{"id":66577,"date":"2024-11-20T06:29:43","date_gmt":"2024-11-20T05:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=66577"},"modified":"2024-11-20T06:29:43","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T05:29:43","slug":"martin-kovac-jak-technologie-meni-valky-minulost-soucasnost-a-budoucnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/11\/20\/martin-kovac-jak-technologie-meni-valky-minulost-soucasnost-a-budoucnost\/","title":{"rendered":"Martin Kova\u010d: Jak technologie m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00e1lky: minulost, sou\u010dasnost a budoucnost"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Technologie od nepam\u011bti hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktech. V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed \u010dasto pat\u0159ilo t\u00e9 stran\u011b, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1zala l\u00e9pe vyu\u017e\u00edt inovace a vybaven\u00ed. V\u00e1lky tak nep\u0159\u00edmo podporovaly v\u011bdeck\u00fd a technologick\u00fd pokrok, proto\u017ee n\u00e1rody hledaly \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed k dosa\u017een\u00ed p\u0159evahy.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e poskytuje dal\u0161\u00ed historick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad technologick\u00e9 dominance. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie pou\u017e\u00edvaly pokro\u010dil\u00e9 zbran\u011b, jako gladius a pilum, jako\u017e i obl\u00e9hac\u00ed stroje (balisty a onagery), kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017enily ovl\u00e1dat obrovsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00fdstavba silnic, kter\u00e9 \u0158\u00edm proslavily, zaji\u0161\u0165ovala rychl\u00fd p\u0159esun arm\u00e1d a posilovala \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 v jednom obdob\u00ed ovl\u00e1dala a\u017e 5 milion\u016f km\u00b2 a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 60 milion\u016f obyvatel. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku m\u011bly technologick\u00e9 inovace podobn\u00fd vliv. Ryt\u00ed\u0159i v t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zbroji dominovali na boji\u0161t\u00edch, zat\u00edmco objeven\u00ed st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu ve 13. stolet\u00ed neza\u010dalo m\u011bnit charakter boje. V bitv\u011b u Agincourtu Angli\u010dan\u00e9 prolomili tradi\u010dn\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm dlouh\u00fdch luk\u016f, kter\u00e9 efektivn\u011b pronikaly p\u0159es brn\u011bn\u00ed. O stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji, v 16. stolet\u00ed, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mu\u0161ket a kan\u00f3n\u016f spustilo revoluci v taktice a opevn\u011bn\u00ed. B\u011bhem napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek 1803\u20131815 se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161ily d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, co\u017e dalo Francii taktickou v\u00fdhodu na boji\u0161ti. Podobn\u011b v americk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce 1861\u20131865 sehr\u00e1ly \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a telegraf kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i logistice a koordinaci jednotek.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 revoluce p\u0159inesla je\u0161t\u011b hlub\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny. B\u011bhem Krymsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byly nasazeny prvn\u00ed obrn\u011bn\u00e9 lod\u011b a pou\u017e\u00edval se telegraf pro p\u0159enos vojensk\u00fdch informac\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka znamenala masivn\u00ed nasazen\u00ed strojn\u00edch pu\u0161ek, tank\u016f a chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo obrovsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty \u2013 zahynulo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 milion\u016f voj\u00e1k\u016f. Ve druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se vojensk\u00e1 technologie je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce posunula: radar, letectvo a jadern\u00e9 zbran\u011b zm\u011bnily glob\u00e1ln\u00ed dynamiku konflikt\u016f. Atomov\u00e9 bomby, kter\u00e9 byly svr\u017eeny na Hiro\u0161imu a Nagasaki v roce 1945, zabily okam\u017eit\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 000 lid\u00ed, co\u017e ukon\u010dilo v\u00e1lku v Pacifiku.<\/p>\n

V modern\u00edch konfliktech je technologick\u00e1 dominance je\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. B\u011bhem v\u00e1lky v Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu (1990\u20131991) vyu\u017eily USA satelitn\u00ed navigaci a p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 st\u0159ely, \u010d\u00edm\u017e dok\u00e1zaly efektivn\u011b zni\u010dit ir\u00e1ck\u00e9 jednotky a infrastrukturu. Modern\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 technologie, jako drony, m\u011bn\u00ed pravidla hry. B\u011bhem v\u00e1lky v N\u00e1horn\u00edm Karabachu v roce 2020 pou\u017eil \u00c1zerb\u00e1jd\u017e\u00e1n drony Bayraktar TB2 a Harop, kter\u00e9 zni\u010dily a\u017e 60 % arm\u00e9nsk\u00fdch obrn\u011bn\u00fdch vozidel. Rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00fdvoj hypersonick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ekonat tradi\u010dn\u00ed obrann\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Pro budov\u00e1n\u00ed siln\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 m\u00edt stabiln\u00ed ekonomiku, efektivn\u00ed infrastrukturu a schopnost investovat do v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje. Nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky USA a SSSR ro\u010dn\u011b vynakl\u00e1daly miliardy dolar\u016f na v\u00fdvoj jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed a vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 velmoci, jako Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, \u010c\u00edna a Rusko, dominuj\u00ed ve vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edle d\u00edky kombinaci obrovsk\u00fdch investic a \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. USA vynakl\u00e1daj\u00ed na obranu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 877 miliard dolar\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 39 % glob\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fddaj\u016f na zbrojen\u00ed. Jejich flotila stealth letadel a letadlov\u00fdch lod\u00ed nem\u00e1 konkurenci. \u010c\u00edna, s rozpo\u010dtem p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 290 miliard dolar\u016f, investuje do v\u00fdvoje hypersonick\u00fdch raket a posiluje n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvo. Rusko, navzdory ekonomick\u00fdm sankc\u00edm, vlastn\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 6 000 jadern\u00fdch hlavic a vyv\u00edj\u00ed pokro\u010dil\u00e9 syst\u00e9my jako S-500, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed k nejlep\u0161\u00edm syst\u00e9m\u016fm protivzdu\u0161n\u00e9 obrany na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Slovensko, jako mal\u00e1 zem\u011b, m\u00e1 omezen\u00e9 zdroje, ale dok\u00e1\u017ee dr\u017eet krok v ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblastech. Ro\u010dn\u00ed rozpo\u010det na obranu dosahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2 % HDP, co\u017e v roce 2023 \u010dinilo 1,7 miliardy eur. Mezi hlavn\u00ed investice pat\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1kup 14 st\u00edha\u010dek F-16 za 1,6 miliardy eur, kter\u00e9 nahrad\u00ed zastaral\u00e9 MiG-29. Zem\u011b tak\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed samohybn\u00e9 houfnice Zuzana 2 a spolupracuje na v\u00fdrob\u011b obrn\u011bn\u00fdch voz\u016f 8\u00d78. Navzdory t\u011bmto snah\u00e1m velkou \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdzbroje st\u00e1le tvo\u0159\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e1 technika, kter\u00e1 je ji\u017e dnes zastaral\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak Slovensko m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l st\u00e1t se technologicky zdatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky siln\u00e9 tradici stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed, jeho\u017e ko\u0159eny sahaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b do obdob\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska, a odborn\u00edk\u016fm ve v\u011bd\u011b a v\u00fdzkumu. V minulosti se Slovensko proslavilo jako sou\u010d\u00e1st zbroja\u0159sk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, kter\u00fd byl jedn\u00edm z pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f ekonomiky. V sou\u010dasnosti pokra\u010duje v t\u00e9to tradici p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159es spole\u010dnosti jako KONSTRUKTA-Defence, kter\u00e1 je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 v\u00fdrobou modern\u00edch houfnic Zuzana 2. Tyto samohybn\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 syst\u00e9my maj\u00ed kalibr 155 mm, dosah st\u0159elby v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 kilometr\u016f a jsou kompatibiln\u00ed se standardy NATO. Houfnice se \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyv\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed do zahrani\u010d\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b Ukrajiny, kter\u00e1 je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm konfliktu, a posiluj\u00ed pov\u011bst Slovenska jako spolehliv\u00e9ho partnera v oblasti obrany.<\/p>\n

Migra\u010dn\u00ed krize a konflikt na Ukrajin\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnily ekonomickou stabilitu Slovenska, \u010d\u00edm\u017e kladou obrovsk\u00fd tlak na st\u00e1tn\u00ed rozpo\u010det. Od za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00e1lky na Ukrajin\u011b v roce 2022 Slovensko p\u0159ijalo v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 000 uprchl\u00edk\u016f, co\u017e si vy\u017e\u00e1dalo zna\u010dn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pomoc, zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed a integraci. Vl\u00e1da investovala stovky milion\u016f eur na vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed do\u010dasn\u00fdch ubytovac\u00edch kapacit, podporu uprchl\u00edk\u016f a pos\u00edlen\u00ed infrastruktury. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 2023 sm\u011b\u0159ovalo v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 milion\u016f eur na humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed programy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e dal\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edky byly pou\u017eity na \u0161kolstv\u00ed a zdravotnictv\u00ed pro uprchlickou komunitu.
\nZem\u011b tak nedok\u00e1\u017ee efektivn\u011b financovat nov\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 projekty a inovace, co\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b oslabuje jej\u00ed schopnost konkurovat technologicky vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm. Omezen\u00e9 investice do v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje znamenaj\u00ed, \u017ee Slovensko zaost\u00e1v\u00e1 za l\u00eddry v oblasti pokro\u010dil\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, jako jsou um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, robotika \u010di kybernetick\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u011b mnoz\u00ed mlad\u00ed odborn\u00edci a talentovan\u00ed v\u011bdci odch\u00e1zej\u00ed za lep\u0161\u00edmi pracovn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami do zahrani\u010d\u00ed, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje odliv mozk\u016f. Podle statistik a\u017e 15 % absolvent\u016f slovensk\u00fdch univerzit odch\u00e1z\u00ed pracovat do jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na do \u010ceska, N\u011bmecka \u010di Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Tento jev Slovensko p\u0159ipravuje o kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd lidsk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, kter\u00fd by mohl p\u0159isp\u011bt k rozvoji dom\u00e1c\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu a inovac\u00ed. Ztr\u00e1ta takov\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mezery na pracovn\u00edm trhu a sni\u017euje schopnost zem\u011b rozv\u00edjet modern\u00ed technologie, kter\u00e9 jsou dnes nezbytn\u00e9 pro udr\u017een\u00ed konkurenceschopnosti v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

M. KOVA\u010c<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Technologie od nepam\u011bti hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v ozbrojen\u00fdch konfliktech. V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed \u010dasto pat\u0159ilo t\u00e9 stran\u011b, kter\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":66578,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,276,1968,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66577"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66577"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66577\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}