{"id":63036,"date":"2024-09-28T00:33:11","date_gmt":"2024-09-27T22:33:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=63036"},"modified":"2024-09-27T16:21:14","modified_gmt":"2024-09-27T14:21:14","slug":"jiri-paroubek-75-let-cinske-lidove-republiky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/09\/28\/jiri-paroubek-75-let-cinske-lidove-republiky\/","title":{"rendered":"Ji\u0159\u00ed Paroubek: 75 let \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Vznik lidov\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny, tedy obnova centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v t\u00e9to zemi, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekonala rozdrobenost \u010c\u00edny, je\u017e vznikla v dob\u011b krize \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed a jeho rozpadu po\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ud\u00e1lostem modern\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch d\u011bjin. Podobn\u011b, jako americk\u00e1, \u010di francouzsk\u00e1 revoluce, nebo revoluce v Rusku.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna byla p\u0159ed vznikem \u010cLR zm\u00edt\u00e1na po desetilet\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edmi boji. Ve t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech byla napadena Japonci, s\u00a0nimi\u017e vedla krutou v\u00e1lku. Tato v\u00e1lka s\u00a0Japonskem byla zah\u00e1jena ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1937 a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b byla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9ho konfliktu, tedy 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. V\u00a0tomto konfliktu zahynulo neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch 20 mili\u00f3n\u016f \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u016f, \u010dasto za velmi krut\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou opravdovou skvrnou sv\u011btov\u00fdch d\u011bjin (nap\u0159. dobyt\u00ed Nankingu japonsk\u00fdmi vojsky a jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed ve m\u011bst\u011b,\u00a0spojen\u00e9 s vra\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm a n\u00e1silnostmi).<\/p>\n

V\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b se vedla prakticky soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s tou v\u00e1lkou s Japonskem, by\u0165 s\u00a0p\u0159est\u00e1vkami, ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka mezi \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi komunisty a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi nacionalisty (Kuomintang). Tato v\u00e1lka v roce 1949 skon\u010dila vypuzen\u00edm vojsk Kuomintangu z\u00a0Pekingu a z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch velk\u00fdch m\u011bst \u010c\u00edny. Kdy\u017e u\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed komunist\u00e9 prakticky ovl\u00e1dli venkov, kter\u00fd je siln\u011b podporoval. Kuomintang se v\u00a0roce 1949 st\u00e1hl s\u00a0poklady ze Zak\u00e1zan\u00e9ho m\u011bsta z\u00a0pevninsk\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny na Tchaj-wan. Uch\u00fdlil se tam v\u00a0podstat\u011b pod ochranu Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna hledala od po\u010d\u00e1tku vzniku lidov\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny optim\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd model sv\u00e9ho rozvoje. V\u00a0t\u011bch prvn\u00edch letech, m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edct po cel\u00e1 pades\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta, rozv\u00edjela s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed zejm\u00e9na sov\u011btsk\u00fdch, ale tak\u00e9 \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f de facto sov\u011btsk\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd model. Tedy budovala p\u0159ednostn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Od poloviny pades\u00e1t\u00fdch let doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0rozpor\u016fm mezi sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi komunisty. \u010c\u00edna se vydala pod veden\u00edm p\u0159edsedy Mao Ce-tunga vlastn\u00ed cestou, hled\u00e1n\u00edm vlastn\u00edho spole\u010densk\u00e9ho modelu. Byla to cesta ne v\u017edy \u0161\u0165astn\u00e1 a ne v\u017edy \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1. Od po\u010d\u00e1tku osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let, kdy se \u010c\u00edna vydala cestou uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch reforem pod veden\u00edm Teng Siao-pchinga, za\u010dal jej\u00ed bou\u0159liv\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd a spole\u010densk\u00fd rozvoj.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna byla v roce 1949 zaostalou zem\u00ed s v\u00e1lkou zdevastovan\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem a polofeud\u00e1ln\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm. Z 600 milion\u016f tehdej\u0161\u00edch obyvatel \u010c\u00edny byla naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina analfabet\u016f. Tak\u00e9 postaven\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch \u017een bylo naprosto nerovnopr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a to v\u0161echno cht\u011bl nov\u00fd st\u00e1t zm\u011bnit.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0posledn\u00edch 45 letech se \u010c\u00edna rozv\u00edj\u00ed rychlost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je udivuj\u00edc\u00ed a nem\u00e1 ve sv\u011btov\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch obdoby. Stala se vlastn\u011b ekonomicky nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1tem sv\u011bta tedy podle parity kupn\u00ed s\u00edly (tzn. s\u00a0vylou\u010den\u00edm vlivu nadsazen\u00fdch sm\u011bnn\u00fdch kurz\u016f z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u011bn). Dos\u00e1hla velk\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho rozmachu a vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed kruhy \u010c\u00edny, tedy \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 komunistick\u00e1 strana, se od Tengov\u00fdch reforem sna\u017e\u00ed o spojen\u00ed soukrom\u00e9 iniciativy sv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f v\u00a0oblasti podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, s\u00a0pl\u00e1novit\u00fdm ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm ekonomiky a st\u00e1tu. Tento model je, zd\u00e1 se, velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta dosahovala po roce 1980 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b dvoucifern\u00fdch temp hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho r\u016fstu. I v\u00a0tomto roce p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 r\u016fst sv\u00e9 ekonomiky na \u00farovni nejm\u00e9n\u011b 5%. R\u016fst ekonomiky samoz\u0159ejm\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje jednak vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst a trval\u00fd r\u016fst \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho lidu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i jednom z m\u00fdch \u010detn\u00fdch pobyt\u016f v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b, jsem v roce 2019 vid\u011bl anal\u00fdzu jedn\u00e9 singapursk\u00e9 univerzity, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdvala mimo jin\u00e9 r\u016fstem \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Op\u00edrala se p\u0159itom o sv\u00e9 propo\u010dty r\u016fstu n\u00e1rodn\u00edho d\u016fchodu na jednoho obyvatele za posledn\u00edch \u010dty\u0159icet let. Do\u0161la k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee r\u016fst p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u016f vzrostl za 40 let reforem, tedy do za\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let tohoto stolet\u00ed zhruba dvacetin\u00e1sobn\u011b.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b se tak\u00e9 poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it silnou st\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddu obyvatel, jej\u00ed\u017e po\u010det se odhaduje a\u017e na p\u016fl miliardy lid\u00ed. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 zreformovali naprosto sv\u016fj vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m, zefektivnili st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kolstv\u00ed, vysok\u00e9 \u0161kolstv\u00ed, co\u017e bylo, jak se uk\u00e1zalo, novou v\u00fdrobn\u00ed silou ve spole\u010dnosti. Stejn\u011b tak jako uvoln\u011bn\u00ed, do t\u00e9 doby nevyu\u017eit\u00e9ho obrovsk\u00e9ho intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch \u017een, p\u0159i jejich zrovnopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci nov\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna dnes rozv\u00edj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd projekt P\u00e1s a stezka (Belt and Road). Tento projekt \u010c\u00edna zah\u00e1jila v\u00a0roce 2013 a napumpovala do n\u011bj v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 bilion americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f. Smyslem tohoto win-win projektu, je pos\u00edlit a modernizovat infrastrukturu zem\u00ed rozvojov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0Asii, Africe, Latinsk\u00e9 Americe, ale i v\u00a0Evrop\u011b. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu \u00fav\u011bry. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 firmy stav\u00ed z t\u011bchto \u00fav\u011br\u016f nap\u0155. pot\u0159ebnou infrastrukturu. A \u00fav\u011bry jsou pak spl\u00e1ceny vl\u00e1dami zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 k projektu p\u0159istoupily zejm\u00e9na dod\u00e1vkami surovin.<\/p>\n

Pro \u010c\u00ednu m\u00e1 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tento projekt velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. P\u0159ibli\u017euje suroviny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro st\u00e1le rostouc\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl po nov\u011b budovan\u00fdch silnic\u00edch, d\u00e1lnic\u00edch, \u017eeleznic\u00edch a\u017e do p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto buduj\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9. Pokud jde o benefity pro \u010c\u00ednu, tak ty jsou rovn\u011b\u017e z\u0159ejm\u00e9. Zajist\u00ed si nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd tok surovin pro sv\u016fj pr\u016fmysl. A krom\u011b toho, proto\u017ee \u010d\u00e1st projekt\u016f je uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Asii i v\u00a0Rusku, v P\u00e1kist\u00e1nu, \u010di \u00cdr\u00e1nu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9mu o\u017eiven\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch oblast\u00ed \u010c\u00edny, kter\u00e9 tak doh\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomicky vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed provincie.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1pad zat\u00edm proti projektu Belt and Road nedok\u00e1zal postavit pro rozvojov\u00fd sv\u011bt \u017e\u00e1dnou srovnatelnou alternativu, a to ani Evropsk\u00e1 unie, ani Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n

Ji\u0159\u00ed Paroubek<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vznik lidov\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny, tedy obnova centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v t\u00e9to zemi, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekonala rozdrobenost \u010c\u00edny, je\u017e…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":52002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[30,1503,673,7986],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63036"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63036"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63036\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63036"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63036"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63036"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}