{"id":66432,"date":"2024-11-18T10:56:19","date_gmt":"2024-11-18T09:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=66432"},"modified":"2024-11-18T10:56:23","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T09:56:23","slug":"jak-tajne-sluzby-cssr-organizovaly-sametovou-revoluci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/11\/18\/jak-tajne-sluzby-cssr-organizovaly-sametovou-revoluci\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u010cSSR organizovaly sametovou revoluci"},"content":{"rendered":"
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17.\u00a0listopadu 1989 se konala v\u00a0Praze masov\u00e1 demonstrace, kter\u00e1 se stala z\u00e1minkou k\u00a0p\u0159evratu, jen\u017e ve\u0161el do d\u011bjin jako \u201esametov\u00e1 revoluce\u201c. Za jej\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm st\u00e1ly tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby socialistick\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u0159icet p\u011bt let po rozpadu socialistick\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee tento proces byl \u0159\u00edzen z Moskvy, nebo\u0165 sov\u011btsk\u00fd v\u016fdce Michail Gorba\u010dov cht\u011bl zlep\u0161it vztahy se Z\u00e1padem.<\/p>\n

Nejd\u0159\u00edve to poc\u00edtili v\u00a0Polsku, kde za\u010dali evolu\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem demontovat komunistick\u00fd re\u017eim. Tamn\u00ed org\u00e1ny uspo\u0159\u00e1daly kulat\u00fd st\u016fl s\u00a0opozic\u00ed, umo\u017enily j\u00ed zv\u00edt\u011bzit ve volb\u00e1ch a\u00a0sestavit vl\u00e1du \u2013 ov\u0161em s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00a0\u010dele st\u00e1tu z\u016fstane komunista Wojciech Jaruzelski.<\/p>\n

Ostatn\u00ed komunisti\u010dt\u00ed v\u016fdci socialistick\u00fdch zem\u00ed se dr\u017eeli u\u00a0moci pevn\u011bji, a\u00a0to i\u00a0pot\u00e9, co Michail Gorba\u010dov 7.\u00a0\u010dervence 1989 na setk\u00e1n\u00ed vedouc\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f zem\u00ed Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy v\u00a0Bukure\u0161ti sv\u00fdm koleg\u016fm sd\u011blil, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 zem\u011b m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt nyn\u00ed svou vlastn\u00ed cestou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ujistil, \u017ee Moskva nebude potla\u010dovat demokratick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed silou, jako se to stalo v\u00a0roce 1956 v\u00a0Ma\u010farsku, nebo v\u00a0roce 1968 v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm byla definitivn\u011b odm\u00edtnuta takzvan\u00e1 Bre\u017en\u011bvova doktr\u00edna, podle n\u00ed\u017e se \u201eohro\u017een\u00ed v\u011bci socialismu v\u00a0jedn\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 zemi st\u00e1v\u00e1 hrozbou pro bezpe\u010dnost socialistick\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed jako celku\u201c. V\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu 1989 Gennadij Gerasimov, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel ministerstva zahrani\u010d\u00ed SSSR, nazval tento nov\u00fd zahrani\u010dn\u011bpolitick\u00fd kurz Moskvy \u201eSinatrovou doktr\u00ednou\u201c a\u00a0pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed mu snad neporozum\u011bli, up\u0159esnil, \u017ee \u2013 \/Sinatra\/ m\u011bl p\u00edsni\u010dku \u201cMy Way\u201d, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 zem\u011b se te\u010f sama rozhodne, kterou cestou se vyd\u00e1\u201c.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm byla antikomunistick\u00e9 opozici ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b otev\u0159ena cesta. Dne 9.\u00a0listopadu 1989 ozn\u00e1mil G\u00fcnter Schabowski, tajemn\u00edk \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdboru Socialistick\u00e9 sjednocen\u00e9 strany N\u011bmecka (SED, komunist\u00e9 N\u011bmeck\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 republiky), \u017ee vstoup\u00ed v\u00a0platnost \u201enov\u00e9 cestovn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy pro ob\u010dany NDR\u201c.\u00a0\u201ePovolen\u00ed budou vyd\u00e1v\u00e1na v\u00a0co nejkrat\u0161\u00edm term\u00ednu a\u00a0pravidlo vstupuje v\u00a0platnost okam\u017eit\u011b, okam\u017eit\u011b\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padon\u011bmeck\u00e9 televizn\u00ed stanice okam\u017eit\u011b ozn\u00e1mily, \u017ee \u201eNDR otev\u0159ela hranice\u201c, a\u00a0pod tlakem desetitis\u00edc\u016f lid\u00ed byla b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika hodin otev\u0159ena kontroln\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b pro voln\u00fd pr\u016fchod Berl\u00ednskou zd\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti je\u0161t\u011b t\u00e9ho\u017e dne NDR p\u0159estala existovat a\u00a0o\u00a0necel\u00fd rok pozd\u011bji bylo jej\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed anektov\u00e1no SRN.<\/p>\n

Zda byl v\u00fdrok Schabowsk\u00e9ho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed operace, je dodnes t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci. Ale ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b byl v\u00a0sousedn\u00edm \u010ceskoslovensku (\u010cSSR) zorganizov\u00e1n st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159evrat pod z\u00e1minkou \u201elidov\u00fdch protest\u016f\u201c jednozna\u010dn\u011b za \u00fa\u010dasti m\u00edstn\u00edch tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb.<\/p>\n

Navenek vypadalo v\u0161e u\u0161lechtile. Na 17. listopadu 1989 pl\u00e1noval nez\u00e1visl\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd studentsk\u00fd spolek Stuha vzpom\u00ednkovou akci k 50. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol nacisty. Akce se nem\u011bla konat v centru Prahy, ale na pra\u017esk\u00e9m Albertov\u011b. Jej\u00edm ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem bylo uct\u00edt pam\u00e1tku Jana Opletala, studenta, kter\u00fd zem\u0159el na n\u00e1sledky zran\u011bn\u00ed na protinacistick\u00e9 demonstraci v \u0159\u00edjnu 1939. Radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st student\u016f v\u0161ak hodlala vyu\u017e\u00edt akci \u00a0k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed nespokojenosti se sou\u010dasnou spole\u010densko-politickou situac\u00ed a k vol\u00e1n\u00ed po zm\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Form\u00e1ln\u011b se na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu demonstrace nepod\u00edlely \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 disidentsk\u00e9 organizace, tak\u017ee \u00fa\u0159ady nem\u011bly d\u016fvod akci zak\u00e1zat nebo potla\u010dit. V\u011bt\u0161ina disident\u016f se demonstrace nez\u00fa\u010dastnila, ale jejich d\u011bti Marek Benda, Ji\u0159\u00ed Dienstbier, Jan Dus spolu se \u0160imonem P\u00e1nkem m\u011bly rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed vliv na sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pochodu do centra m\u011bsta po\u00a0n\u00e1b\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji se pr\u00e1v\u011b tento pr\u016fvod stal spou\u0161t\u011b\u010dem sametov\u00e9 revoluce.<\/p>\n

Studenti se vydali z\u00a0Albertova na Vy\u0161ehrad k\u00a0hrobu b\u00e1sn\u00edka Karla Hynka M\u00e1chy, kde byla leg\u00e1ln\u00ed akce zakon\u010dena zp\u011bvem st\u00e1tn\u00ed hymny, polo\u017een\u00edm kv\u011btin a\u00a0zap\u00e1len\u00edm mnoha sv\u00ed\u010dek. Pot\u00e9 nabyly akce protivl\u00e1dn\u00edho charakteru a\u00a0tis\u00edce studentsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f se vydaly na pochod sm\u011brem k\u00a0V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9mu n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v\u00a0centru Prahy.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dastn\u00edky t\u00e9to ji\u017e nepovolen\u00e9 demonstrace zastavila policie nejprve je\u0161t\u011b na Vy\u0161ehradsk\u00e9 ulici. Studenti v\u0161ak sestoupili na n\u00e1b\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0pokra\u010dovali sm\u011brem do centra Prahy pod\u00e9l Vltavy. Postupn\u011b se k\u00a0nim p\u0159id\u00e1vali i\u00a0ob\u010dan\u00e9. I\u00a0p\u0159es protivl\u00e1dn\u00ed hesla z\u016fstala demonstrace klidn\u00e1, na V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed se v\u0161ak demonstrant\u016fm ten den dostat nepoda\u0159ilo.<\/p>\n

Kolem osm\u00e9 hodiny ve\u010dern\u00ed 17.\u00a0listopadu zablokovaly policejn\u00ed kordony v\u00edce ne\u017e dva tis\u00edce lid\u00ed na N\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b pobl\u00ed\u017e V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed a\u00a0zahradily cestu zbytku pr\u016fvodu. Kolem p\u016fl dev\u00e1t\u00e9 byly vytvo\u0159eny koridory pro odchod lid\u00ed z\u00a0m\u00edsta. N\u011bkolik stovek z\u00a0nich bylo surov\u011b zbito. Asi po\u00a040 minut\u00e1ch byla demonstrace rozehn\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Mezi lidmi se okam\u017eit\u011b za\u010daly \u0161\u00ed\u0159it zv\u011bsti, \u017ee policejn\u00ed z\u00e1sah zp\u016fsobil ztr\u00e1ty na \u017eivotech. P\u0159esto\u017ee se informace o\u00a0smrti studenta fyziky a\u00a0matematiky Martina \u0160m\u00edda, kter\u00e1 se objevila n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den, uk\u00e1zala jako nepravdiv\u00e1, vyvolala silnou vlnu protest\u016f proti komunistick\u00e9mu re\u017eimu v\u00a0\u010cSSR. O\u00a0n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed pozd\u011bji vedly k\u00a0jeho svr\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n

To je v\u0161ak ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed verze ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti, jak v\u00a0roce 2009 p\u0159iznal d\u016fstojn\u00edk St\u00e1tn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti \u010cSSR Ludv\u00edk Zif\u010d\u00e1k, byl to pr\u00e1v\u011b on, kdo byl pov\u011b\u0159en veden\u00edm studentsk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed a\u00a0pozd\u011bji se stal jedn\u00edm ze zakladatel\u016f nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho studentsk\u00e9ho sdru\u017een\u00ed Stuha. Uvedl tak\u00e9, \u017ee on a\u00a0jeho kolegov\u00e9 m\u011bli za \u00fakol v\u00e9st pr\u016fvod na V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed a\u00a0hr\u00e1t roli \u201emrtv\u00e9ho studenta\u201c, co\u017e pozd\u011bji p\u0159iznal i\u00a0Zif\u010d\u00e1k\u016fv nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd major Petr \u017d\u00e1k. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b je\u0161t\u011b nebylo zvykem vyr\u00e1b\u011bt d\u016fvod k\u00a0zinscenovan\u00fdm \u201erevoluc\u00edm\u201c za pomoci skute\u010dn\u00fdch mrtvol, jak se to stalo na \u201eeuromajdanu\u201c v\u00a0Kyjev\u011b v\u00a0roce 2014.<\/p>\n

V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rozhovoru Zif\u010d\u00e1k tvrdil, \u017ee\u00a0\u201edemonstrace nem\u011bla v\u00e9st ke zm\u011bn\u011b spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, m\u011bla v\u00e9st pouze k rezignaci t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed byli odd\u00e1ni star\u00fdm po\u0159\u00e1dk\u016fm, a k tomu, aby na jejich m\u00edsto nastoupili lid\u00e9 pokrokov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Ud\u00e1losti v\u0161ak nabraly radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed charakter.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Dne 20.\u00a0listopadu 1989 vyhl\u00e1sili studenti v\u00a0Praze st\u00e1vku, kterou hned prvn\u00ed den podpo\u0159ily t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly v\u00a0zemi. Sou\u010dasn\u011b za\u010daly masov\u00e9 demonstrace v\u00a0centru Prahy i\u00a0v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech (v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b dos\u00e1hl denn\u00ed po\u010det \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f \u010dtvrt milionu). Ke studentsk\u00fdm akc\u00edm se p\u0159ipojili intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 a\u00a0pozd\u011bji i\u00a0zam\u011bstnanci mnoha podnik\u016f v\u00a0zemi.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 protikomunistick\u00fdch skupin vytvo\u0159ili v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch a\u00a0na Morav\u011b politick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed Ob\u010dansk\u00e9 f\u00f3rum, na Slovensku se podobn\u00e9 hnut\u00ed jmenovalo Ve\u0159ejnost proti n\u00e1sil\u00ed. St\u00e1li v\u00a0\u010dele lidov\u00e9 nespokojenosti, dok\u00e1zali j\u00ed d\u00e1t organizovan\u00fd charakter a\u00a0b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f dos\u00e1hnout z\u00e1sadn\u00edch zm\u011bn ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m a\u00a0politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b \u010ceskoslovenska.<\/p>\n

\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed slo\u017eky a\u00a0sov\u011btsk\u00e9 jednotky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cSSR do situace nezas\u00e1hly. Nav\u00edc velitel St\u0159edn\u00ed skupiny vojsk gener\u00e1l Eduard Vorobjov dostal za \u00fakol \u201ezabr\u00e1nit p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9mu n\u00e1siln\u00e9mu z\u00e1sahu \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy proti demonstrant\u016fm\u201c. A\u00a0Miroslav \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n, n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk pra\u017esk\u00fdch \u201elidov\u00fdch milic\u00ed\u201c, pozd\u011bji vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, \u017ee po\u00a017.\u00a0listopadu 1989 do\u0161lo k\u00a0p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dohod\u011b mezi milicemi a\u00a0arm\u00e1dou, \u017ee \u201ep\u0159i demonstrac\u00edch mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zaji\u0161t\u011bn po\u0159\u00e1dek a\u00a0klid, ale nikde se nesm\u00ed zasahovat\u201c.<\/p>\n

Dne 24.\u00a0listopadu 1989 na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9m pl\u00e9nu \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdboru Komunistick\u00e9 strany \u010ceskoslovenska (\u00daV KS\u010c) odstoupil prvn\u00ed tajemn\u00edk a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed vedouc\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 KS\u010c. P\u00e1t\u00fd den masov\u00fdch protest\u016f znamenal demisi politick\u00e9ho byra \u00daV KS\u010c a\u00a0\u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da padla. Opozici byla nab\u00eddnuta \u010dtvrtina k\u0159esel v\u00a0nov\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b, ale nab\u00eddka nebyla p\u0159ijata.<\/p>\n

26.\u00a0listopadu se v\u00a0centru Prahy konalo velkolep\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo asi 700\u00a0000\u00a0lid\u00ed. Podobn\u00fdm referendem byla i\u00a0dvouhodinov\u00e1 st\u00e1vka 27.\u00a0listopadu, b\u011bhem n\u00ed\u017e protestuj\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadovali zru\u0161en\u00ed paragrafu o\u00a0vedouc\u00ed \u00faloze KS\u010c v\u00a0\u00dastav\u011b \u010cSSR, odstoupen\u00ed zkompromitovan\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f strany a\u00a0vl\u00e1dy, objasn\u011bn\u00ed okolnost\u00ed rozehn\u00e1n\u00ed demonstrace 17.\u00a0listopadu a\u00a0kon\u00e1n\u00ed svobodn\u00fdch voleb.<\/p>\n

26.\u00a0listopadu 1989 \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd parlament zru\u0161il \u010dl\u00e1nek \u00fastavy o\u00a0vedouc\u00ed \u00faloze komunistick\u00e9 strany a\u00a029.\u00a0prosince reorganizovan\u00fd parlament zvolil p\u0159edsedou Alexandra Dub\u010deka a\u00a0prezidentem \u010ceskoslovenska V\u00e1clava Havla, l\u00eddra Ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra. Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Miroslav \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n z\u00e1rove\u0148 tvrdil, \u017ee kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed ud\u00e1lostmi 17.\u00a0listopadu do\u0161lo v\u00a0jedn\u00e9 pra\u017esk\u00e9 kav\u00e1rn\u011b k\u00a0setk\u00e1n\u00ed V\u00e1clava Havla s\u00a0\u0161\u00e9fem rozv\u011bdky \u010cSSR Aloisem Lorenzem a\u00a0\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b Havel m\u011bl b\u00fdt \u201e\u0159e\u0161en\u00edm, kter\u00e9 si vybralo sov\u011btsk\u00e9 veden\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, kter\u00e1 vznikla 1. ledna 1993 po rozpadu \u010cSSR, se v\u0161ak takov\u00fdm v\u00fdrok\u016fm \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201ekonspira\u010dn\u00ed teorie\u201c. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je 17. listopad vyhl\u00e1\u0161en Dnem boje za svobodu a demokracii. V tento den se po cel\u00e9 zemi konaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 akce p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed ud\u00e1losti z let 1939 a 1989 \u2013 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b se jich v\u0161ak \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed st\u00e1le m\u00e9n\u011b lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Oleg CHAVI\u010c,\u00a0UKRAJINA.ru (08:00\u00a017.11.2024)<\/a>, vybrala a\u00a0z\u00a0ru\u0161tiny p\u0159elo\u017eila PhDr. Jana G\u00f6r\u010d\u00f6\u0161ov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n

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17.\u00a0listopadu 1989 se konala v\u00a0Praze masov\u00e1 demonstrace, kter\u00e1 se stala z\u00e1minkou k\u00a0p\u0159evratu, jen\u017e ve\u0161el do…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":66433,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[398,1503,8219,663],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66432"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66432"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66432\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66433"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66432"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}