{"id":6223,"date":"2021-11-17T04:21:48","date_gmt":"2021-11-17T03:21:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=6223"},"modified":"2021-11-17T04:21:48","modified_gmt":"2021-11-17T03:21:48","slug":"17-listopad-1939-pred-82-lety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2021\/11\/17\/17-listopad-1939-pred-82-lety\/","title":{"rendered":"17. listopad 1939 \u2013 p\u0159ed 82 lety"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Prvn\u00ed masov\u00e1 akce n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho vyhlazovac\u00edho boje proti \u010desk\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu zas\u00e1hla studenty jako nejradik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jeho slo\u017eku a\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed vedouc\u00ed intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edlu. Stalo se to 2 dny po\u00a0Opletalov\u011b poh\u0159bu, 17.listopadu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e1lem jsme tehdy oslavili 20.v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vzniku samostatn\u00e9 \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republiky, bl\u00ed\u017eil se 28.\u0159\u00edjen 1938. Ale mnichovsk\u00fd dikt\u00e1t n\u00e1s o\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc p\u0159ede\u0161el (29.-30.z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1938). Byl to \u010das truchliv\u00fd, atmosf\u00e9ra bezmoci, zklam\u00e1n\u00ed, zrady a\u00a0k\u0159ivdy. Postoupili jsme nacistick\u00e9mu N\u011bmecku pohrani\u010d\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 si \u010dinila n\u00e1rok n\u011bmeck\u00e1 men\u0161ina. Ztratili jsme 1\/3 \u00fazem\u00ed, 40% pr\u016fmyslu, 250\u00a0000 \u010cech\u016f p\u0159i\u0161lo v\u00a0pohrani\u010d\u00ed o\u00a0sv\u00e9 domovy. President Bene\u0161 ode\u0161el pod n\u00e1tlakem do exilu, m\u00edsto n\u011bj byl zvolen JUDr. Emil H\u00e1cha. Do d\u011bjin vstoupila \u201edruh\u00e1 republika\u201c. Jej\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 odm\u00edtli ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vlasteneck\u00e9 tradice a\u00a0horlili pro \u201eodv\u011bkou\u201c a\u00a0\u201eblahod\u00e1rnou\u201c pod\u0159\u00edzenost \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee velmoci sl\u00edbily garantovat zmen\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska v\u00a0nov\u00fdch hranic\u00edch, Hitler\u016fv re\u017eim pokra\u010doval v\u00a0rozb\u00edjen\u00ed i\u00a0okle\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 republiky. 15.\u00a0b\u0159ezna 1939 zaplnily ulice na\u0161ich m\u011bst nekone\u010dn\u00e9 kolony motorizovan\u00fdch jednotek n\u011bmeck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. \u0160el z\u00a0nich strach a\u00a0hr\u016fza. Lid\u00e9 trnuli na chodn\u00edc\u00edch. D\u011bti se dov\u011bd\u011bly, \u017ee to je okupace. A\u00a0tak jsme od 15.\u00a0b\u0159ezna 1939 \u017eili v\u00a0bezpr\u00e1vn\u011b okupovan\u00e9 zemi.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i likvidaci \u010ceskoslovenska Hitler nezapomn\u011bl na osv\u011bd\u010denou imperialistickou z\u00e1sadu \u201eDivide et impera\u201c. Koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed Slov\u00e1k\u016fm rafinovan\u011b zast\u0159el zd\u00e1n\u00edm samostatn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu s\u00a0presidentem Tisem v\u00a0\u010dele a\u00a0s\u00a0podporou Hlinkov\u00fdch gard, budovan\u00fdch po\u00a0vzoru nacistick\u00fdch \u00fadern\u00fdch odd\u00edl\u016f. Pro \u010cechy z\u0159\u00eddil poni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed Protektorat B\u00f6hmen und M\u00e4hren, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e skute\u010dn\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcem nebyl president, ale dosazen\u00fd \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd protektor, nejd\u0159\u00edve K.Neurath, po\u00a0n\u011bm R.Heydrich. Vlivn\u00fdm st\u00e1tn\u00edm tajemn\u00edkem se stal K.H.Frank. Likvidaci a\u00a0okupaci b\u00fdval\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska od\u016fvodnil Hitler nutnost\u00ed zabezpe\u010dit ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b klid a\u00a0m\u00edr. Byl to ov\u0161em hitlerovsk\u00fd m\u00edr: V\u0161ude byly rozm\u00edst\u011bny bd\u011bl\u00e9 jednotky n\u011bmeck\u00e9 okupa\u010dn\u00ed arm\u00e1dy, d\u011bln\u00edci v\u00a0tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch pracovali pro pot\u0159eby \u0158\u00ed\u0161e, d\u011bti ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch se u\u010dily n\u011bmecky a\u00a0o\u00a0\u201eNov\u00e9 Evrop\u011b\u201c pod n\u011bmeckou nadvl\u00e1dou.<\/p>\n

A tehdy se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed 21.\u00a0v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vzniku \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republiky. Okupovan\u00fd n\u00e1rod ml\u010d\u00ed, ale pod povrchem to doutn\u00e1. Sch\u00e1zej\u00ed se ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed odbojov\u00e9 skupiny, \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed tiskoviny. V\u00a0Praze i\u00a0na venkov\u011b se mno\u017e\u00ed let\u00e1ky, svol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed na 28.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjen velkou manifestaci za n\u00e1rod, za osvobozen\u00ed.Ten den je pracovn\u00ed, ale lid\u00e9 se stroj\u00ed sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u011b a\u00a0p\u0159ip\u00ednaj\u00ed si na od\u011bv n\u00e1rodn\u00ed stu\u017eky \/trikolory\/ a\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9 p\u00e1sky. Pra\u017e\u0161t\u00ed vysoko\u0161kol\u00e1ci vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze sv\u00fdch se\u0159adi\u0161\u0165 do ulic a\u00a0provol\u00e1vaj\u00ed sl\u00e1vu 28.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu, symbolu na\u0161\u00ed svobody a\u00a0samostatnosti, \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 republice, ob\u011bma president\u016fm-zakladatel\u016fm. P\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed se desetitis\u00edce lid\u00ed. Tehdy se ozvou n\u011bmeck\u00e9 zbran\u011b. \u010cesk\u00e1 policie nezakro\u010dila, a\u00a0tak jednotky SS za pomoci ostr\u00e9 st\u0159elby nemilosrdn\u011b dav rozh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed. Asi 400\u00a0lid\u00ed zat\u00fdkaj\u00ed. V\u00a018.30 kles\u00e1 na k\u0159i\u017eovatce ulice \u017ditn\u00e9 a\u00a0Mezibransk\u00e9 na dla\u017ebu 22let\u00fd peka\u0159sk\u00fd d\u011bln\u00edk V\u00e1clav Sedl\u00e1\u010dek. Je zast\u0159elen. Kr\u00e1tce po\u00a0n\u011bm je zasa\u017een medik Jan Opletal. Ztr\u00e1c\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed a\u00a0pad\u00e1 k\u00a0zemi. Je ran\u011bn. P\u0159es v\u0161echnu p\u00e9\u010di l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f v\u0161ak sv\u00e9mu zran\u011bn\u00ed 11.\u00a0listopadu podlehl. Poh\u0159eb zast\u0159elen\u00e9ho Jana Opletala byl stanoven na 15.\u00a0listopad. Stal se tichou, \u017ealuj\u00edc\u00ed manifestac\u00ed studentstva. V\u0161ichni to tehdy v\u011bd\u00ed a\u00a0v\u0161ichni to jako t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd z\u00e1rmutek c\u00edt\u00ed. Smrt Jana Opletala nen\u00ed v\u011bc jednoho medika. Nen\u00ed to ani v\u011bc v\u0161eho studentstva. Je to v\u011bc cel\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda.<\/p>\n

. Gestapo si tehdy vy\u017e\u00e1dalo revers od studentsk\u00e9 samospr\u00e1vy Hl\u00e1vkovy koleje, \u017ee zaru\u010d\u00ed klidn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh poh\u0159bu. Vystaven\u00ed rakve a\u00a0smute\u010dn\u00ed ob\u0159ady prob\u011bhly za naprost\u00e9ho ticha. A\u017e p\u0159i\u00a0ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed rakve do poh\u0159ebn\u00edho vozu zazp\u00edvali p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00ed celou \u010deskoslovenskou hymnu, nikoli jen povolenou \u010deskou \u010d\u00e1st \u201eKde domov m\u016fj.\u201c V\u016fz s\u00a0rakv\u00ed pak odjel na n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0odtud byla rakev p\u0159evezena do N\u00e1kla na Morav\u011b, rodi\u0161t\u011b Jana Opletala. Rodinn\u00fd poh\u0159eb se neobe\u0161el bez velk\u00fdch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Po\u00a0odjezdu vlaku s\u00a0rakv\u00ed z\u00a0Prahy se studenti neroze\u0161li. Post\u00e1vali v\u00a0hlou\u010dc\u00edch na Karlov\u011b a\u00a0na V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, zp\u00edvali celou hymnu, provol\u00e1vali sl\u00e1vu president\u016fm Masarykovi a\u00a0Bene\u0161ovi, hanbu Hitlerovi. Do\u0161lo k\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1m s\u00a0polici\u00ed a\u00a0s\u00a0mu\u017ei SS, bylo zat\u010deno asi 20 student\u016f.<\/p>\n

Den po\u00a0poh\u0159bu se konala v\u00a0s\u00eddle nacistick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy v\u00a0Berl\u00edn\u011b mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 porada o\u00a0pra\u017esk\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech. Nahn\u011bvan\u00fd Hitler na\u0159\u00eddil: \u201e Uzav\u0159\u00edt \u010desk\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly na t\u0159i roky. Jak\u00e9koli demonstrace ihned potla\u010dit. Neost\u00fdchat se do ulic postavit t\u0159eba i\u00a0d\u011bla. Do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho hlou\u010dku st\u0159\u00edlet kulomety. Bude-li je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bjak\u00e1 demonstrace, bude Praha srovn\u00e1na se zem\u00ed\u2026\u201c<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee Opletal\u016fv poh\u0159eb a\u00a0manifestace po\u00a0n\u011bm jsou v\u00edtanou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro okupa\u010dn\u00ed moc, aby d\u016frazn\u011b zakro\u010dila a\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo zastra\u0161ila. Prvn\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 masov\u00e1 akce n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho vyhlazovac\u00edho boje proti \u010desk\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu zas\u00e1hla studenty jako nejradik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jeho slo\u017eku a\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed vedouc\u00ed intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edlu. Stalo se to 2 dny po\u00a0Opletalov\u011b poh\u0159bu, 17.listopadu. U\u017e v\u00a0noci se za\u010daly ku Praze stahovat n\u011bmeck\u00e9 odd\u00edly a\u00a0brzy po\u00a0p\u016flnoci obsadilo gestapo budovu Vysok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed technick\u00e9ho na Karlov\u011b n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed. P\u0159ed \u010dtvrtou hodinou rann\u00ed obkl\u00ed\u010dila n\u011bmeck\u00e1 policie s\u00a0pu\u0161kami a\u00a0kulomety Masarykovu kolej a\u00a0bez v\u00fdstrahy za\u010dala st\u0159\u00edlet do otev\u0159en\u00fdch oken. Hl\u00e1vkova kolej byla p\u0159epadena o\u00a0\u010dtvrt\u00e9 hodin\u011b, o\u00a0p\u016fl \u0161est\u00e9 byla obsazena kolej na Letn\u00e9 a\u00a0v\u00a0sedm hodin \u0160vehlova kolej na \u017di\u017ekov\u011b. Gestapo a\u00a0mu\u017ei SS do dve\u0159\u00ed st\u0159\u00edleli, rozb\u00edjeli je pa\u017ebami, studenty vyvl\u00e9kali za vlasy, pol\u00ed\u010dkovali je a\u00a0kopali cestou k\u00a0n\u00e1kladn\u00edm aut\u016fm, je\u017e je odvezla do d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch kas\u00e1ren v\u00a0Ruzyni. Odvle\u010den\u00fdch bylo 1850. V\u00a0Ruzyni byli studenti mlad\u0161\u00ed 21 let a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci ciz\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f vyhn\u00e1ni na dv\u016fr, museli sborov\u011b pod\u011bkovat a\u00a0za hrozeb a\u00a0nad\u00e1vek byli propu\u0161t\u011bni. V\u00a0kas\u00e1rn\u00e1ch z\u016fstalo 1200 vysoko\u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli odvle\u010deni na Ruzy\u0148sk\u00e9 n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, aby byli transportov\u00e1ni do koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f v\u00a0Sachsenhausenu a\u00a0v\u00a0Oranienburgu.<\/p>\n

Nebyly to p\u0159\u00edmo vyhlazovac\u00ed t\u00e1bory, ale byla to m\u00edsta nev\u00fdslovn\u00fdch \u00fatrap a\u00a0mu\u010den\u00ed. P\u0159ed odjezdem jim bylo ozn\u00e1meno, \u017ee jejich v\u016fdcov\u00e9 byli zast\u0159eleni pro smy\u0161len\u00e9 \u201espojen\u00ed s\u00a0\u017eidem Bene\u0161em\u201c. Skute\u010dn\u011b prob\u011bhla surov\u00e1 poprava dev\u00edti funkcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f studentsk\u00fdch spolk\u016f, bez viny, bez soudu. Jen pro zastra\u0161en\u00ed ostatn\u00edch. B\u00e1sn\u00edk Viktor Fischl, tehdy v\u00a0exilu v\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b, na n\u011b vzpomn\u011bl sv\u00fdm \u201e Rekviem nad dev\u00edti chlapci :\u201eT\u011bch dev\u011bt chlapc\u016f, dev\u011bt list\u016f lip, krvav\u00fdch list\u016f, zrudl\u00fdch od plamene. A\u00a0l\u00edpa stoj\u00ed d\u00e1l a\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e1 v\u011btev \u0161\u00edp, \u0161\u00edp v\u00e1mi kalen\u00fd, vy ohn\u011b neprom\u011bnn\u00e9.\u201c<\/p>\n

Persekuce \u010desk\u00e9ho vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho studentstva vyvolala v\u00a0cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b mocn\u00fd ohlas. V\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b byla utvo\u0159ena Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studentsk\u00e1 rada, kter\u00e1 vydala toto prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed:\u201eMy studenti Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie, v\u0161ech jej\u00edch domini\u00ed a\u00a0Indie, Severn\u00ed a\u00a0Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu, Belgie, \u010ceskoslovenska, Francie, \u0158ecka, \u010c\u00edny, Nizozemska, Norska, Polska, Jugosl\u00e1vie a\u00a0v\u0161ech svobodn\u00fdch zem\u00ed, abychom uctili pam\u00e1tku popraven\u00fdch a\u00a0umu\u010den\u00fdch student\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed zvedli sv\u016fj hlas na znamen\u00ed odporu proti nacistick\u00fdm utla\u010dovatel\u016fm roku 1939, prohla\u0161ujeme 17.listopad Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm dnem studentstva.\u201c A\u00a0tak od r.1941 je den persekuce student\u016f uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n a\u00a0ct\u011bn po\u00a0cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, i\u00a0jako pam\u00e1tka na \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 studenty.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e nastoupil na Pra\u017esk\u00fd hrad Reinhard Heydrich, ozn\u00e1mil \u010desk\u00fdm p\u0159edstavitel\u016fm, \u017ee \u010desk\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly z\u016fstanou uzav\u0159eny ji\u017e nav\u017edy.V\u0161e, co bylo cenn\u00e9, sb\u00edrky, p\u0159\u00edstroje, knihovny, laborato\u0159e, bylo konfiskov\u00e1no pro n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0161koly a\u00a0instituce. Zmizely i\u00a0drah\u00e9 kovy, insignie a\u00a0zakl\u00e1dac\u00ed listiny. Tak\u00e9 nejvz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky byly d\u00edlem zni\u010deny, d\u00edlem se ztratily. Popraveno bylo nebo \u00fatrap\u00e1m v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed podlehlo i\u00a062 universitn\u00edch profesor\u016f a\u00a0docent\u016f.<\/p>\n

Ud\u00e1losti 17.\u00a0listopadu m\u011bly podstatn\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro vztahy \u010cech\u016f a\u00a0N\u011bmc\u016f.<\/p>\n

V hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch dom\u00e1c\u00edho odboje do emigrace se ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve objevovaly n\u00e1zory, \u017ee sou\u017eit\u00ed \u010cech\u016f a\u00a0N\u011bmc\u016f v\u00a0jednom st\u00e1t\u011b bude sotva mo\u017en\u00e9. Po\u00a017.\u00a0listopadu dom\u00e1c\u00ed odboj s\u00a0ohledem na sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed tr\u00fdzn\u011bn\u00e9ho obyvatelstva mo\u017enost dal\u0161\u00edho sou\u017eit\u00ed zcela vylou\u010dil.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1tem uznan\u00fd sv\u00e1tek 17.\u00a0listopadu inspiroval manifesta\u010dn\u00ed hnut\u00ed student\u016f u\u00a0n\u00e1s znovu roku 1989. To v\u0161ak je jin\u00e1 historie, v\u00a0jin\u00fdch historick\u00fdch souvislostech a\u00a0s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi c\u00edli. Nem\u011bli bychom p\u0159ipustit, aby kv\u016fli n\u00ed byl p\u016fvodn\u00ed odkaz 17.\u00a0listopadu, Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho dne studentstva, p\u0159ekryt a\u00a0zapomenut.<\/p>\n

Stanislava Ku\u010derov\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Prvn\u00ed masov\u00e1 akce n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho vyhlazovac\u00edho boje proti \u010desk\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu zas\u00e1hla studenty jako nejradik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jeho slo\u017eku…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6224,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[29,1477],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6223"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6223"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6223\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}