{"id":66561,"date":"2024-11-20T05:30:50","date_gmt":"2024-11-20T04:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=66561"},"modified":"2024-11-20T05:30:50","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T04:30:50","slug":"uriel-araujo-filipiny-v-plne-expanzivnim-rezimu-dobyly-uzemi-narokovana-cinou-a-malajsii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/11\/20\/uriel-araujo-filipiny-v-plne-expanzivnim-rezimu-dobyly-uzemi-narokovana-cinou-a-malajsii\/","title":{"rendered":"Uriel Araujo: Filip\u00edny v pln\u011b expanzivn\u00edm re\u017eimu, dobyly \u00fazem\u00ed n\u00e1rokovan\u00e1 \u010c\u00ednou a Malajsi\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Filip\u00ednsk\u00fd prezident Ferdinand Marcos Jr.\u00a0<\/span>jmenoval nov\u00e9ho \u0161\u00e9fa n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(kontradmir\u00e1l\u00a0<\/span>Jose Ma. Ambrosio Ezpeleta<\/span><\/a>\u00a0) uprost\u0159ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i, kter\u00e9 zahrnuje \u0159adu n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch cvi\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou Pekingem vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako provokace. Jedno takov\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce nap\u0159\u00edklad zahrnovalo\u00a0<\/span>cvi\u010den\u00ed simuluj\u00edc\u00ed obsazen\u00ed ostrova<\/span><\/a>\u00a0ve sporn\u00e9m Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i. Minul\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc uspo\u0159\u00e1dala Manila vojensk\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9m mo\u0159i\u00a0<\/span>spole\u010dn\u011b s Kanadou, Japonskem a Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty<\/span><\/a>\u00a0v r\u00e1mci cvi\u010den\u00ed Sama Sama 2024. Filip\u00edny tak\u00e9 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed n\u00e1roky. Tento v\u00fdvoj spolu souvis\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve sv\u00e9m inaugura\u010dn\u00edm projevu 15. listopadu Ezpeleta (nov\u00fd velitel vlajky filip\u00ednsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva), i kdy\u017e v\u00fdslovn\u011b nezm\u00ednil \u010c\u00ednu, sl\u00edbil dal\u0161\u00ed pos\u00edlen\u00ed filip\u00ednsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti na mo\u0159i a obranu \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvosti zem\u011b. Ve stejn\u00fd den vyzval mluv\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho ministerstva n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany filip\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady v Manile, aby se \u201evr\u00e1tily na spr\u00e1vnou cestu\u201c a vy\u0159e\u0161ily sv\u00e9 neshody s Pekingem v ot\u00e1zce Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u201edialogu a konzultac\u00ed\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle Chen Xiangmiao, \u0159editele Sv\u011btov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho centra n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva v N\u00e1rodn\u00edm institutu pro studia jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e, proch\u00e1zej\u00ed Filip\u00edny pod veden\u00edm Marcose mlad\u0161\u00edho strategick\u00fdm posunem, s agresivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed politikou Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e, a proto je vojensk\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed. k prezidentovi (jako Ezpeleta) bude p\u0159ipraven takovou politiku realizovat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro \u010c\u00ednu je takzvan\u00e9 Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e velmi sv\u00e1z\u00e1no s vlastn\u00ed ekonomickou bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed zem\u011b. Je to velmi strategick\u00e1 lokalita, kter\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 d\u011bji\u0161t\u011bm velk\u00fdch geopolitick\u00fdch nap\u011bt\u00ed. Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e zahrnuje Thajsk\u00fd z\u00e1liv a slavn\u00fd Tonkinsk\u00fd z\u00e1liv. Je to okrajov\u00e9 mo\u0159e z\u00e1padn\u00edho Tich\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu, ohrani\u010den\u00e9 na severu ji\u017en\u00ed \u010c\u00ednou a na v\u00fdchod\u011b severoz\u00e1padn\u00edmi Filip\u00ednami a ostrovy Tchaj-wanu. Odhaduje se, \u017ee toto mo\u0159e obsahuje 190 bilion\u016f krychlov\u00fdch stop zemn\u00edho plynu plus 11 miliard barel\u016f nevyu\u017eit\u00e9 ropy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle washingtonsk\u00e9ho Centra pro strategick\u00e1 a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studia (CSIS)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0j\u00edm v roce 2016 pro\u0161lo kolem 3,6 bilionu dolar\u016f\u00a0\u2013 ale podle jin\u00fdch odhad\u016f by to mohlo b\u00fdt a\u017e 5,3 bilionu dolar\u016f. P\u0159epravuje\u00a0<\/span>asi jednu t\u0159etinu celosv\u011btov\u00e9 lodn\u00ed dopravy<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, a je proto d\u016fle\u017eitou obchodn\u00ed k\u0159i\u017eovatkou nejen v Asii, ale tak\u00e9 s Evropou, Afrikou a Bl\u00edzk\u00fdm v\u00fdchodem. Nap\u011bt\u00ed v t\u00e9to oblasti m\u00e1 tedy potenci\u00e1l d\u00e1le ovlivnit tok sv\u011btov\u00e9ho obchodu. U\u017e jsme vid\u011bli, jak byl v roce 2021 na t\u00fdden uzav\u0159en Suezsk\u00fd pr\u016fplav a u\u017e rok\u00a0<\/span>h\u00fat\u00edj\u0161t\u00ed rebelov\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed plavidel v Rud\u00e9m mo\u0159i<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na Filip\u00edny je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu tak\u00e9 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee jejich nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel obrany Gilberto Teodoro pr\u00e1v\u011b\u00a0<\/span>podepsal vojensk\u00fd pakt<\/span><\/a>\u00a0se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00fd zahrnuje v\u00fdm\u011bnu technologi\u00ed v kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch zbran\u00edch a vojensk\u00e9m zpravodajstv\u00ed. Analytici vid\u00ed tuto smlouvu jako dal\u0161\u00ed krok v boji proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b \u2013 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed oblouku bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch dohod nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00a0<\/span>indicko-pacifick\u00fdm regionem<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Ve stejn\u00e9m duchu NATO\u00a0<\/span>ned\u00e1vno ozn\u00e1milo sv\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny na otev\u0159en\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e v Japonsku<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uprost\u0159ed tohoto celkov\u00e9ho kontextu podepsal filip\u00ednsk\u00fd prezident Marcos Jr. za\u010d\u00e1tkem tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1kon o n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch<\/span><\/a>\u00a0i\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1kon o filip\u00ednsk\u00fdch souostrov\u00edch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch tras\u00e1ch<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Tyto akty zahrnuj\u00ed sporn\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed Scarborough Shoal (dva skalnat\u00e9 ostrovy) a v\u011bt\u0161inu ostrov\u016f Spratlys – sporn\u00e9 souostrov\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b obsazen\u00e9 Malajsi\u00ed a Vietnamem, na kter\u00e9 si n\u00e1rokuje tak\u00e9 pevninsk\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna a Tchaj-wan. Manila v z\u00e1sad\u011b prohl\u00e1sila tato sporn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed za sv\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, ani\u017e by jednala s ostatn\u00edmi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi stranami. Druh\u00fd\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1kon<\/span><\/a>\u00a0je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b problematick\u00fd, proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje Filip\u00edn\u00e1m regulovat plavbu ve vod\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 si jednostrann\u011b n\u00e1rokuj\u00ed, z\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm \u201esouostrovn\u00edch n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch cest v souostrovn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento krok lze jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed popsat jinak ne\u017e filip\u00ednskou rozp\u00ednavost\u00ed \u2013 a \u010c\u00edna nen\u00ed jedinou dot\u010denou stranou. N\u00e1m\u011bstek malajsk\u00e9ho ministra zahrani\u010d\u00ed Mohamad Alamin nap\u0159\u00edklad minul\u00fd t\u00fdden poslal protestn\u00ed n\u00f3tu kv\u016fli t\u011bmto dv\u011bma z\u00e1kon\u016fm, v\u00a0<\/span>nich\u017e tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee poru\u0161uj\u00ed na malajsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. \u010c\u00edna je tak\u00e9 zavrhla\u00a0<\/span>tvrzen\u00edm<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee \u201eporu\u0161uj\u00ed\u201c \u00damluvu Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f o mo\u0159sk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu (UNCLOS) a \u201epodstatn\u011b naru\u0161uj\u00ed jej\u00ed integritu a autoritu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00e9 ministerstvo zahrani\u010d\u00ed na opl\u00e1tku\u00a0<\/span>tento v\u00fdvoj podpo\u0159ilo<\/span><\/a>\u00a0a prohl\u00e1silo, \u017ee Washington si \u201ev\u00e1\u017e\u00ed filip\u00ednsk\u00e9ho veden\u00ed p\u0159i prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, zejm\u00e9na v Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i\u201c. Ve skute\u010dnosti by bylo p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popsat celou iniciativu jako spornou leg\u00e1lnost \u2013 nemluv\u011b o jej\u00ed diplomatick\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 slo\u017eitosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Francouzsk\u00fd podnikatel a koment\u00e1tor Arnaud Bertrand ve\u00a0<\/span>vl\u00e1knu X<\/span><\/a>\u00a0zd\u016fraznil, jak Z\u00e1pad obecn\u011b a USA tradi\u010dn\u011b\u00a0<\/span>neuzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed\u00a0<\/span><\/a>expanzivn\u00ed n\u00e1roky<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Manily\u00a0(kter\u00e9 sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let). Ji\u017e v roce 2020\u00a0<\/span>zaujaly Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, N\u011bmecko a Francie \u201e\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd postoj\u201c<\/span><\/a>\u00a0k t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce, podle \u201e\u00a0<\/span>verb\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00f3ty<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u201c pro OSN. Bertand chyt\u0159e\u00a0<\/span>popisuje<\/span><\/a>\u00a0filip\u00ednsk\u00fd krok jako \u201en\u00e1rokov\u00e1n\u00ed si suverenity zadn\u00edmi vr\u00e1tky\u201c v rozporu s \u00damluvou Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f o mo\u0159sk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu (UNCLOS). Nov\u00fd postoj USA a dva v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 filip\u00ednsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony proto m\u011bn\u00ed status quo v regionu \u2013 a to se d\u011bje, zat\u00edmco t\u0159enice nar\u016fstaj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Novin\u00e1\u0159ka Washington Post Rebecca Tan\u00a0<\/span>popisuje<\/span><\/a>\u00a0filip\u00ednskou arm\u00e1du jako v procesu p\u0159em\u011bny od \u201erozdrcen\u00ed separatistick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed veden\u00fdch islamistick\u00fdmi rebely\u201c (co\u017e d\u011blala po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed) k sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu \u201ep\u0159e\u0161kolen\u00ed\u201c sv\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, aby \u010delili \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee zem\u011b ani pln\u011b nedos\u00e1hla m\u00edru na dom\u00e1c\u00edm trhu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v oblasti Mindanao st\u00e1le doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Podle Briana Hardinga, analytika americk\u00e9ho institutu m\u00edru, citovan\u00e9ho Tanem, \u201ecel\u00e1 my\u0161lenka p\u0159eorientov\u00e1n\u00ed Filip\u00edn sm\u011brem k teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed obran\u011b nefunguje, pokud nem\u00e1te na Mindanau skute\u010dn\u00fd, udr\u017eiteln\u00fd m\u00edr\u201c. Manila by m\u011bla v\u011bnovat v\u00edce pozornosti sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm hroz\u00edc\u00edm vnit\u0159n\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u0159e\u0161it sv\u00e9 neshody se sousedy prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm diplomacie.<\/span><\/p>\n

V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee nov\u00e1 \u00fazemn\u00ed legislativa samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vytvo\u0159it pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad (z filip\u00ednsk\u00e9ho pohledu) pro vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed riziko vojensk\u00e9 konfrontace v regionu \u2013 op\u011bt nejen s \u010c\u00ednou, ale tak\u00e9 s dal\u0161\u00edmi sousedy, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed \u00fazemn\u00ed n\u00e1roky ve stejn\u00fdch oblastech. Filip\u00edny tak\u00e9 za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed politick\u00e9 nepokoje na dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b, kde se jejich b\u00fdval\u00fd prezident Rodrigo Duterte pokou\u0161\u00ed o\u00a0<\/span>politick\u00fd n\u00e1vrat<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010clov\u011bk by m\u011bl bedliv\u011b sledovat filip\u00ednsk\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e (nyn\u00ed podepsan\u00e9 s podporou Washingtonu) \u2013 dohromady znamenaj\u00ed krizi. Je to dal\u0161\u00ed ohnisko nap\u011bt\u00ed a pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed politika Washingtonu op\u011bt p\u0159il\u00e9v\u00e1 olej do ohn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uriel Araujo, PhD<\/a>, antropologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a etnick\u00e9 konflikty<\/em><\/p>\n

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Filip\u00ednsk\u00fd prezident Ferdinand Marcos Jr.\u00a0jmenoval nov\u00e9ho \u0161\u00e9fa n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva\u00a0(kontradmir\u00e1l\u00a0Jose Ma. Ambrosio Ezpeleta\u00a0) uprost\u0159ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v Jiho\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":66562,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,30,3986,6868],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66561"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66561"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66561\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}