{"id":65777,"date":"2024-11-08T00:39:30","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T23:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=65777"},"modified":"2024-11-07T12:23:50","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T11:23:50","slug":"cecilie-jilkova-trumpovo-vitezstvi-rozbita-media-a-jak-je-opravit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/11\/08\/cecilie-jilkova-trumpovo-vitezstvi-rozbita-media-a-jak-je-opravit\/","title":{"rendered":"Cec\u00edlie J\u00edlkov\u00e1: Trumpovo v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, rozbit\u00e1 m\u00e9dia a jak je opravit"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Internet v\u00a0prezidentsk\u00fdch volb\u00e1ch porazil star\u00e1 m\u00e9dia. Realita, kterou jasn\u011b vid\u011bli mnoz\u00ed influence\u0159i, byla pro profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159e z\u00a0uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch instituc\u00ed nerozpoznateln\u00e1. Lze star\u00e1 m\u00e9dia opravit?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Star\u00e1 m\u00e9dia, jako jsou noviny, rozhlas a televize, kter\u00e1 dominovala p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem informa\u010dn\u00edho v\u011bku, postupn\u011b v\u00e1lcuje internet. Alespo\u0148 tak n\u00e1m to v\u0161ichni \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Internet \u00fadajn\u011b zab\u00edj\u00ed ekonomickou z\u00e1kladnu \u017eurnalistiky. V\u00a0rozporu s\u00a0t\u00edmto tvrzen\u00edm je v\u0161ak skute\u010dnost, \u017ee krize v\u00a0americk\u00e9 \u017eurnalistice se objevila u\u017e v\u00a0osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech, tedy dlouho p\u0159ed internetem. U\u017e tehdy tamn\u00ed sd\u011blovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky sni\u017eovaly stavy report\u00e9r\u016f i\u00a0rozpo\u010dty. Po\u00a0roce 1990 pak \u0161krtaly u\u017e zcela v\u00fdrazn\u011b, a\u00a0to i\u00a0p\u0159esto, \u017ee ekonomicky prosperovaly.<\/p>\n

D\u016fvodem \u0161krt\u016f byly jednoduch\u00e9 po\u010dty: v\u00a0kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9m horizontu \u0161lo o\u00a0v\u00fdnosnou v\u011bc. A\u00a0v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m v\u00fdhledu \u201ebudeme stejn\u011b v\u0161ichni mrtv\u00ed\u201c, vysv\u011btluje ve sv\u00e9 knize Probl\u00e9m m\u00e9di\u00ed Robert W. McChesney.<\/p>\n

Jak vypad\u00e1 smrt \u017eurnalistiky?<\/h2>\n

McChesney popisuje i\u00a0vzestup korupce u\u00a0novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f, \u00fabytek investigativn\u00edho zpravodajstv\u00ed, degeneraci politick\u00e9ho zpravodajstv\u00ed a\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00ed novina\u0159iny, absurdn\u00ed z\u00e1vody v\u00a0referov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0kampan\u00edch, kolaps lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eurnalistiky a\u00a0bezuzdn\u00e9 informov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0skand\u00e1lech celebrit.<\/p>\n

\u00dato\u010dn\u00e1 a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 investigativn\u00ed \u017eurnalistika ustupuje ban\u00e1ln\u00edmu, ale komer\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9mu zpravodajstv\u00ed. Tuto \u201esmrt \u017eurnalistiky\u201c v\u011bstili p\u0159ich\u00e1zet n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i u\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tkem devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let. [1]<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0jejich pohledu a\u00a0optikou jejich \u017eivotn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed m\u011bly korporace, kter\u00e9 ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed americk\u00e9 sd\u011blovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky, potenci\u00e1l \u017eurnalistiku p\u0159i\u00a0sv\u00e9 honb\u011b za ziskem zni\u010dit. V\u00a0korpor\u00e1tn\u00edm my\u0161len\u00ed \u00fadajn\u011b nebylo p\u0159\u00edtomno mnoho respektu k\u00a0nez\u00e1vislosti profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eurnalistiky a\u00a0jedin\u00fdm c\u00edlem bylo, aby bylo zpravodajstv\u00ed za ka\u017edou cenu v\u00fdnosn\u00fdm podnik\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

\u017de je tento pohled limitovan\u00fd americk\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, vid\u00edme jasn\u011b p\u0159i\u00a0pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu \u010desk\u00fdch ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, kter\u00e1 i\u00a0p\u0159i\u00a0sv\u00fdch luxusn\u00edch rozpo\u010dtech trp\u00ed naprosto stejn\u00fdm \u00fapadkem a\u00a0odtr\u017een\u00edm od reality. Stejn\u011b tak j\u00edm ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b trp\u00ed i\u00a0\u010desk\u00e1 komer\u010dn\u00ed m\u00e9dia. Chyba tedy bude je\u0161t\u011b jinde.<\/p>\n

Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed krize privilegovan\u00fdch<\/h2>\n

\u017de je pro v\u011bt\u0161inu lid\u00ed \u201ecel\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159stvo sme\u010dka darmo\u017er\u00e1\u010d\u016f placen\u00fdch za to, \u017ee sv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed \u0159e\u010d na n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho\u201c a novin\u00e1\u0159 je \u201enula a z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00fd slouha p\u00e1n\u016f\u201c, psal u\u017e v roce 1969 Ludv\u00edk Vacul\u00edk. Kdy\u017e se o t\u0159icet let k t\u00e9matu vr\u00e1til, musel konstatovat, \u017ee liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie n\u00e1pravu t\u011bchto v\u011bc\u00ed kupodivu negarantuje. K \u010demu demokracie, pokud v n\u00ed nevl\u00e1dnou demokrat\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Pomineme-li \u201ed\u011bln\u00edky bulv\u00e1ru\u201c, kte\u0159\u00ed si na sv\u016fj denn\u00ed chleba vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed bezmy\u0161lenkovit\u00fdm generov\u00e1n\u00edm k\u0159iklav\u00e9ho obsahu ur\u010den\u00e9ho k\u00a0prost\u00e9 z\u00e1bav\u011b, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 povol\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010ditou intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 jsou sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou privilegovan\u00ed lid\u00e9. Tato privilegia znamenaj\u00ed pro novin\u00e1\u0159e p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a\u00a0tyto p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti s\u00a0sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed zodpov\u011bdnost. Novin\u00e1\u0159i pak maj\u00ed na v\u00fdb\u011br.<\/p>\n

Ti oportunisti\u010dt\u00ed podporuj\u00ed pro n\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 c\u00edle a\u00a0p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed nebo obhajuj\u00ed zlo\u010diny sv\u00fdch politik\u016f, proto\u017ee se d\u00edky tomu t\u011b\u0161\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00fdm privilegi\u00edm a\u00a0poct\u00e1m. Hodnotov\u011b orientovan\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 naopak b\u00fdvaj\u00ed za sv\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e znev\u00fdhod\u0148ov\u00e1ni a\u00a0jejich n\u00e1zory jsou opatrn\u00fdmi novin\u00e1\u0159i pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nepat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do legitimn\u00ed debaty nebo dokonce n\u00e1lepkov\u00e1ny jako \u0161\u00edlen\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Tis\u00edc v\u00fdmluv opatrn\u00e9ho \u017eurnalisty<\/h2>\n

Nad kritikou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 opatrnosti pak mnoz\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i m\u00e1vaj\u00ed rukou: \u201eHele, p\u00e1l\u00ed na n\u00e1s z\u00a0obou stran, tak to asi d\u011bl\u00e1me dob\u0159e\u201c, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se chyt\u0159e zpro\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed z\u00e1vazku pron\u00e1\u0161et konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed. Pokud na v\u00e1s \u201ep\u00e1l\u00ed z\u00a0obou stran\u201c, jak\u00e1koli potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byste mohli vzn\u00e1\u0161et v\u00a0kontroverzn\u00edch kauz\u00e1ch, se d\u00edky tomuto argumentu vlastn\u011b st\u00e1vaj\u00ed bezp\u0159edm\u011btn\u00fdmi, a\u00a0t\u00edm p\u00e1dem se jich s\u00a0touto v\u00fdmluvou m\u016f\u017eete zcela vzd\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Jak p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 McChesney, dokonce i\u00a0nacistick\u00e1 m\u00e9dia m\u011bla ve t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech sv\u00e9 fanatick\u00e9 kritiky, kte\u0159\u00ed si mysleli, \u017ee \u201etato m\u00e9dia nejsou dostate\u010dn\u011b antisemitsk\u00e1 \u010di\u00a0protikomunistick\u00e1\u201c. P\u0159esto tato m\u00e9dia neodv\u00e1d\u011bla dobrou pr\u00e1ci, i\u00a0kdy\u017e se na n\u011b \u201ep\u00e1lilo z\u00a0obou stran\u201c.<\/p>\n

Logika kruhu<\/h2>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm argumentem pohodln\u00fdch novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f b\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00a0rozs\u00e1hle depolitizovan\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti neexistuje dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1 popt\u00e1vka po\u00a0kvalitn\u00ed politick\u00e9 \u017eurnalistice. Novin\u00e1\u0159i tak maj\u00ed logicky m\u00e9n\u011b podn\u011bt\u016f k\u00a0tomu, aby prov\u00e1d\u011bli nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 odhalen\u00ed, proto\u017ee kauzy upadnou na dno zapomn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0nezp\u016fsob\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou odezvu, nato\u017e politickou reformu.<\/p>\n

Povrchn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy jsou naopak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed a\u00a0tedy v\u00fdnosn\u00e9, a\u00a0komer\u010dn\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed p\u0159ece mus\u00ed d\u00e1vat lidem to, co cht\u011bj\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u0161ak u\u00a0obou t\u011bchto argument\u016f jde o\u00a0logiku kruhu.<\/p>\n

A\u0165 u\u017e je z\u00e1liba spot\u0159ebitele v povrchn\u00edm obsahu velk\u00e1 \u010di mal\u00e1, spolu s \u010detnost\u00ed a intenzitou tohoto obsahu se jeho obliba m\u016f\u017ee jedin\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it. Pokud by ale m\u00e9dia stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem dod\u00e1vala odv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpravodajstv\u00ed s odhalov\u00e1n\u00edm korupce vl\u00e1dy a velk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, d\u00e1 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee by si ve\u0159ejnost \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u011b obl\u00edbila i toto zpravodajstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e1 mo\u017enost ale znamen\u00e1 v\u00edce investic. Prov\u00e1d\u011bt n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed stoj\u00ed mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e jen zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vat prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0vy\u017eaduje to vzd\u011blan\u00e9 a\u00a0zku\u0161en\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou draz\u00ed. Mnohem v\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je vedle toho nechat m\u00e9n\u011b zku\u0161en\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159e prost\u011b zaplnit m\u00edsto v\u00a0novin\u00e1ch t\u00edm, co p\u0159ipravily a\u00a0dodaly agentury. Pro\u010d tedy pl\u00fdtvat pen\u011bzi na n\u011bco, co vlastn\u011b nikdo nechce?<\/p>\n

\u00daskal\u00ed investigativy<\/h2>\n

Investigativn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159 Charles Lewis v\u00a0americk\u00e9m dokument\u00e1rn\u00edm filmu o\u00a0moci korporac\u00ed nad m\u00e9dii\u00a0upozor\u0148uje<\/a>, \u017ee velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st toho, co se prod\u00e1v\u00e1 jako investigativn\u00ed novina\u0159ina, je vlastn\u011b pouh\u00e9 zve\u0159ej\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed unikl\u00fdch informac\u00ed nebo vl\u00e1dn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v, kter\u00fdmi zdroje krm\u00ed report\u00e9ry. Skute\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eurnalistick\u00e9ho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed se pak \u010dasto tyto informace ani nedo\u010dkaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Novin\u00e1\u0159 se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 loutkou, se kterou hraj\u00ed sv\u00e9 politick\u00e9 souboje mocn\u00ed lid\u00e9 v\u00a0pozad\u00ed. Odm\u011bnou za v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 exkluzivn\u00ed informace od insider\u016f mu je respekt koleg\u016f a\u00a0v\u00edce podobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed \u201ezaz\u00e1\u0159it\u201c. Pokud se v\u0161ak novin\u00e1\u0159 za\u010dne pt\u00e1t, kdo a\u00a0pro\u010d mu ony informace tak ochotn\u011b p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t ze dne na den nepopul\u00e1rn\u00edm \u010di\u00a0dokonce nepohodln\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9kem je v\u00edce voln\u00e9ho trhu<\/h2>\n

Jedin\u00fdm l\u00e9kem, kter\u00fd z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia m\u016f\u017ee uzdravit, je voln\u00fd trh bez dotac\u00ed, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00ed kredit novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba novin\u00e1\u0159\u016fm ze strany ve\u0159ejnosti. Komu je mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovat, tomu jsou z\u00e1kazn\u00edci v\u011brn\u00ed. Budeme to muset zkusit.<\/p>\n

Cec\u00edlie J\u00edlkov\u00e1<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Internet v\u00a0prezidentsk\u00fdch volb\u00e1ch porazil star\u00e1 m\u00e9dia. Realita, kterou jasn\u011b vid\u011bli mnoz\u00ed influence\u0159i, byla pro profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":65778,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[1503,158,452,27],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65777"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65777"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65777\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}