{"id":66506,"date":"2024-11-20T00:37:49","date_gmt":"2024-11-19T23:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=66506"},"modified":"2024-11-19T15:08:47","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T14:08:47","slug":"michael-njoku-totalita-zacina-poprenim-ekonomiky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/11\/20\/michael-njoku-totalita-zacina-poprenim-ekonomiky\/","title":{"rendered":"Michael Njoku: Totalita za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pop\u0159en\u00edm ekonomiky"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V historii spole\u010densk\u00fdch v\u011bd \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd obor nep\u0159itahoval tolik nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed jako ekonomie. Od jeho vzniku se kritika neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje \u2013 od jednotlivc\u016f a\u017e po cel\u00e9 skupiny. Vyhl\u00eddky na pozitivn\u00ed p\u0159ijet\u00ed ekonomie z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed chmurn\u00e9, proto\u017ee mnoho lid\u00ed nen\u00ed schopno n\u00e1sledovat slo\u017eit\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou nutn\u00e9 k pochopen\u00ed ekonomie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ekonomie bere c\u00edle lidsk\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed jako dan\u00e9 a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed v hodnotov\u00fdch soudech, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jej\u00edmu v\u011bdeck\u00e9mu charakteru. Ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se vhodnosti prost\u0159edk\u016f a politik k dosa\u017een\u00ed t\u011bchto c\u00edl\u016f v\u0161ak zcela jist\u011b spadaj\u00ed do jejich p\u016fsobnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eTemn\u00fd\u201c \u00fakol ekonoma<\/span><\/h3>\n

S ka\u017ed\u00fdm navr\u017een\u00fdm ak\u010dn\u00edm pl\u00e1nem si kompetentn\u00ed ekonom klade ot\u00e1zku: Jsou prost\u0159edky vhodn\u00e9 k dosa\u017een\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho c\u00edle? Kriticky analyzuje prost\u0159edky a na z\u00e1klad\u011b logicky nevyvratiteln\u00fdch argument\u016f posuzuje jejich vhodnost \u010di nevhodnost. Tento \u00fakol je \u010dasto myln\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1n a interpretov\u00e1n jako vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed osobn\u00edch hodnotov\u00fdch soud\u016f ekonoma nebo jako pokus sabotovat dosa\u017een\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f. To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d se ekonomov\u00e9 \u010dasto setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s odm\u00edtnut\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Historicky v\u0161ak existovaly \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pokusy zdiskreditovat ekonomii jako univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdu, kter\u00e1 se vztahuje na v\u0161echny lidi, \u010dasy a m\u00edsta. Tyto pokusy maj\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek zkoum\u00e1 souvislost mezi pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm ekonomie a vzestupem totality.<\/span><\/p>\n

Historismus jako p\u0159edch\u016fdce totality<\/span><\/h3>\n

Historicismus je jedn\u00edm z pokus\u016f pop\u0159\u00edt univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed platnost ekonomick\u00fdch teori\u00ed. Historici tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ekonomick\u00e9 teorie nejsou univerz\u00e1ln\u011b platn\u00e9, ale pouze aplikovateln\u00e9 na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed historick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jejich autor\u016f. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 historick\u00e1 \u0161kola nap\u0159\u00edklad odm\u00edtla teorie voln\u00e9ho obchodu klasick\u00fdch ekonom\u016f ne kv\u016fli logick\u00fdm nedostatk\u016fm, ale kv\u016fli ideologick\u00fdm v\u00fdhrad\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Ludwig von Mises ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle\u00a0<\/span>Epistemologick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my ekonomie<\/span><\/em>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Historik nesm\u00ed nikdy zapomenout, \u017ee nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fatok na univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdu o lidsk\u00e9m jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a jej\u00ed dosud nejrozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed, ekonomii, nebyl od po\u010d\u00e1tku motivov\u00e1n v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi my\u0161lenkami, ale politick\u00fdmi \u00favahami.<\/em><\/p>\n

Historismus nevyhnuteln\u011b vede k ur\u010dit\u00e9 form\u011b logick\u00e9ho relativismu, jako je doktr\u00edna rasov\u00e9ho polylogismu, kter\u00e1 na\u0161la \u0161irok\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed v N\u011bmecku na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. Tento argument, zalo\u017een\u00fd na \u00fadajn\u00e9 rozmanitosti lidsk\u00e9 mysli, v\u0161ak nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd z\u00e1klad.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed platnosti ekonomick\u00fdch teori\u00ed historismem vede k p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u011bch poznatk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pro fungov\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dnosti z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Ekonomie u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee dobrovoln\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce a d\u011blba pr\u00e1ce vedou k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed produktivit\u011b, ne\u017e by kdy dok\u00e1zala individu\u00e1ln\u00ed sob\u011bsta\u010dnost. Historismus naproti tomu intelektu\u00e1ln\u011b dl\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed cestu n\u00e1tlaku, autarkii a totalitn\u00edm struktur\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marxismus jako pseudov\u011bda<\/span><\/h3>\n

Marxismus tak\u00e9 odm\u00edt\u00e1 ekonomii, ale z jin\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f: tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ekonomick\u00e9 teorie jsou pouze vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm t\u0159\u00eddn\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f bur\u017eoazie. Tato ideologie v\u0161ak zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed ekonomie a up\u0159ednost\u0148uje utopick\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, kter\u00e9 v praxi v\u017edy selh\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ludwig von Mises ve sv\u00e9 kritice socialismu ukazuje, \u017ee socialistick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost nem\u016f\u017ee prov\u00e1d\u011bt ekonomick\u00e9 kalkulace kv\u016fli nedostatku funguj\u00edc\u00edho cenov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Tento nedostatek znemo\u017e\u0148uje pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v socialistick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dasp\u011bchy kapitalistick\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed jsou naproti tomu zalo\u017eeny na uzn\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch princip\u016f a vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u00e9voln\u00fdm, neefektivn\u00edm z\u00e1sah\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Intervencionismus vede k totalit\u011b<\/span><\/h3>\n

Doktr\u00edna intervencionismu nepravdiv\u011b tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee tr\u017en\u00ed mechanismy a vl\u00e1dn\u00ed intervence jsou kompatibiln\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b intervencionismus, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd \u201est\u0159edn\u00ed prostor\u201c mezi kapitalismem a socialismem, nevyhnuteln\u011b vede k socialismu, jak opakovan\u011b ukazuj\u00ed logick\u00e9 demonstrace ekonomie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mises poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0<\/span>Historick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed rakousk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161koly<\/span><\/em>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

„Nejhor\u0161\u00ed iluz\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed doby je pov\u011br\u010div\u00e1 v\u00edra ve v\u0161el\u00e9ky, kter\u00e9, jak ekonomov\u00e9 nevyvratiteln\u011b uk\u00e1zali, jsou kontraproduktivn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di jejich \u00fa\u010delu.“<\/em><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e interven\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed sel\u017eou, st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed tendenci zvy\u0161ovat svou moc \u0159e\u0161it vznikl\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. To postupn\u011b vede k totalit\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ekonomika a syst\u00e9m voln\u00e9ho trhu<\/span><\/h3>\n

Ekonomie je racion\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bda, kter\u00e1 uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1konitosti lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Ukazuje, \u017ee trh je syst\u00e9m logicky nezbytn\u00fdch vztah\u016f, kter\u00fd vznik\u00e1 jedn\u00e1n\u00edm jednotlivc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed uspokojit sv\u00e9 nejnal\u00e9hav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pot\u0159eby. Jak\u00e1koli forma n\u00e1tlaku tento proces naru\u0161uje a nakonec vede k situaci, kdy je n\u00e1sil\u00ed jedin\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem k vynucen\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto u\u010den\u00ed dl\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed cestu totalitn\u00edm struktur\u00e1m a potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 svobody.<\/span><\/p>\n

Autor: Michael Njoku<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V historii spole\u010densk\u00fdch v\u011bd \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd obor nep\u0159itahoval tolik nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed jako ekonomie. Od jeho vzniku…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":66507,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[59,1503,48],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66506"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66506"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66506\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66507"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66506"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66506"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66506"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}