{"id":69223,"date":"2024-12-31T00:39:40","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T23:39:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=69223"},"modified":"2024-12-30T14:39:41","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T13:39:41","slug":"zbynek-fiala-stoleti-bile-vrany","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/12\/31\/zbynek-fiala-stoleti-bile-vrany\/","title":{"rendered":"Zbyn\u011bk Fiala: Stolet\u00ed b\u00edl\u00e9 vr\u00e1ny"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

B\u00fdval\u00fd americk\u00fd prezident Jimmy Carter zkou\u0161el vn\u00e9st do politiky lidsk\u00fd rozm\u011br a odpov\u011bdnost v\u016f\u010di p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm generac\u00edm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

James Carter, d\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ednost osloven\u00ed Jimmy, byl americk\u00fdm prezidentem od ledna 1977 do ledna 1981 a spojujeme ho s\u00a0politikou \u201elidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v\u201c, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed jeho zalo\u017een\u00ed baptistick\u00e9ho kazatele. P\u0159inesl do spole\u010dnosti hodn\u011b nov\u00e9ho, do\u017eil se stovky, ale politicky m\u011bl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tkou \u017eivotnost. Jak p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 i n\u00e1\u0161 nejlep\u0161\u00ed premi\u00e9r v\u0161ech dob Petr Fiala, jedno \u010dty\u0159let\u00ed je prost\u011b m\u00e1lo\u2026<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tek Carterova ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed byl na americk\u00e9 pom\u011bry opravdu razantn\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\u201eV roce 1962 vstoupil do st\u00e1tn\u00ed politiky a o osm let pozd\u011bji byl zvolen guvern\u00e9rem Georgie. Mezi nov\u00fdmi mlad\u00fdmi ji\u017eansk\u00fdmi guvern\u00e9ry p\u0159itahoval pozornost d\u016frazem na ekologii, efektivitu ve vl\u00e1d\u011b a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed rasov\u00fdch bari\u00e9r,\u201c\u00a0<\/em>p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivotopis z\u00a0webu B\u00edl\u00e9ho domu.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/about-the-white-house\/presidents\/james-carter\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Henry Kissinger nezahrnul Jamese Cartera mezi skupinu v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed, o kter\u00fdch p\u00ed\u0161e ve sv\u00e9m vrcholn\u00e9m d\u00edle\u00a0Um\u011bn\u00ed politick\u00e9 strategie<\/em>. Z\u00a0americk\u00fdch prezident\u016f si rad\u011bji vybral Richard Nixona, se kter\u00fdm otev\u0159el norm\u00e1ln\u00ed vztahy s\u00a0\u010c\u00ednou (ale form\u00e1ln\u011b to prob\u011bhlo a\u017e za Cartera roku1979). Jako reprezentanta druh\u00e9 p\u016fle 70. let, kdy Carter vl\u00e1dl, Kissinger p\u0159edstavil egyptsk\u00e9ho prezidenta Anvara S\u00e1d\u00e1ta.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, jak v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, Carter m\u011bl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pod\u00edl na m\u00edrov\u00e9 dohod\u011b s\u00a0Izraelem, za kterou dostal Sadat\u00a0roku 1978 Nobelovu cenu m\u00edru spolu s\u00a0ministersk\u00fdm p\u0159edsedou \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu Menachenem Beginem. Uveden\u00e1 dohoda z\u00a0Camp Davidu byla p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1na i roku 1982, kdy\u017e poctili Nobelovkou samotn\u00e9ho Cartera.<\/p>\n

Kissinger o vzniku t\u00e9to smlouvy p\u00ed\u0161e:<\/p>\n

\u201eT\u0159et\u00edho dubna 1977 S\u00e1d\u00e1t v\u00a0p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee \u201e99 procent karet v\u00a0t\u00e9to h\u0159e dr\u017e\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9\u201c, p\u0159edstavil nov\u011b nastoupiv\u0161\u00edmu prezidentu Carterovi m\u00edrov\u00fd pl\u00e1n. Zopakoval nutnost existence palestinsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a sta\u017een\u00ed Izraele do hranic z\u00a0roku 1967 a uvedl, \u017ee Egypt je p\u0159ipraven ofici\u00e1ln\u011b Izrael uznat a nevznese n\u00e1mitky proti americk\u00e9 pomoci \u010di garanc\u00edm budouc\u00edho palestinsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

(Henry Kissinger,<\/em>\u00a0Um\u011bn\u00ed politick\u00e9 strategie, Prostor 2023, str. 313.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Kdyby to tak dneska cht\u011bl n\u011bkdo zopakovat!<\/p>\n

Carterova role byla z\u00e1sadn\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00a0procesu jadern\u00e9ho odzbrojov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e nedopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vyslou\u017eil\u00fdch zbran\u00ed nov\u00fdmi, tak\u017ee by jejich po\u010dty \u010dasem p\u0159irozen\u011b klesaly. Podstatn\u00e9 bylo, \u017ee byla dohodnuta ustanoven\u00ed o vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 kontrole jadern\u00e9ho arzen\u00e1lu USA a SSSR. Tak to bylo dohodnuto ve smlouv\u011b o omezen\u00ed strategick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed SALT II, kterou Carter podepsal v\u00a0\u010dervnu 1979 se sov\u011btsk\u00fdm v\u016fdcem Leonidem Bre\u017en\u011bvem ve V\u00eddni. P\u0159edch\u00e1zela tomu o \u0161est let star\u0161\u00ed smlouva SALT I, kter\u00e1 stanovila stropy jadern\u00fdch hlavic na obou stran\u00e1ch a pokusila se p\u0159ibrzdit v\u00fdzkum nov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Smlouva SALT II, vn\u00edman\u00e1 jako z\u0159eteln\u00e1 nad\u011bje na postupn\u00e9 sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00e9 hrozby, byla typickou\u00a0mission impossible<\/em>.\u00a0 Na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b zaz\u00e1\u0159ila, ale doma uk\u00e1zala hranice moci americk\u00e9ho prezidenta, proto\u017ee po sov\u011btsk\u00e9 invazi do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu o v\u00e1noc\u00edch t\u00e9ho\u017e roku ji Sen\u00e1t odm\u00edtl ratifikovat. Ale ani americk\u00fd Sen\u00e1t nen\u00ed v\u0161emocn\u00fd, a tak smlouva byla z\u00a0americk\u00e9 strany i pot\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1b\u011bry z\u00a0V\u00eddn\u011b, kde se SALT II podepisovala, ukazovaly Bre\u017en\u011bva ve stavu, kter\u00fd snad byl je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho dosluhuj\u00edc\u00edho americk\u00e9ho prezidenta Joe Bidena. V\u011b\u0159ili jsme, \u017ee bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se genera\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bna v\u00a0Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu p\u0159inese uvoln\u011bn\u00ed i do normalizovan\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska. Zato Carter byl v\u00a0pln\u00e9 s\u00edle, v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b se dokonce pokusil o maraton, ale v\u00a0p\u016fli trati byl pro vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed byl sta\u017een ochrankou.<\/p>\n

Byla tu \u0159ada ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru Carterova funk\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159ely dojem, \u017ee hranice blokov\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta jsou rozru\u0161ov\u00e1ny a historie s\u00a0k\u00a0n\u00e1m obrac\u00ed svou vl\u00eddn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Posiloval blok nez\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch zem\u00ed, o jejich\u017e ok\u00e1zal\u00e9m summitu v\u00a0Havan\u011b v\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1979 u\u017e jsem v\u00a0minul\u00fdch dnech psal. Vstupovala v platnost dohoda Torrijos \u2013 Carter o postupn\u00e9m p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed panamsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fplavu pod spr\u00e1vu Panamy. Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159edt\u00edm, v\u00a0\u010dervenci 1979, zv\u00edt\u011bzila nikaragujsk\u00e1 revoluce. U\u017e tu nebyla jen Kuba. Na zadn\u00ed dvorek USA pronikala svoboda a hledala dal\u0161\u00ed spojence. V\u00a0Managui jsem vid\u011bl v\u00fdstavu fotografi\u00ed z\u00a0v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed revoluce v\u00a0\u00cdr\u00e1nu z\u00a0roku 1978.<\/p>\n

Pak nastoupil obrat. Na ja\u0159e 1979 byla v\u00a0Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu byla svr\u017eena kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da, ale zaslepen\u00ed revolucion\u00e1\u0159i vyvolali takov\u00fd lidov\u00fd odpor, \u017ee zimn\u00edmu p\u00e1du K\u00e1bulu zabr\u00e1nila a\u017e sov\u011btsk\u00e1 intervence. V\u00a0\u00cdr\u00e1nu prob\u00edhala drsn\u00e1 konfrontace s\u00a0obsazen\u00edm americk\u00e9 ambas\u00e1dy v\u00a0Teher\u00e1nu, jej\u00ed\u017e osazenstvo se stalo rukojm\u00edmi revolu\u010dn\u00edch gard. Zoufal\u00fd pokus Carterovy administrativy z\u00a0roku 1980 o n\u00e1siln\u00e9 osvobozen\u00ed rukojm\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed jednotkou skon\u010dil p\u00e1dem vrtuln\u00edku v\u00a0p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 bou\u0159i. A s\u00a0n\u00edm padly \u0161ance na Carterovo znovuzvolen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti to byl zvrat historick\u00e9 epochy. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1stup Ronalda Reagana v\u00a0USA a Margarety Thatcherov\u00e9 v\u00a0Brit\u00e1nii pomohl k\u00a0moci i polozapomenut\u00fdm akademick\u00fdm podiv\u00edn\u016fm sn\u00edc\u00edm o utopii \u010dist\u00e9ho trhu bez bari\u00e9r a podle jednotn\u00fdch sv\u011btov\u00fdch pravidel. Dnes to ozna\u010dujeme za n\u00e1stup neoliberalismu. Deregulace, privatizace, zni\u010den\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy pr\u00e1ce a kapit\u00e1lu rozkladem odbor\u016f. Levice p\u0159evzala \u201elidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va\u201c jako n\u00e1hra\u017eku pr\u00e1v soci\u00e1ln\u00edch, o kter\u00fdch se pomalu p\u0159est\u00e1valo mluvit.<\/p>\n

Po rozpadu v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku roku 1989 se tento model uplatnil i na postkomunistick\u00e9 zem\u011b a ty jen bezradn\u011b p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eely, jak p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed o n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bohatstv\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed oporu sv\u00fdch svobod, z\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu u\u017e zdaleka ne tak mal\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt se zm\u011bnil v\u00a0jednorozm\u011brnou hegemonii Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, do kter\u00e9 se za\u010dlenila i evropsk\u00e1 integrace. Syst\u00e9m neomezen\u00e9 svobody nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f zn\u00e1sobil nerovnosti a\u017e do \u201enesoum\u011b\u0159itelnosti\u201c. Komu se takov\u00fd v\u00fdraz zd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 abstraktn\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee ho nahradit zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm, \u017ee proti t\u011bmhle mocn\u00fdm si prost\u011b ne\u0161krtneme.<\/p>\n

Osud obda\u0159il Jimmiho Cartera mo\u017enost\u00ed nejprve se pod\u00edlet na pokusech o vznik lep\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta, a pak sledovat z\u00e1nik t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti. Do\u017eil se chv\u00edle, kdy neoliberalismus a americk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, diktuj\u00edc\u00ed pravidla v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm, doj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed na konec slep\u00e9 uli\u010dky. Jimmy Carter prol\u00e9tl touto historii jako b\u00edl\u00e1 vr\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Zbyn\u011bk Fiala<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00fdval\u00fd americk\u00fd prezident Jimmy Carter zkou\u0161el vn\u00e9st do politiky lidsk\u00fd rozm\u011br a odpov\u011bdnost v\u016f\u010di p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":69224,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[4457,1503,420,165,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69223"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69223"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69223\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/69224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=69223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=69223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}