{"id":68960,"date":"2024-12-27T00:34:32","date_gmt":"2024-12-26T23:34:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=68960"},"modified":"2024-12-26T10:16:48","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T09:16:48","slug":"thomas-roper-socialni-krize-v-italii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/12\/27\/thomas-roper-socialni-krize-v-italii\/","title":{"rendered":"Thomas R\u00f6per: Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed krize v It\u00e1lii"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

V It\u00e1lii nar\u016fst\u00e1 chudoba a p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 protest\u016f, o kter\u00fdch skoro nic nesly\u0161\u00edme<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Korpor\u00e1tn\u00ed m\u00e9dia se velmi zdr\u00e1haj\u00ed informovat o soci\u00e1ln\u00edch probl\u00e9mech a nepokoj\u00edch v z\u00e1padn\u00edch zem\u00edch, proto\u017ee cht\u011bj\u00ed vzbudit dojem, \u017ee Z\u00e1pad je st\u00e1le r\u00e1jem prosperity a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed ochrany, co\u017e u\u017e ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kdysi zaostal\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi neplat\u00ed. \u017dlut\u00e9 vesty ve Francii jsou p\u0159\u00edkladem, kter\u00fd si mnoho lid\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b pamatuje, proto\u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b bylo v N\u011bmecku zpr\u00e1v o masivn\u00edch celost\u00e1tn\u00edch protestech ve Francii, kter\u00e9 trvaly m\u011bs\u00edce, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s rozsahem protest\u016f velmi \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo to zpochyb\u0148uje, by si m\u011bl polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku, jak by mainstreamov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia informovala, kdyby ne ve Francii, ale v Rusku po dlouh\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00edkend statis\u00edce protestovaly proti vl\u00e1dn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed politice a rostouc\u00ed chudob\u011b. I protesty v Rusku stoj\u00ed pro Spiegel za dlouh\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky<\/a>\u00a0, kdy\u017e tam protestuje \u201en\u011bkolik des\u00edtek\u201c (citace Spiegelu) \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Italsk\u00fd korespondent rusk\u00e9 tiskov\u00e9 agentury TASS napsal\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a>\u00a0o ekonomick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a politick\u00e9 situaci v It\u00e1lii, kter\u00fd je podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00fd, proto\u017ee ukazuje, jak m\u00e1lo n\u011bmeck\u00e1 m\u00e9dia informuj\u00ed o soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a ekonomick\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech, i kdy\u017e ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed zemi. \u017ee mnoz\u00ed N\u011bmci dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nebo jste sly\u0161eli v n\u011bmeck\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch, \u017ee podle Save The Children je v It\u00e1lii 200 000 d\u011bt\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edch p\u011bti let podvy\u017eiven\u00fdch a \u017eij\u00ed v \u201epotravinov\u00e9 chudob\u011b\u201c?<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00e1tek p\u0159ekladu:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

It\u00e1lie v neviditeln\u00e9m ohni: Co skr\u00fdv\u00e1 Meloniho vl\u00e1da<\/span><\/h2>\n

Vera Shcherbakova o probl\u00e9mech zem\u011b, kter\u00fdch se lid\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00ed nevn\u00edmat<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

It\u00e1lie se pot\u00e1p\u00ed v s\u00e9rii nekone\u010dn\u00fdch st\u00e1vek.<\/p>\n

Protestn\u00ed akce vyhla\u0161uj\u00ed pracovn\u00edci ve velmi odli\u0161n\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch. St\u00e1vky v m\u00edstn\u00ed doprav\u011b se ji\u017e staly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 trval\u00fdmi. Probl\u00e9my jsou i na st\u00e1tn\u00ed dr\u00e1ze, kde od l\u00e9ta kv\u016fli oprav\u00e1m t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nejezd\u00ed vlaky podle j\u00edzdn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. Zdravotnick\u00fd person\u00e1l tak\u00e9 st\u00e1vkuje, proto\u017ee krom\u011b neust\u00e1l\u00fdch \u0161krt\u016f ve financov\u00e1n\u00ed zdravotnictv\u00ed je nemocni\u010dn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fd person\u00e1l (doned\u00e1vna oslavovan\u00fd jako hrdinov\u00e9 za sv\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed b\u011bhem pandemie COVID-19) st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji bit n\u00e1siln\u00fdmi pacienty. Zam\u011bstnanci v\u011bt\u0161inou vl\u00e1dn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh rozpo\u010dtu odm\u00edtaj\u00ed. To samo o sob\u011b nen\u00ed nic nov\u00e9ho, ale nyn\u00ed se objevuje \u0159ada v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f a st\u00ed\u017enost\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b nespokojenosti s n\u00e1r\u016fstem vojensk\u00fdch v\u00fddaj\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina Ital\u016f je proti dod\u00e1vk\u00e1m zbran\u00ed na Ukrajinu podle ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch pr\u016fzkum\u016f, \u017ee pouze 13 procent v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee by dod\u00e1vky m\u011bly pokra\u010dovat. Odbory otev\u0159en\u011b propaguj\u00ed heslo: \u201eV\u0161e, co mus\u00edte ud\u011blat, je d\u00e1t pen\u00edze na zbran\u011b a zbrojen\u00ed a zv\u00fd\u0161it mzdy. St\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji se mluv\u00ed o \u201echud\u00ed pracuj\u00edc\u00edch\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ani lid\u00e9 se zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00edm nemaj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, zat\u00edmco soci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00e1vky jsou neust\u00e1le sni\u017eov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

K tomu se p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u00fddenn\u00ed propalestinsk\u00e9 pochody a demonstrace a studentsk\u00e9 nepokoje, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto vedou ke st\u0159et\u016fm s polici\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b k vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu obvi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto podm\u00ednky vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v It\u00e1lii dlouho nev\u00eddanou situaci akutn\u00edho soci\u00e1ln\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed a konfrontace.<\/p>\n

Meloni si ale pochvaluje<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bylo to v podstat\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9, kdy\u017e se k moci dostala st\u0159edoprav\u00e1 koalice veden\u00e1 Giorgi\u00ed Meloniovou. Ona a jej\u00ed strana \u201eBrat\u0159i It\u00e1lie\u201c nejsou akceptov\u00e1ny velkou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed italsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a mnoz\u00ed je pova\u017euj\u00ed za pokra\u010dovatele fa\u0161ismu. V d\u016fsledku toho je vl\u00e1da st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji obvi\u0148ov\u00e1na ze snahy omezovat pr\u00e1vo na svobodu, v\u010detn\u011b svobody slova. St\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji se objevuj\u00ed prvky cenzury a diktatury. To druh\u00e9 je v\u0161ak podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru obecn\u011b charakteristick\u00e9 pro demokracii tzv. kolektivn\u00edho Z\u00e1padu, a to jak napravo, tak nalevo.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esto se italsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da sna\u017e\u00ed jako obvykle prom\u011bnit \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed ve zlo. Meloni se chlub\u00ed zejm\u00e9na sv\u00fdm uzn\u00e1n\u00edm na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b, tedy ve f\u00e1zi p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 pod\u0159\u00edzenosti severoatlantick\u00e9 ose. Ve sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed zemi je st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji obvi\u0148ov\u00e1na z vazalstv\u00ed. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee se j\u00ed ji\u017e dostalo podpory Donalda Trumpa pot\u00e9, co se j\u00ed poda\u0159ilo zal\u00edbit se demokratovi Joe Bidenovi. Z\u00edskala uzn\u00e1n\u00ed ve Washingtonu a Bruselu pln\u011bn\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016f, proti kter\u00fdm se kdysi vyslovil s\u00e1m Meloni, aby ochr\u00e1nil n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenitu.<\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1cnost od drobk\u016f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed rozpo\u010det na rok 2025, kter\u00fd zapad\u00e1 do r\u00e1mce stanoven\u00e9ho EU, ale nezohled\u0148uje z\u00e1jmy lid\u00ed v zemi.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee rozpo\u010det se musel n\u011bjak u\u0161\u00edt z toho m\u00e1la, co bylo k dispozici, co\u017e vl\u00e1da otev\u0159en\u011b p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1. Progn\u00f3zy ekonomick\u00e9ho r\u016fstu nad\u00e1le klesaj\u00ed a bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se nule a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba kles\u00e1. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b hraje roli r\u016fst cen, proto\u017ee n\u00e1klady na energie rostou po v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m poklesu exportu rusk\u00e9ho plynu. Po bezprecedentn\u00edm zdra\u017een\u00ed v srpnu 2022 ceny klesly, ale st\u00e1le jsou dvakr\u00e1t a\u017e t\u0159ikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v roce 2021. A nejsou schopny \u00fapln\u011b opustit rusk\u00fd plyn. Podle ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f se dovoz rusk\u00e9ho plynu od ledna do srpna 2024 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zdvojn\u00e1sobil, z 5,5 na 9,7 procenta celkov\u00e9 popt\u00e1vky. 40 procent z toho v\u0161ak d\u0159\u00edve pokr\u00fdvaly dod\u00e1vky z Ruska.<\/p>\n

Rozpo\u010det, kter\u00fd je ve fin\u00e1ln\u00ed f\u00e1zi revize a m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159ijat do nov\u00e9ho roku, i p\u0159es nespokojenost ob\u010dan\u016f po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 s realokac\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f na obranu. It\u00e1lie se zoufale sna\u017e\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout hranice dvou procent HDP pro vojensk\u00e9 v\u00fddaje, kterou NATO p\u0159ed p\u00e1r lety slibovalo. Zem\u011b je zat\u00edm na 1,57 procenta a p\u0159ed rokem 2028 zjevn\u011b nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 tyto v\u00fddaje v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it.<\/p>\n

Pokles v kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch sektorech<\/span><\/h4>\n

Krom\u011b odv\u011btv\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zdravotnictv\u00ed jsou posti\u017eena zejm\u00e9na d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed, jako je ocel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. V\u00fdmluvn\u00e1 je krize b\u00fdval\u00e9ho italsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce Stellantis \u2013 kter\u00fd se po n\u011bkolika f\u00faz\u00edch, mimo jin\u00e9 s americk\u00fdm Chryslerem, stal p\u016fvodn\u00edm italsk\u00fdm Fiatem. Po enormn\u00edch ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch klesly tr\u017eby v It\u00e1lii o v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 procent, rezignoval gener\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159editel Carlos Tavares. Automobilka, kter\u00e1 byla v\u017edy v soukrom\u00e9m vlastnictv\u00ed (vlastn\u011bn\u00e1 jednou z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch rodin Agnelli), t\u011b\u017eila z rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch dotac\u00ed a finan\u010dn\u00edch injekc\u00ed. D\u00edky t\u011bmto dotac\u00edm je zachov\u00e1na v\u00fdroba v italsk\u00fdch podnic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou dlouhodob\u011b na pokraji uzav\u0159en\u00ed. Samotn\u00e1 Stellantis se kv\u016fli da\u0148ov\u00fdm a administrativn\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm p\u0159est\u011bhovala do Nizozemska a Lond\u00fdna. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chybou byl podle m\u00e9di\u00ed p\u0159echod na elektromotory pod tlakem \u201ezelen\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu\u201c na\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho Bruselem. Spr\u00e1vn\u00ed rada ani rodina Agnelliho samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nejsou v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ochuzeni kv\u016fli chudob\u011b d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f v italsk\u00fdch tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch b\u00fdval\u00e9ho Fiatu.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u00e1 situace je i ve v\u00fdrob\u011b oceli, kter\u00e1 kdysi pat\u0159ila k p\u0159edn\u00edm italsk\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm odv\u011btv\u00edm. P\u0159i ro\u010dn\u00edm obratu 30 miliard eur nep\u0159esahuje mzda pracovn\u00edka 1000 eur. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro sektor zdravotnictv\u00ed, kde do\u0161lo k masivn\u00ed migraci kvalifikovan\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f do zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Chudoba<\/span><\/h4>\n

V\u00fdmluvn\u00e9 je zejm\u00e9na to, \u017ee po\u010det Ital\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v naprost\u00e9 chudob\u011b v severn\u00edch Apenin\u00e1ch, regionu pova\u017eovan\u00e9m za motor italsk\u00e9 ekonomiky, se za posledn\u00edch dev\u011bt let zdvojn\u00e1sobil. Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1va katolick\u00e9 charity Caritas ukazuje, \u017ee po\u010det chud\u00fdch rodin mezi lety 2014 a 2023 vzrostl z 506 000 na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jeden milion. N\u00e1r\u016fst chudoby je zaznamen\u00e1n tak\u00e9 ve st\u0159edu zem\u011b na 28,6 procenta a na jihu na 12,1 procenta.<\/p>\n

5,7 milionu lid\u00ed \u017eije v It\u00e1lii v naprost\u00e9 chudob\u011b, tedy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd des\u00e1t\u00fd ob\u010dan zem\u011b. Nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed mlad\u00e9 rodiny s d\u011btmi.<\/p>\n

Mezi rodiny \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v It\u00e1lii v naprost\u00e9 chudob\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed ty, kter\u00e9 si nemohou dovolit minim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fddaje na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b. Hranice v\u00fddaj\u016f se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u00e1klad\u016f na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eby, jako je bydlen\u00ed, zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a oble\u010den\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1stka se li\u0161\u00ed podle toho, kde rodina \u017eije, po\u010dtu \u010dlen\u016f, jejich v\u011bku a dal\u0161\u00edch faktorech.<\/p>\n

V industrializovan\u00e9 It\u00e1lii, zemi G7 (kter\u00e1 zahrnuje tak\u00e9 Velkou Brit\u00e1nii, N\u011bmecko, Francii, Kanadu, Japonsko a USA), je podle organizace Save The Children 200 000 d\u011bt\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edch p\u011bti let podvy\u017eiven\u00fdch a \u017eije v \u201epotravinov\u00e9 chudob\u011b\u201c.<\/p>\n

It\u00e1lie nen\u00ed svou povahou revolu\u010dn\u00ed zem\u00ed a rozsah protest\u016f nen\u00ed srovnateln\u00fd s tak hlasit\u00fdmi hnut\u00edmi, jako jsou \u201e\u017elut\u00e9 vesty\u201c ve Francii nebo \u201eOccupy Wall Street\u201c v New Yorku.<\/p>\n

Ale rostouc\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro politickou stabilitu. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem je dnes tot\u00e1ln\u00ed deziluze z politiky, ztr\u00e1ta orientace a preferenc\u00ed. U\u017e nyn\u00ed v It\u00e1lii hlasuje ve volb\u00e1ch pouze 50 procent celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu obyvatel zem\u011b a ukazuje se, \u017ee zvolen\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed podpo\u0159e v\u011bt\u0161iny pouze t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti voli\u010d\u016f. Dosp\u00edv\u00e1m k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ob\u010dan\u016f v cel\u00e9 It\u00e1lii politiku vl\u00e1dy nepodporuje, nesd\u00edl\u00ed a je s n\u00ed nespokojen\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Konec p\u0159ekladu<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Thomas R\u00f6per<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V It\u00e1lii nar\u016fst\u00e1 chudoba a p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 protest\u016f, o kter\u00fdch skoro nic nesly\u0161\u00edme Korpor\u00e1tn\u00ed m\u00e9dia se…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":68961,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[191,1503,371],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68960"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68960"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68962,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68960\/revisions\/68962"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68960"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68960"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}