{"id":69275,"date":"2025-01-01T00:44:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-31T23:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=69275"},"modified":"2024-12-31T14:56:24","modified_gmt":"2024-12-31T13:56:24","slug":"jak-se-usa-snazily-nahradit-mezinarodni-pravo-svym-vlastnim-pokroucenym-vytvorem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2025\/01\/01\/jak-se-usa-snazily-nahradit-mezinarodni-pravo-svym-vlastnim-pokroucenym-vytvorem\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak se USA sna\u017eily nahradit mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm pokroucen\u00fdm v\u00fdtvorem"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Od Kosova po Krym by pokrytectv\u00ed washingtonsk\u00e9ho \u201epo\u0159\u00e1dku zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech\u201c bylo legra\u010dn\u00ed, kdyby nebylo tak v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je zalo\u017eeno na stejn\u00e9 suverenit\u011b pro v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech podporuje hegemonii na principu suver\u00e9nn\u00ed nerovnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech je b\u011b\u017en\u011b prezentov\u00e1n jako mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo plus mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v oblasti lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, kter\u00e9 se jev\u00ed jako vl\u00eddn\u00e9 a progresivn\u00ed. To v\u0161ak znamen\u00e1 zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed protich\u016fdn\u00fdch z\u00e1sad a pravidel. D\u016fsledkem je syst\u00e9m postr\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed jednotn\u00e1 pravidla, ve kter\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span>\u201em\u016f\u017ee napravovat\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v oblasti lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v zav\u00e1d\u00ed soubor pravidel pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1v jednotlivce, av\u0161ak bezpe\u010dnost zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na \u010dlov\u011bka \u010dasto odporuje bezpe\u010dnosti zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na st\u00e1t jako z\u00e1kladu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/span><\/p>\n

USA jako hegemonn\u00ed st\u00e1t si pak mohou vybrat mezi bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159enou na \u010dlov\u011bka a bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159enou na st\u00e1t, zat\u00edmco protivn\u00edci mus\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b dodr\u017eovat bezpe\u010dnost zam\u011b\u0159enou na st\u00e1t kv\u016fli \u00fadajn\u00e9mu nedostatku liber\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9ho pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad bezpe\u010dnost zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na st\u00e1t jako z\u00e1klad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va trv\u00e1 na \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvosti st\u00e1t\u016f, zat\u00edmco bezpe\u010dnost zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na \u010dlov\u011bka umo\u017e\u0148uje odtr\u017een\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b principu sebeur\u010den\u00ed. USA tak budou trvat na \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvosti ve spojeneck\u00fdch zem\u00edch, jako je Ukrajina, Gruzie nebo \u0160pan\u011blsko, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 podporovat sebeur\u010den\u00ed v r\u00e1mci nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, jako je Srbsko, \u010c\u00edna, Rusko a S\u00fdrie. USA mohou zasahovat do dom\u00e1c\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed protivn\u00edk\u016f, aby prosazovaly liber\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty, ale ameri\u010dt\u00ed protivn\u00edci nemaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo zasahovat do dom\u00e1c\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed USA. K usnadn\u011bn\u00ed hegemonick\u00e9ho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du nem\u016f\u017ee existovat stejn\u00e1 suverenita pro v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Budov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na hegemonick\u00fdch pravidlech<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Proces budov\u00e1n\u00ed alternativn\u00edch zdroj\u016f legitimity k usnadn\u011bn\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00ed nerovnosti za\u010dal nez\u00e1konnou invaz\u00ed NATO do Jugosl\u00e1vie v roce 1999 bez mand\u00e1tu OSN. Poru\u0161en\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va bylo ospravedln\u011bno liber\u00e1ln\u00edmi hodnotami. Dokonce i legitimita Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN byla zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1na argumentem, \u017ee by m\u011bla b\u00fdt obch\u00e1zena, proto\u017ee Rusko a \u010c\u00edna veto humanit\u00e1rn\u00edho intervencionismu byly \u00fadajn\u011b zp\u016fsobeny jejich nedostatkem liber\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00fdch hodnot.<\/span><\/p>\n

Snahy o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed alternativn\u00edch zdroj\u016f autority pokra\u010dovaly v roce 2003 s c\u00edlem z\u00edskat legitimitu pro ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed invazi do Ir\u00e1ku. B\u00fdval\u00fd americk\u00fd velvyslanec p\u0159i NATO Ivo Daalder\u00a0<\/span>vyzval<\/span><\/a>\u00a0k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201eAliance demokraci\u00ed\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho prvku zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky USA. Podobn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh\u00a0<\/span>navrhoval<\/span><\/a>\u00a0z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201eKoncertu demokraci\u00ed\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0ve kter\u00e9m by liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie mohly jednat v duchu OSN, ani\u017e by byly omezov\u00e1ny pr\u00e1vem veta autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. B\u011bhem prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb v roce 2008 republik\u00e1nsk\u00fd prezidentsk\u00fd kandid\u00e1t sen\u00e1tor John McCain argumentoval ve prosp\u011bch z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201eLigy demokraci\u00ed\u201c.\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0V prosinci 2021 uspo\u0159\u00e1daly USA prvn\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201eSummit pro demokracii\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0aby rozd\u011blil sv\u011bt na liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie versus autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm\u00a0<\/span>zar\u00e1moval<\/span><\/a>\u00a0suver\u00e9nn\u00ed nerovnost v jazyce demokracie: vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed Washingtonu do vnit\u0159n\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed jin\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f bylo\u00a0<\/span>\u201epodporou demokracie\u201c,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0zat\u00edmco prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed suverenity Z\u00e1padu znamenalo obranu demokracie. V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 iniciativy se staly\u00a0<\/span>\u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na pravidlech\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0S imperialistick\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm by existoval jeden soubor pravidel pro\u00a0<\/span>\u201ezahradu\u201c<\/span><\/em>\u00a0a jin\u00fd soubor pro\u00a0<\/span>\u201ed\u017eungli\u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech vytvo\u0159il dvoustup\u0148ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m legitimn\u00edch versus nelegitimn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. Paradoxem liber\u00e1ln\u00edho internacionalismu je, \u017ee liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie \u010dasto po\u017eaduj\u00ed, aby ovl\u00e1dly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed instituce, aby br\u00e1nily demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty p\u0159ed kontrolou v\u011bt\u0161iny. Trval\u00fd a odoln\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m schopn\u00fd vyvinout spole\u010dn\u00e1 pravidla je v\u0161ak nezbytn\u00fd pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f mezi st\u00e1ty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v souladu s Chartou OSN je zalo\u017eeno na vestf\u00e1lsk\u00e9m principu suver\u00e9nn\u00ed rovnosti jako\u00a0<\/span>\u201ev\u0161echny st\u00e1ty jsou si rovny\u201c.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0Naproti tomu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech je hegemonick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na suver\u00e9nn\u00ed nerovnosti. Takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m suver\u00e9nn\u00ed nerovnosti se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed z\u00e1sadou z \u201eFarmy zv\u00ed\u0159at\u201c George Orwella, kter\u00e1 stanov\u00ed, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>\u201ev\u0161echna zv\u00ed\u0159ata [st\u00e1ty] jsou si rovny, ale n\u011bkter\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata [st\u00e1ty] jsou si rovn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0V Kosovu Z\u00e1pad prosazoval sebeur\u010den\u00ed jako normativn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na odtr\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 muselo b\u00fdt up\u0159ednostn\u011bno p\u0159ed \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvost\u00ed. V Ji\u017en\u00ed Osetii a na Krymu Z\u00e1pad trval na tom, \u017ee posv\u00e1tnost \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvosti, jak je stanovena v Chart\u011b OSN, mus\u00ed m\u00edt p\u0159ednost p\u0159ed sebeur\u010den\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednotn\u00e1 pravidla nahrazena tribun\u00e1lem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

M\u00edsto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konflikt\u016f diplomaci\u00ed a jednotn\u00fdmi pravidly existuje pob\u00eddka k manipulaci, moralizov\u00e1n\u00ed a propagand\u011b, proto\u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spory rozhoduje tribun\u00e1l ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed, kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed konkuren\u010dn\u00ed principy. Klam a extr\u00e9mn\u00ed jazyk se tak staly b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi. V roce 1999 zejm\u00e9na USA a Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed p\u0159edlo\u017eily fale\u0161n\u00e1 obvin\u011bn\u00ed z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zlo\u010din\u016f, aby u\u010dinily intervencionismus legitimn\u00edm. Britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Tony Blair\u00a0<\/span>\u0159ekl<\/span><\/a>\u00a0sv\u011btu, \u017ee jugosl\u00e1vsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady byly\u00a0<\/span>\u201enastaveny na genocidu ve stylu Hitlera ekvivalentn\u00ed vyvra\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017did\u016f b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Nen\u00ed p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee to, co se d\u011bje, je rasov\u00e1 genocida.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech nedok\u00e1\u017ee vytvo\u0159it spole\u010dn\u00e1 sjednocuj\u00edc\u00ed pravidla, jak \u0159\u00eddit mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy, co\u017e je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. \u010c\u00edna i Rusko odsoudily mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech jako du\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 usnadnit dvoj\u00ed standardy. N\u00e1m\u011bstek \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho ministra zahrani\u010d\u00ed Xie Feng\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>prohl\u00e1sil<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech zav\u00e1d\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>\u201epr\u00e1vo d\u017eungle\u201c,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0pokud je v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nahrazeno unilateralismem. Rusk\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed Sergej Lavrov podobn\u011b\u00a0<\/span>kritizoval<\/span><\/a>\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech za vytvo\u0159en\u00ed paraleln\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce k legitimizaci unilateralismu:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eZ\u00e1pad p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed s \u0159adou form\u00e1t\u016f, jako je Francouzsko-n\u011bmeck\u00e1 aliance pro multilateralismus, Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed proti beztrestnosti za pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed na ochranu svobody m\u00e9di\u00ed, Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed partnerstv\u00ed pro um\u011blou inteligenci, V\u00fdzva po Akce k pos\u00edlen\u00ed respektu k mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu humanit\u00e1rn\u00edmu pr\u00e1vu \u2013 v\u0161echny tyto iniciativy se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u00e9maty, kter\u00e1 jsou ji\u017e na agend\u011b OSN a jej\u00edch specializovan\u00fdch agentur. Tato partnerstv\u00ed existuj\u00ed mimo v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 struktury, aby se shodli na tom, co Z\u00e1pad chce, v omezen\u00e9m kruhu bez jak\u00fdchkoli oponent\u016f. Pot\u00e9 sv\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159edkl\u00e1daj\u00ed OSN a prezentuj\u00ed je zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd se de facto rovn\u00e1 ultim\u00e1tu. Pokud OSN nesouhlas\u00ed, proto\u017ee vnutit cokoli zem\u00edm, kter\u00e9 nesd\u00edlej\u00ed stejn\u00e9 \u201ahodnoty\u2018, nen\u00ed nikdy snadn\u00e9, podniknou jednostrann\u00e9 kroky.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed objedn\u00e1vka zalo\u017een\u00e1 na pravidlech neobsahuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pravidla, nen\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na a nedoru\u010duje objedn\u00e1vku. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech by m\u011bl b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd experiment unipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odstran\u011bn, aby bylo obnoveno mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo jako po\u017eadavek stability a m\u00edru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Autorem je\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Glenn Diesen<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0, profesor na Univerzit\u011b jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edho Norska a redaktor \u010dasopisu Russia in Global Affairs. Sledujte ho na\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Substacku<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od Kosova po Krym by pokrytectv\u00ed washingtonsk\u00e9ho \u201epo\u0159\u00e1dku zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech\u201c bylo legra\u010dn\u00ed, kdyby nebylo…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":69276,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,2164,57,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69275"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69275"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69275\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/69276"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=69275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=69275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}