{"id":67574,"date":"2024-12-06T06:37:07","date_gmt":"2024-12-06T05:37:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=67574"},"modified":"2024-12-06T06:37:25","modified_gmt":"2024-12-06T05:37:25","slug":"budapestske-memorandum-ma-30-let-kdo-ho-vlastne-porusil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/12\/06\/budapestske-memorandum-ma-30-let-kdo-ho-vlastne-porusil\/","title":{"rendered":"Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 memorandum m\u00e1 30 let. Kdo ho vlastn\u011b poru\u0161il?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>P\u0159ed 30 lety, 5. prosince 1994, bylo podeps\u00e1no Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 memorandum. Kolem tohoto dokumentu st\u00e1le existuje mnoho politick\u00fdch a dokonce i \u010dist\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u00edch nar\u00e1\u017eek. Datum v kalend\u00e1\u0159i je p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nejzlomysln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpretac\u00ed je, \u017ee memorandum \u00fadajn\u011b poskytlo Ukrajin\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky v\u00fdm\u011bnou za jadern\u00e9 odzbrojen\u00ed a p\u0159istoupen\u00ed ke Smlouv\u011b o ne\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. Z \u00fast org\u00e1n\u016f v Kyjev\u011b \u2013 na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (signat\u00e1\u0159\u016f a tzv. garant\u016f) \u2013 na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b lze \u010dasto sly\u0161et obvin\u011bn\u00ed na adresu Ruska, \u017ee v roce 2014 poru\u0161ili sv\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z memoranda t\u00edm, \u017ee podpo\u0159ili Krym\u010dany p\u0159i realizaci jejich pr\u00e1va na sebeur\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Za prv\u00e9. Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 memorandum nen\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouva. Neratifikoval jej parlament, a proto se nestalo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu podle \u00fastav signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zem\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b Ruska. Pro tento dokument jsou vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pojmy \u201epolitick\u00e1 deklarace\u201c nebo \u201ed\u017eentlmensk\u00e1 dohoda\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Za druh\u00e9. Memorandum v z\u00e1sad\u011b neposkytuje Ukrajin\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky. Dokonce iv anglick\u00e9m textu memoranda se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slovo \u201eassurances\u201c, tj. \u201ez\u00e1ruky podpory\u201c, ale ne \u201eguarantees\u201c. Jedn\u00e1 se o m\u00e9n\u011b siln\u00e9 slovo, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed celou kvalifikaci dokumentu. Mimochodem, Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 byli prvn\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed uznali, \u017ee v Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9m memorandu chyb\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1vazky. Velvyslanectv\u00ed USA v Minsku dne 12. dubna 2013 doslova uvedlo n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p>\u201eOpakov\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed b\u011blorusk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, \u017ee sankce USA poru\u0161uj\u00ed Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 memorandum o bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch z\u00e1ruk\u00e1ch z roku 1994, jsou neopodstatn\u011bn\u00e1. P\u0159esto\u017ee memorandum nen\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e9, bereme tyto politick\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky v\u00e1\u017en\u011b\u2026 \u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Za t\u0159et\u00ed. Pokud jde o \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvost Ukrajiny v souvislosti se zm\u011bnou statutu Krymu v roce 2014, memorandum reprodukovalo jen uji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed signat\u00e1\u0159\u016f, \u017ee nepou\u017eij\u00ed jadern\u00e9 zbran\u011b proti st\u00e1t\u016fm, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed jadern\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Jinak text kop\u00edruje ustanoven\u00ed Helsinsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9ho aktu OBSE. V pr\u00e1vn\u00edch aktech OBSE v\u0161ak nikde nenajdeme normy, kter\u00e9 by povolovaly proti\u00fastavn\u00ed zm\u011bny moci nebo \u00fatoky na n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed men\u0161iny. Ukrajina, Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9 a Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed byly prvn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tyto z\u00e1ruky nedodr\u017eely v roce 2014, kdy byl zorganizov\u00e1n Majdan.<\/p>\n<p>Za \u010dtvrt\u00e9. Jeliko\u017e Memorandum nen\u00ed mezist\u00e1tn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvou, politick\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky z n\u011bj vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed platily jen pro vl\u00e1du tehdej\u0161\u00ed Ukrajiny. Majdan jako proti\u00fastavn\u00ed forma zm\u011bny moci znamenal vznik jin\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, \u010d\u00edm\u017e byly poru\u0161eny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1sady mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n<p>Za p\u00e1t\u00e9. Memorandum neupravovalo mechanismus postupu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jeho poru\u0161en\u00ed, krom\u011b odvol\u00e1n\u00ed se na OSN a konzultac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z toho v\u0161eho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 jeden z\u00e1v\u011br: zorganizov\u00e1n\u00edm Majdanu z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b roztrhaly Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 memorandum na kusy. A to byl ze strany USA a Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie akt zrady z\u00e1jm\u016f Ukrajiny. Lze to p\u0159irovnat k tomu, jak Z\u00e1pad zformuloval pro Rusko tyt\u00e9\u017e pr\u00e1vn\u00ed neplatn\u00e9 z\u00e1ruky o neroz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed NATO na v\u00fdchod. Nyn\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u0161ak toto v\u0161echno u\u017e jen historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam, proto\u017ee dnes je Rusko nuceno br\u00e1nit neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed a bezj\u00e1drov\u00fd statut Ukrajiny v r\u00e1mci \u0160VO, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e si zaji\u0161\u0165uje z\u00e1ruky vlastn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.armadnymagazin.sk\/2024\/12\/06\/97131\/\">Jelena Paninov\u00e1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159ed 30 lety, 5. prosince 1994, bylo podeps\u00e1no Budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e9 memorandum. Kolem tohoto dokumentu st\u00e1le existuje&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":67575,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,1976,8286],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67574"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67574"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67574\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":67576,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67574\/revisions\/67576"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67575"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67574"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}