{"id":65127,"date":"2024-10-30T00:35:21","date_gmt":"2024-10-29T23:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=65127"},"modified":"2024-10-29T15:31:46","modified_gmt":"2024-10-29T14:31:46","slug":"simon-westwood-proc-rusko-usiluje-o-multipolarni-svet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/10\/30\/simon-westwood-proc-rusko-usiluje-o-multipolarni-svet\/","title":{"rendered":"Simon Westwood: Pro\u010d Rusko usiluje o multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed sv\u011bt?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Co je to velmoc a jak m\u011b\u0159\u00edte efektivitu velmoci? Rusko je nepochybn\u011b historickou velmoc\u00ed a jeho strategick\u00e1 historie je toho d\u016fkazem<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Slavn\u00fd britsk\u00fd historik Paul Kennedy ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201eVzestup a p\u00e1d velmoc\u00ed: Ekonomick\u00e9 zm\u011bny a vojensk\u00fd konflikt v letech 1500 a\u017e 2000\u201c polo\u017eil velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou ot\u00e1zku: \u201ePro\u010d n\u011bkter\u00e9 n\u00e1rody z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu d\u011bjin moc, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed? Mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e1 moc tendenci se posouvat a p\u0159echod ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed okolnosti. Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 porozum\u011bt rozm\u011br\u016fm a po\u017eadavk\u016fm efektivn\u00ed velmoci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rusko usiluje o to, aby se n\u00e1rody sv\u011bta osvobodily od okov\u016f Z\u00e1padu a nepodlo\u017een\u00e9 propagandy.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Velmoci zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch jedine\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed a do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry ur\u010duj\u00ed polaritu a povahu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed struktury. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 velmoci maj\u00ed schopnosti a moc p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed schopnosti jin\u00fdch velmoc\u00ed, a proto se chovaj\u00ed jako velmoci. Nap\u0159\u00edklad po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se hlavn\u00edmi mocnostmi staly Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz, Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9 (USA), Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (UK), Francie a \u010c\u00edna. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b v\u0161ak do\u0161lo k ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce mezi nacionalisty a republik\u00e1ny. Z r\u016fzn\u00fdch politick\u00fdch, ekonomick\u00fdch a vojensk\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f v\u0161ak vznikly jako velmoci Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz a USA a n\u00e1sledn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00ed NATO (Organizace Severoatlantick\u00e9 smlouvy) a Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy aspirace obou velmoc\u00ed upevnilo. V d\u016fsledku toho se polarita mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed struktury stala bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed d\u00edky p\u0159\u00edtomnosti dvou supervelmoc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nevyrovnan\u00e9 hnut\u00ed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se \u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1rody a st\u00e1ty rozhodly pro neutralitu a proti \u00fa\u010dasti v politice bloku. Platformou pro tyto n\u00e1rody a st\u00e1ty se stalo Hnut\u00ed nez\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch zem\u00ed (NAM). P\u0159i zp\u011btn\u00e9m pohledu slou\u017eila NAM jako efektivn\u00ed platforma pro neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1rody a st\u00e1ty b\u011bhem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 45let\u00e9 studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. NAM tak\u00e9 odm\u00edtla politiku bloku, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed orientaci a spojenectv\u00ed. Propagovala multilateralismus a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokusme se nyn\u00ed pochopit rozm\u011bry a po\u017eadavky velmoci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rozm\u011bry velk\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Historie je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dimenz\u00ed p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed postaven\u00ed velmoci. Rusko m\u00e1 jedine\u010dnou historii, kter\u00e1 je bohat\u00e1 a \u017eiv\u00e1. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed Rusko za\u017eilo zm\u011bnu ve sv\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed politice, kter\u00e1 vedla k bol\u0161evick\u00e9 revoluci v \u0159\u00edjnu 1917. Po vzniku Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu z\u00edskala obrovskou moc a v kv\u011btnu 1945 skute\u010dn\u011b porazila nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zem\u011bpis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Geografie Ruska je tak rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1, \u017ee ji prost\u011b nelze dob\u00fdt. V 19. stolet\u00ed to zkusila Grande Arm\u00e9e Francouze Napoleona Bonaparta a pozd\u011bji nacistick\u00fd n\u011bmeck\u00fd Wehrmacht tak\u00e9 selhal p\u0159i pokusu dob\u00fdt Rusko za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ekonomick\u00e1 a vojensk\u00e1 s\u00edla<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Je historick\u00fdm faktem, \u017ee sov\u011btsk\u00e1 Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da vstoupila do Berl\u00edna v roce 1945 p\u0159ed postupuj\u00edc\u00edmi americk\u00fdmi, britsk\u00fdmi a francouzsk\u00fdmi jednotkami. Jako d\u016fkaz pro takov\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed lze pou\u017e\u00edt historick\u00fd obraz voj\u00e1ka Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy vzty\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho sov\u011btskou vlajku na budov\u011b Reichstagu v Berl\u00edn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed struktura<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a b\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a\u017e do rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu v roce 1990 byl mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed syst\u00e9m bipol\u00e1rn\u00ed. Po rozpadu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu v\u0161ak USA vyhl\u00e1sily Nov\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Ameri\u010dt\u00ed akademici, novin\u00e1\u0159i, vl\u00e1dn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci a vojen\u0161t\u00ed \u010dinitel\u00e9 za\u010dali hlasit\u011b hl\u00e1sat nad\u0159azenost politick\u00e9ho a ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu USA. Charles Krauthammer, \u010dlen americk\u00fdch neokonzervativc\u016f, to nazval Unipolar Moment a p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee USA z\u016fstanou v dohledn\u00e9 budoucnosti jedinou supervelmoc\u00ed dominuj\u00edc\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d Rusko usiluje o multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed sv\u011bt?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Rusko je efektivn\u00ed velmoc. V dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b je Rusko vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako impozantn\u00ed p\u00f3l, kter\u00fd by mohl vyv\u00e1\u017eit jak\u00fdkoli mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed podnik a vyvinout velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed na ochranu sv\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f a z\u00e1jm\u016f sv\u00fdch spojenc\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pochopit, pro\u010d Rusko usiluje o multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed sv\u011bt. Navzdory nerovnostem a p\u0159edsudk\u016fm Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f (OSN) Rusko dodr\u017euje Chartu OSN a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. Na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ur\u010dit polaritu. Rusko je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed P5 a vyhrazuje si pr\u00e1vo vetovat jakoukoli rezoluci v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN. P\u0159esto Rusko usiluje o to, aby se lid\u00e9 ve sv\u011bt\u011b osvobodili z okov\u016f Z\u00e1padu a nepodlo\u017een\u00e9 propagandy.<\/span><\/p>\n

V tomto ohledu Rusko aktivn\u011b spolupracuje s glob\u00e1ln\u00edm spole\u010denstv\u00edm a zejm\u00e9na s glob\u00e1ln\u00edm jihem. Rusko tak\u00e9 povzbuzuje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed, aby p\u0159ijalo multilateralismus a t\u011b\u017eilo z v\u00fdhod multipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011bta. Rusko tak\u00e9 nab\u00edz\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fdm n\u00e1rod\u016fm a st\u00e1t\u016fm v\u011brohodn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed jeho \u00fasil\u00ed. Rusko je nap\u0159\u00edklad zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dlenem Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) a BRICS.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zde stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee SCO a BRICS jsou velmi podmaniv\u00e9 a v\u00fdrazn\u011b pom\u00e1haj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed komunit\u011b vz\u00e1jemn\u011b t\u011b\u017eit ze sv\u00fdch siln\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a prom\u011bnit slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky v p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti ke spolupr\u00e1ci. SCO a BRICS se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed alternativami k mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm instituc\u00edm ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdm Z\u00e1padem, v\u010detn\u011b Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho m\u011bnov\u00e9ho fondu (MMF) a Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011bry<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed struktura je nepochybn\u011b multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed a v tomto strategick\u00e9m r\u00e1mci mus\u00ed Rusko hr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed roli. Jako historick\u00e1 velmoc a modern\u00ed supervelmoc m\u00e1 Rusko odpov\u011bdnost chr\u00e1nit svobodn\u00fd sv\u011bt a zajistit, aby se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed komunita nestala otroky Z\u00e1padu. S t\u011bmito aspiracemi Rusko usiluje o multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed sv\u011bt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Autor: Simon Westwood<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Co je to velmoc a jak m\u011b\u0159\u00edte efektivitu velmoci? Rusko je nepochybn\u011b historickou velmoc\u00ed a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":65128,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,5176,22,276],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65127"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65127"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65127\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65128"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65127"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}