{"id":70011,"date":"2025-01-12T00:35:54","date_gmt":"2025-01-11T23:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=70011"},"modified":"2025-01-11T18:04:58","modified_gmt":"2025-01-11T17:04:58","slug":"cile-za-trumpovymi-cly-snizit-dane-pro-bohate-a-eskalovat-novou-studenou-valku-proti-cine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/01\/12\/cile-za-trumpovymi-cly-snizit-dane-pro-bohate-a-eskalovat-novou-studenou-valku-proti-cine\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00edle za Trumpov\u00fdmi cly: Sn\u00ed\u017eit dan\u011b pro bohat\u00e9 a eskalovat novou studenou v\u00e1lku proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Cla Donalda Trumpa st\u00e1tn\u00ed dluh USA nesn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed deficit bude nad\u00e1le r\u016fst, ale bude z\u00e1minkou k dal\u0161\u00edmu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dan\u00ed bohat\u00fdm a dal\u0161\u00edmu p\u0159i\u017eivov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9 studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

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Donald Trump citoval miliard\u00e1\u0159e rizikov\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu Marca Andreessena, aby argumentoval vysok\u00fdmi cly. Trump tvrdil, \u017ee cla magicky nahrad\u00ed da\u0148 z p\u0159\u00edjmu a vyma\u017eou st\u00e1tn\u00ed dluh USA (kter\u00fd \u010din\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 120 % HDP). To je zcela nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a matematicky absurdn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Pro Trumpa jsou cla jen dal\u0161\u00ed pohodlnou v\u00fdmluvou, jak sn\u00ed\u017eit dan\u011b bohat\u00fdm \u2013 co\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed deficit USA a tedy i st\u00e1tn\u00ed dluh.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky Trumpov\u00fdm \u0161krt\u016fm dan\u00ed b\u011bhem jeho prvn\u00edho funk\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed platily nejbohat\u0161\u00ed miliard\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 rodiny v USA ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed efektivn\u00ed da\u0148ovou sazbu ne\u017e spodn\u00ed polovina dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed v zemi. Mezit\u00edm feder\u00e1ln\u00ed deficity USA vzrostly z 3,4 % HDP v roce 2017 na 4,6 % HDP v roce 2019 (p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se schodek zv\u00fd\u0161il na 14,7 % HDP v roce 2020 kv\u016fli nezbytn\u00fdm stimula\u010dn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm b\u011bhem pandemie).<\/p>\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Trump pokra\u010duje ve sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u00ed sv\u00fdm koleg\u016fm oligarch\u016fm, cla\u00a0u\u0161l\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmy rozhodn\u011b\u00a0nenahrad\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0. Studie Wharton School, elitn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed \u0161koly Pensylv\u00e1nsk\u00e9 univerzity, odhaduje, \u017ee Trumpova ekonomick\u00e1 politika zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed deficit USA o 5,8 bilionu dolar\u016f b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed dek\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esto je n\u00e1hl\u00fd z\u00e1jem americk\u00fdch miliard\u00e1\u0159\u016f o cla o mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e jen o dan\u00edch; jde skute\u010dn\u011b o pr\u016fmyslovou hegemonii a ekonomickou dominanci.<\/p>\n

Zde je skute\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd oligarchov\u00e9 jako Trump a Andreessen neznaj\u00ed:<\/p>\n

V 19. a na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty cla jako formu ochrany pro za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fmysl, aby si vybudovaly svou dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacitu, podle dirigistick\u00fdch my\u0161lenek Alexandra Hamiltona.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 vysp\u011bl\u00e1 ekonomika za\u010dala protekcionismem (v\u010detn\u011b Brit\u00e1nie, Francie, Japonska, Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreje atd.). St\u00e1t musel b\u011bhem po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho \u201edoh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed\u201c chr\u00e1nit za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fmysl, proto\u017ee pro rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se ekonomiku je velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 konkurovat dominantn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 velmoci, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e m\u00e1 zavedenou pr\u016fmyslovou z\u00e1kladnu t\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed z \u00faspor z rozsahu.<\/p>\n

Ve 40. letech se Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty staly sv\u011btovou dominantn\u00ed pr\u016fmyslovou velmoc\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pot\u00e9, co druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka zni\u010dila jejich konkurenty v Evrop\u011b. V roce 1946 \u010dinil \u010dist\u00fd export USA 3,2 % HDP; V roce 1947 to bylo 4,3 % HDP. To byl vrchol, kter\u00e9ho u\u017e USA nikdy nedos\u00e1hnou. (\u010cist\u00fd v\u00fdvoz USA byl bez v\u00fdjimky z\u00e1porn\u00fd od roku 1976, proto\u017ee USA maj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed trval\u00e9 deficity b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu v historii, kter\u00e9 byly kompenzov\u00e1ny pouze t\u00edm, \u017ee USA tiskly glob\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervn\u00ed m\u011bnu, a tak byly schopny prod\u00e1vat st\u00e1le v\u00edce st\u00e1tn\u00edch dluhopis\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch finan\u010dn\u00ed aktiva zahrani\u010dn\u00edm dr\u017eitel\u016fm dolaru).<\/p>\n

Ve \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed ji\u017e americk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl nem\u011bl v\u00fdznamnou konkurenci, tak\u017ee Washington odstranil cla a za\u010dal hl\u00e1sat \u201evoln\u00fd obchod\u201c. To prosp\u011blo USA, proto\u017ee m\u011bly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b velk\u00fd p\u0159ebytek a nedostate\u010dnou dom\u00e1c\u00ed popt\u00e1vku. Prosazen\u00edm \u201evoln\u00e9ho obchodu\u201c (\u010dasto n\u00e1tlakem) byli schopni otev\u0159\u00edt nov\u00e9 trhy pro sv\u016fj export.<\/p>\n

USA se neob\u00e1valy ztr\u00e1ty m\u00edstn\u00edho pod\u00edlu na trhu ve prosp\u011bch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdrobc\u016f, proto\u017ee u\u017e nebyli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed na vrcholu hodnotov\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce. To umo\u017enilo americk\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem ovl\u00e1dnout zahrani\u010dn\u00ed i dom\u00e1c\u00ed trhy.<\/p>\n

To, co Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ud\u011blaly, nebylo jedine\u010dn\u00e9; Britsk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium ud\u011blalo p\u0159esn\u011b to sam\u00e9 v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed. Pot\u00e9, co Brit\u00e1nie ustanovila svou pr\u016fmyslovou nadvl\u00e1du, v roce 1846 zru\u0161ila kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1kony, odvr\u00e1tila se od p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9ho protekcionismu a za\u010dala sv\u00fdm koloni\u00edm vnucovat \u201evoln\u00fd obchod\u201c. (Tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u00a0podrobn\u011b popsal\u00a0ekonom Ha-Joon Chang ve sv\u00e9 pr\u016flomov\u00e9 knize\u00a0Kicking Away the Ladder .)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ve 21. stolet\u00ed se v\u0161ak stalo n\u011bco, co v\u0161e zm\u011bnilo: \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 republika podnikla nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kampa\u0148 za ekonomick\u00fd rozvoj v historii.<\/p>\n

V roce 2016 \u010c\u00edna p\u0159edstihla Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btovou ekonomiku (kdy\u017e se HDP m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v parit\u011b kupn\u00ed s\u00edly, podle MMF).<\/p>\n

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Je\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna se rychle industrializovala a etablovala se jako \u201ejedin\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed supervelmoc\u201c, zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za 35 % celosv\u011btov\u00e9 hrub\u00e9 produkce.<\/p>\n

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Mezit\u00edm Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ztratily svou pr\u016fmyslovou nadvl\u00e1du kv\u016fli deindustrializaci a financializaci sv\u00e9 ekonomiky v neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e. T\u0159\u00edda americk\u00fdch kapitalist\u016f se rozhodla, \u017ee bude rad\u011bji sv\u011btov\u00fdm bank\u00e9\u0159em ne\u017e sv\u011btovou tov\u00e1rnou, proto\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed parazitick\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00edch a technologick\u00fdch oligopol\u016f, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed monopoln\u00ed tr\u017en\u00ed kontrolu a du\u0161evn\u00ed vlastnictv\u00ed k z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed renty, je mnohem v\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e skute\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba produkt\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze 10 % americk\u00e9ho HDP. V\u00edce ne\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobek, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 21 %, poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze sektoru FIRE: finance, poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a nemovitosti.<\/p>\n

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Americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti dnes ji\u017e nemohou konkurovat \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem. Jak reaguje americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuje monopoln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l USA? Opustila ideologii \u201evoln\u00e9ho obchodu\u201c, kterou sv\u011btu vnucovala po desetilet\u00ed, a m\u00edsto toho se vr\u00e1tila ke sv\u00e9mu star\u00e9mu tvrd\u00e9mu protekcionismu.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho prvn\u00edho funk\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed Trump zah\u00e1jil obchodn\u00ed v\u00e1lku proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Ale to je zcela dvoustrann\u00e9 (jako je tomu u t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech americk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek). Joe Biden pokra\u010doval v Trumpov\u011b obchodn\u00ed a technologick\u00e9 v\u00e1lce proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b a uvalil je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce cel.<\/p>\n

Demagogov\u00e9 jako Trump r\u00e1di d\u011blaj\u00ed z \u010c\u00edny ob\u011btn\u00edho ber\u00e1nka za probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobili ameri\u010dt\u00ed oligarchov\u00e9 jako on a Andreessen, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky deindustrializaci a s n\u00ed spojen\u00e9mu financov\u00e1n\u00ed americk\u00e9 ekonomiky mnohem, mnohem, mnohem v\u00edce zbohatli.<\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee cla jsou v\u0161el\u00e9kem, kter\u00fd v\u0161e naprav\u00ed. Ale neud\u011blaj\u00ed, proto\u017ee pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna USA byla v\u00e1\u017en\u011b naru\u0161ena a nelze ji rychle obnovit; to trv\u00e1 mnoho let.<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee miliard\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed oligarchov\u00e9 na Wall Street \u2013 bl\u00edzc\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 a spojenci Trumpa, Andreessena, Viveka Ramaswamyho a Elona Muska \u2013 budou zuby nehty bojovat proti v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 devalvaci dolaru, kter\u00e1 podporuje reindustrializaci, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dolaru V\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady a omezen\u00ed dovozu by bylo nutn\u00e9. Finan\u010dn\u00ed spekulanti cht\u011bj\u00ed siln\u00fd dolar k dal\u0161\u00edmu nafouknut\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bubliny v historii americk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9ho trhu.<\/p>\n

D\u016fsledkem toho je, \u017ee Trump ve skute\u010dnosti nepou\u017eije cla k reindustrializaci, ale ze dvou hlavn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f: Za prv\u00e9, aby ospravedlnil dal\u0161\u00ed sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u00ed bohat\u00fdm (\u010d\u00edm\u017e se zv\u00fd\u0161il st\u00e1tn\u00ed dluh USA, co\u017e zase slou\u017e\u00ed jako argument pro neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed ospravedlnit \u00fasporn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed a \u0161krty v soci\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fddaj\u00edch); a za druh\u00e9, zintenzivnit novou studenou v\u00e1lku proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b, co\u017e je dar obou stran vojensko-pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9mu komplexu, kter\u00fd pouze odvede pozornost od dom\u00e1c\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddou USA a p\u0159esune vinu navenek.<\/p>\n

Autor: Ben Norton<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Cla Donalda Trumpa st\u00e1tn\u00ed dluh USA nesn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed deficit bude nad\u00e1le r\u016fst, ale bude z\u00e1minkou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":69782,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[30,1026,122,452],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70011"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70011"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70011\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/69782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70011"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70011"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70011"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}