u010d, bez ohledu na dobovou nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed etnicitu. Komensk\u00e9ho studia p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e cenn\u00fd doklad vysok\u00e9 vzd\u011blanostn\u00ed role \u010deskobratrsk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve v na\u0161\u00ed zemi. A obecn\u011b vzato i vzd\u011blanosti dobov\u00fdch evangelick\u00fdch vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed v zem\u00edch\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Po n\u00e1vratu ze studi\u00ed se Komensk\u00fd st\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u010ditelem v P\u0159erov\u011b a pozd\u011bji ve Fulneku. Situace po por\u00e1\u017ece \u010desk\u00fdch nekatolick\u00fdch stav\u016f po bitv\u011b na B\u00edl\u00e9 ho\u0159e se st\u00e1vala pro Komensk\u00e9ho ne\u00fanosnou. Procesy n\u00e1siln\u00e9 rekatolizace a odn\u00e1rodn\u011bn\u00ed nakonec zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinily Komensk\u00e9ho odchod z milovan\u00e9 vlasti do exilu.<\/p>\n

A tak coby pron\u00e1sledovan\u00fd nekatol\u00edk nucen\u011b odch\u00e1z\u00ed roku 1628 do polsk\u00e9ho Le\u0161na. Zde Komensk\u00fd usilovn\u011b pracoval zejm\u00e9na v oblasti lingvistick\u00e9, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b lexikografick\u00e9. Jeho slovn\u00edk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 \u010dinnost bud\u00ed zaslou\u017een\u00fd obdiv a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f. Komensk\u00fd sv\u00fdm odchodem z vlasti sice ztratil sv\u016fj domov, av\u0161ak neztratil svou v\u00edru. A sk\u00e1lopevn\u011b doufal v budouc\u00ed n\u00e1vrat zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Nad\u011bje je stav ducha, kter\u00fd d\u00e1v\u00e1 na\u0161emu \u017eivotu smysl!<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V pohnut\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b Jana Amose Komensk\u00e9ho nastalo mnoho situac\u00ed, kdy do\u0161lo ke zma\u0159en\u00ed Myslitelova up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed. Poctiv\u00e1 mraven\u010d\u00ed pr\u00e1ce vzala za sv\u00e9 nap\u0159. vypuknut\u00edm po\u017e\u00e1ru, kdy\u017e mu v polsk\u00e9m Le\u0161n\u011b sho\u0159elo pe\u010dliv\u011b zpracov\u00e1van\u00e9 badatelsk\u00e9 d\u00edlo \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed stovky str\u00e1nek. Ale ani v osobn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b bohu\u017eel nem\u016f\u017eeme hovo\u0159it o \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9m osudu velk\u00e9ho U\u010ditele n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli Komensk\u00fd horoucn\u011b usiloval o vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9ho rodinn\u00e9ho z\u00e1zem\u00ed, jeho sny o napln\u011bn\u00ed rodinn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed byly zma\u0159eny, stejn\u011b jako (marn\u00e9) \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u00e1vrat do milovan\u00e9 vlasti. Komensk\u00e9ho l\u00e1sku a vidinu rodinn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed p\u0159ekazila smrt, jeho nad\u011bji na n\u00e1vrat dom\u016f pak definitivn\u011b zlomil nedostate\u010dn\u011b vyjednan\u00fd Vestf\u00e1lsk\u00fd m\u00edr.<\/p>\n

Navzdory nep\u0159\u00edzni osudu i navzdory osobn\u00edm ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00edm se Komensk\u00fd, ve snaze o n\u00e1pravu v\u011bc\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch, doslova \u201elopot\u00ed\u201c d\u00e1l. Svou\u00a0v\u00edru v Boho\u010dlov\u011bka Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista tak \u010desk\u00fd bratr Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd, hl\u00e1s\u00edc\u00ed se k odkazu \u010desk\u00e9 (husitsk\u00e9) reformace, nikdy nezradil. A svou vlast v t\u011b\u017ece zlomen\u00e9m\u00a0srdci vlastn\u011b \u00fapln\u011b neztratil jen a pouze d\u00edky sv\u00e9 spravedliv\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e, je\u017e se stala jeho vnit\u0159n\u00edm duchovn\u00edm domovem.<\/p>\n

P\u0159es v\u0161echny osobn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed prohry velk\u00e9mu U\u010diteli n\u00e1rod\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedna hodnota, je\u017e je \u010dlov\u011bku ctnost\u00ed z nejv\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u2013 NAD\u011aJE. Komensk\u00e9ho vnit\u0159n\u00ed my\u0161lenkov\u00fd sv\u011bt jako by se v\u0161ak postupn\u011b ocital v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9m kontrastu s\u00a0realitou sv\u011bta vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho.<\/p>\n

A tak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 velk\u00fd U\u010ditel n\u00e1rod\u016f, respektovan\u00fd v mnoha zem\u00edch (jen ne v t\u00e9 sv\u00e9), nakonec osam\u011bl\u00fd. Osobn\u00ed smutn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b kompenzuje rostouc\u00ed celoevropsk\u00e1 presti\u017e a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed na poli pedagogiky, lingvistiky, teologie, filosofie a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch m\u00edrov\u00fdch snah.<\/p>\n

Pokus o v\u0161en\u00e1pravu v\u011bc\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch, pokus o sbrat\u0159en\u00ed lid\u00ed ve v\u00ed\u0159e v soci\u00e1ln\u00ed spravedlnost a humanitu, ale i nekone\u010dn\u00e1 nad\u011bje na \u201cn\u00e1vrat vl\u00e1dy v\u011bc\u00ed spravedliv\u00fdch\u201d \u2013 to v\u0161e \u010din\u00ed Komensk\u00e9ho odkaz st\u00e1le p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm, v\u011b\u010dn\u011b pravdiv\u00fdm a nav\u017edy\u00a0\u017eiv\u00fdm.\u00a0Dle Komensk\u00e9ho\u00a0Br\u00e1ny jazyk\u016f<\/em>\u00a0se u\u010dily d\u011bti nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d n\u00e1rody i nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edmi.<\/p>\n

Komensk\u00fd a jeho pedagogick\u00fd odkaz z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u011b\u010dn\u011b \u017eiv\u00fdmi entitami proto, \u017ee p\u0159i pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta i \u010dlov\u011bka zohled\u0148uj\u00ed nejen\u00a0vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed rozumu<\/em><\/strong>, ale tak\u00e9 \u2013 a to je t\u0159eba zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zd\u016fraznit \u2013 je\u0161t\u011b i cosi nav\u00edc \u2013 n\u011bco, \u010demu s\u00a0l\u00e1skou \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me\u00a0vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed srdce<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

K\u00e9\u017e n\u00e1m\u00a0vzd\u011blanost lidsk\u00e9ho srdce<\/em>\u00a0z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed i v epo\u0161e, v n\u00ed\u017e \u010dlov\u011bka postupn\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u201cnahrazovat\u201d fenom\u00e9n nov\u00fd, fenom\u00e9n v\u00a0mnoh\u00e9m neprob\u00e1dan\u00fd, riskantn\u00ed, sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zr\u00e1dn\u00fd a pon\u011bkud odlid\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd \u2013 um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence!\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed je schopnost porozum\u011bt druh\u00fdm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Historia magistra vitae!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mgr. Marek ADAM\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u017divotn\u00ed pou\u0165 U\u010ditele n\u00e1rod\u016f vypr\u00e1v\u00ed neoby\u010dejn\u00fd lidsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Osud na\u0161eho velik\u00e1na, Myslitele stoj\u00edc\u00edho na rozhran\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":48203,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[398,6874,94],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71057"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71057"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71058,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71057\/revisions\/71058"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=71057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=71057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}