{"id":61850,"date":"2024-09-10T03:46:10","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T01:46:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=61850"},"modified":"2024-09-10T03:46:10","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T01:46:10","slug":"uriel-araujo-usa-financuji-opozici-v-myanmaru-a-prilevaji-benzin-do-ohne-v-dalsim-konfliktu-s-cinou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/09\/10\/uriel-araujo-usa-financuji-opozici-v-myanmaru-a-prilevaji-benzin-do-ohne-v-dalsim-konfliktu-s-cinou\/","title":{"rendered":"Uriel Araujo: USA financuj\u00ed opozici v Myanmaru a p\u0159il\u00e9vaj\u00ed benz\u00edn do ohn\u011b v dal\u0161\u00edm konfliktu s \u010c\u00ednou"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Washington prohlubuje sv\u00e9 vazby s takzvan\u00fdmi prodemokratick\u00fdmi silami v Myanmaru a uprost\u0159ed dne\u0161n\u00ed nov\u00e9 studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky to p\u0159im\u011blo Peking varovat p\u0159ed \u201evn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm\u201c do zem\u011b. \u010c\u00edna vede v sousedn\u00ed zemi zprost\u0159edkovatelsk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b rozhovor\u016f mezi vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed vojenskou juntou a ozbrojen\u00fdmi skupinami souvisej\u00edc\u00edmi s etnick\u00fdmi frakcemi. Uprost\u0159ed t\u00e9to choulostiv\u00e9 situace jsou z\u00e1m\u011bry Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v zemi vn\u00edm\u00e1ny s podez\u0159en\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk mo\u017en\u00e1 nikdy nesly\u0161el o Republice Svazu Myanmar, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako Barma, ale je to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b (podle oblasti) v pevninsk\u00e9 jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 55 miliony obyvatel. Je partnerem pro dialog \u0160anghajsk\u00e9 organizace pro spolupr\u00e1ci a \u010dlenem Hnut\u00ed nez\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch zem\u00ed a ASEAN, ale nen\u00ed \u010dlenem Commonwealth of Nations, i kdy\u017e b\u00fdvalo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Britsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria. P\u0159esto\u017ee je velmi bohat\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje (v\u010detn\u011b ropy, zemn\u00edho plynu a nerost\u016f), je jednou z nejm\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch zem\u00ed v regionu. Na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b soused\u00ed s Indi\u00ed a Banglad\u00e9\u0161em a na severov\u00fdchod\u011b s \u010c\u00ednou a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sd\u00edl\u00ed hranice s Thajskem a Laosem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kv\u016fli geografii m\u00e1 n\u00e1rod historick\u00e9 vazby na \u010c\u00ednu a Indii a m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 historii koloni\u00e1ln\u00edho vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed a etnick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, co\u017e pom\u00e1h\u00e1 vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d dnes \u010del\u00ed jedn\u00e9 z nejd\u00e9le trvaj\u00edc\u00edch ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek na planet\u011b s korupc\u00ed, nestabilitou a \u0161patn\u00e1 infrastruktura, kterou lze v takov\u00e9m sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i o\u010dek\u00e1vat. Arm\u00e1da je zapojena do hlavn\u00edch sektor\u016f ekonomiky, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011b\u017eby ropy, dopravy a dokonce i cestovn\u00edho ruchu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed etnick\u00e1 skupina, Bamarov\u00e9 (asi 68 % populace) je \u010d\u00ednsko-tibetsky mluv\u00edc\u00ed skupina, jejich mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem barm\u0161tina je ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem. Mluv\u00ed se j\u00edm tak\u00e9 v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, v \u010d\u00e1stech provincie Yunnan (Dehong), kter\u00e1 soused\u00ed s Myanmarem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tady by se mohla hodit n\u011bjak\u00e1 historie. Zem\u011b byla kdysi v 16. stolet\u00ed (za dynastie Taungoo) chv\u00edli nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, ale po t\u0159ech anglo-barmsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch ji p\u0159evzala Britsk\u00e1 v\u00fdchodoindick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost a stala se tak britskou koloni\u00ed v r. 19. stolet\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji byla tak\u00e9 obsazena Japonci a pot\u00e9 znovu dobyta spojenci, aby se v roce 1948 stala nez\u00e1vislou \u2013 jej\u00ed historie po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti byla tak\u00e9 poznamen\u00e1na konfliktem, s vojenskou diktaturou Barmsk\u00e9 strany socialistick\u00e9ho programu a pot\u00e9 v roce 1988 p\u0159echodem k multi -stranick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pouze jm\u00e9nem (s vojenskou radou, kter\u00e1 to odm\u00edt\u00e1 a vl\u00e1dne n\u00e1rodu dodnes). V roce 2010 prob\u011bhly kontroverzn\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 volby, po nich\u017e byla vojensk\u00e1 junta v roce 2011 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b rozpu\u0161t\u011bna a moc p\u0159evzala (nomin\u00e1ln\u011b) civiln\u00ed vl\u00e1da. V roce 2020 se v\u0161ak arm\u00e1da znovu chopila moci v tom, co bylo pops\u00e1no jako st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159evrat, po kter\u00e9m n\u00e1sledovaly demonstrace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee za z\u00e1padn\u00ed (britsk\u00e9) nadvl\u00e1dy byli Barm\u00e1nci um\u00edst\u011bni na sam\u00e9m dn\u011b spole\u010densk\u00e9 hierarchie, s b\u00edl\u00fdmi Evropany na sam\u00e9m vrcholu a n\u011bkter\u00fdmi k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi men\u0161inami uprost\u0159ed. Nav\u00edc v duchu laissez-faire voln\u00e9ho trhu umo\u017enila britsk\u00e1 pravidla zemi otev\u0159\u00edt masivn\u00ed migraci do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, \u017ee se Rang\u00fan (nyn\u00ed naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Yangon, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto zem\u011b a jeho b\u00fdval\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto) stal nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm imigra\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstavem na sv\u011bt\u011b. 1920, dokonce p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed New York City.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indi\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci se najednou stali v\u011bt\u0161inou populace v nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech, jako je samotn\u00fd Rang\u00fan, Moulnein, Bassein a Akyab. Podle historika Thanta Myint-U: \u201eTo bylo z celkov\u00e9 populace pouh\u00fdch 13 milion\u016f; to se rovnalo tomu, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed dnes bere 2 miliony lid\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b\u201c. V tomto kontextu \u010d\u00e1st utla\u010dovan\u00e9 barmsk\u00e9 populace p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011b reagovala \u201erasismem, kter\u00fd kombinoval pocity nad\u0159azenosti a strachu\u201c, p\u00ed\u0161e Thant Myint-U ve sv\u00e9 klasice \u201eThe River of Lost Footsteps\u201c z roku 2006 (New York: Farrar, Straus a Giroux ).<\/span><\/p>\n

S takovou histori\u00ed pak nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee Myanmar je dodnes su\u017eov\u00e1n etnick\u00fdmi konflikty, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u011bt\u0161iny probl\u00e9m\u016f s lidsk\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy. Historicky Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a Evropsk\u00e1 unie uvalily na zemi sankce (kv\u016fli poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v), zat\u00edmco zahrani\u010dn\u00ed investice poch\u00e1zej\u00ed zejm\u00e9na z \u010c\u00edny, Indie, Thajska a Singapuru. Nen\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pochopit, jak m\u00e1 jak\u00e9koli dal\u0161\u00ed anga\u017em\u00e1 se Z\u00e1padem pod veden\u00edm USA potenci\u00e1l d\u00e1le polarizovat zemi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010clov\u011bk si m\u016f\u017ee vzpomenout, \u017ee Washington schv\u00e1lil BARMSK\u00dd z\u00e1kon z roku 2022, kter\u00fd povoloval nesmrt\u00edc\u00ed pomoc prodemokratick\u00fdm rebelsk\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m plus sankce proti vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed junt\u011b. Dokonce to umo\u017enilo myanmarsk\u00e9 opozici, takzvan\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed jednoty (NUG), z\u0159\u00eddit sty\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad ve Washingtonu, p\u0159esto\u017ee nebyl ani samotn\u00fdmi USA form\u00e1ln\u011b uzn\u00e1n jako legitimn\u00ed vl\u00e1da zem\u011b. V dubnu Michael Haack (expert na Myanmar, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u011bl v\u00fdzkum jej\u00ed politiky pro MacMillan Center Yale University)\u00a0<\/span>napsal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee americk\u00e1 \u201enesmrt\u00edc\u00ed\u201c pomoc myanmarsk\u00fdm etnick\u00fdm rebel\u016fm by se mohla obr\u00e1tit proti: \u201epodm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch Washngton nab\u00edz\u00ed nesmrt\u00edc\u00ed pomoc v Myanmar riskuje, \u017ee vytvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdsledek, kter\u00e9mu se sna\u017eil vyhnout.“<\/span><\/p>\n

V pon\u011bkud podhodnocen\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji americk\u00fd Kongres na za\u010d\u00e1tku tohoto roku p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b schv\u00e1lil finan\u010dn\u00ed bal\u00ed\u010dek\u00a0<\/span>ve v\u00fd\u0161i 1,2 bilionu dolar\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Podle Haacka: \u201eWashington tu u\u017e byl. Jazyk pou\u017eit\u00fd v t\u00e9to polo\u017ece byl p\u0159evzat z p\u0159edchoz\u00edho schv\u00e1len\u00ed financov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edho se S\u00fdrie, kde nesmrt\u00edc\u00ed pomoc zahrnovala nepr\u016fst\u0159eln\u00e9 vesty a zpravodajsk\u00e9 informace o pozic\u00edch nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch jednotek. Toto p\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed nakonec vedlo ke skryt\u00e9mu nasazen\u00ed smrt\u00edc\u00edho vybaven\u00ed. Okam\u017eit\u00fdm dopadem tohoto kroku USA bude podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed soused\u016f Myanmaru, kte\u0159\u00ed to budou pova\u017eovat za zes\u00edlen\u00ed americk\u00e9ho zapojen\u00ed do konfliktu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 jist\u011b pod\u00edly v sousedn\u00ed zemi, do kter\u00e9 investovala velk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 investice \u2013 je tak\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako cesta do Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako \u201evn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c hr\u00e1\u010d, kter\u00fd pln\u011b nerozum\u00ed slo\u017eitosti regionu. Dalo by se tak vid\u011bt dal\u0161\u00ed ohnisko nap\u011bt\u00ed rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edho se v glob\u00e1ln\u00ed situaci, kter\u00e1 u\u017e m\u00e1 spoustu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uriel Araujo, PhD<\/a>, antropologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a etnick\u00e9 konflikty<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Washington prohlubuje sv\u00e9 vazby s takzvan\u00fdmi prodemokratick\u00fdmi silami v Myanmaru a uprost\u0159ed dne\u0161n\u00ed nov\u00e9 studen\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":61851,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,30,766,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61850"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61850"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61850\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/61851"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}