{"id":61535,"date":"2024-09-06T00:38:15","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T22:38:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=61535"},"modified":"2024-09-05T14:05:36","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T12:05:36","slug":"nick-giambruno-kolaps-fiat-penez-a-oziveni-zlata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/09\/06\/nick-giambruno-kolaps-fiat-penez-a-oziveni-zlata\/","title":{"rendered":"Nick Giambruno: Kolaps fiat pen\u011bz a o\u017eiven\u00ed zlata"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
\n
\n

15.srpna 1971.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Byla to jedna z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v historii Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed o n\u00ed nev\u00ed…<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 lety tento osudn\u00fd den nav\u017edy zm\u011bnil Ameriku a sv\u011bt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tohle se opravdu stalo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spr\u00e1vn\u011b se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eKdo m\u00e1 zlato, ur\u010duje pravidla\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce m\u011bly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zdaleka nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zlat\u00e9 rezervy na sv\u011bt\u011b. To spolu s v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm ve v\u00e1lce umo\u017enilo USA p\u0159estav\u011bt sv\u011btov\u00fd m\u011bnov\u00fd syst\u00e9m kolem dolaru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd na konferenci v Bretton Woods v roce 1944, nav\u00e1zal m\u011bny prakticky v\u0161ech zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b na americk\u00fd dolar prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pevn\u00e9ho sm\u011bnn\u00e9ho kurzu. Nav\u00edc byl dolar nav\u00e1z\u00e1n na zlato pevnou sazbou 35 dolar\u016f za unci.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edkalo se, \u017ee dolar je \u201etak dobr\u00fd jako zlato\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brettonwoodsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m ud\u011blal z americk\u00e9ho dolaru hlavn\u00ed sv\u011btovou rezervn\u00ed m\u011bnu. To nutilo ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b hromadit dolary pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed obchod nebo je sm\u011b\u0148ovat s americkou vl\u00e1dou za zlato.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale syst\u00e9m byl odsouzen k z\u00e1niku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nadm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fddaje na v\u00e1lku a blahobyt vedly americkou vl\u00e1du k tomu, \u017ee tiskla v\u00edce dolar\u016f, ne\u017e mohla pokr\u00fdt zlatem za sl\u00edbenou cenu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Koncem 60. let se po\u010det dolar\u016f v ob\u011bhu dramaticky zv\u00fd\u0161il v pom\u011bru k mno\u017estv\u00ed zlata, kter\u00e9 je podporovalo. To zp\u016fsobilo, \u017ee zahrani\u010dn\u00ed zem\u011b vym\u011bnily sv\u00e9 dolary za zlato, co\u017e vedlo k alarmuj\u00edc\u00edmu poklesu zlat\u00fdch rezerv v USA.<\/span><\/p>\n

V d\u016fsledku toho americk\u00e9 z\u00e1soby zlata klesly o v\u00edce ne\u017e polovinu, z 574 milion\u016f trojsk\u00fdch unc\u00ed na konci druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 261 milion\u016f trojsk\u00fdch unc\u00ed v roce 1971.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato situace donutila americkou vl\u00e1du k drastick\u00e9mu rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nemohlo by nic d\u011blat a sledovat, jak se jeho zlat\u00e9 rezervy rozpl\u00fdvaj\u00ed, co\u017e by znamenalo obrovskou ztr\u00e1tu finan\u010dn\u00ed a geopolitick\u00e9 moci. Nebo by mohla poru\u0161it sv\u016fj slib vym\u011bnit dolar za zlato.<\/span><\/p>\n

V ned\u011bli ve\u010der, 15. srpna 1971, prezident Nixon p\u0159eru\u0161il pl\u00e1novan\u00fd televizn\u00ed program, aby u\u010dinil p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 ozn\u00e1men\u00ed n\u00e1rodu – a sv\u011btu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nixon prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee do\u010dasn\u011b odstran\u00ed sm\u011bnitelnost dolaru za zlato.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nejk\u0159iklav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed l\u017e\u00ed bylo Nixonovo tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee pozastaven\u00ed bylo pouze \u201edo\u010dasn\u00e9\u201c. Plat\u00ed dodnes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed nehor\u00e1znou l\u017e\u00ed bylo, \u017ee jeho krok byl nezbytn\u00fd k ochran\u011b Ameri\u010dan\u016f p\u0159ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi spekulanty. M\u00edsto toho byl skute\u010dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem tisk pen\u011bz na financov\u00e1n\u00ed nekontrolovan\u00fdch vl\u00e1dn\u00edch v\u00fddaj\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nakonec Nixon tvrdil, \u017ee ukon\u010den\u00ed zlat\u00e9ho zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed by stabilizovalo dolar. Ale i podle vl\u00e1dn\u00edch fale\u0161n\u00fdch infla\u010dn\u00edch statistik, kter\u00e9 podce\u0148uj\u00ed realitu, americk\u00fd dolar od roku 1971 ztratil v\u00edce ne\u017e 87 procent sv\u00e9 kupn\u00ed s\u00edly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pravdou je, \u017ee Nixon poru\u0161il slib americk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy vykoupit dolar za zlato za 35 dolar\u016f za unci. Od t\u00e9 doby je dolar \u010distou fiat m\u011bnou bez podpory.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oxford English Dictionary definuje fiat pen\u00edze jako \u201enekonvertibiln\u00ed pap\u00edrov\u00e9 pen\u00edze prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 za z\u00e1konn\u00e9 platidlo vl\u00e1dn\u00edm v\u00fdnosem\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Standard Fiat<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

15. srpna 1971 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b za\u010dala \u00e9ra fiat m\u011bn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt poprv\u00e9 p\u0159e\u0161el na standard fiat m\u011bny.<\/span><\/p>\n

To dalo vl\u00e1d\u011b USA obrovskou moc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee americk\u00fd dolar je hlavn\u00ed sv\u011btovou rezervn\u00ed m\u011bnou \u2013 nekrytou zlatem \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje Washingtonu tisknout pad\u011blan\u00e9 pen\u00edze ze vzduchu a vyv\u00e1\u017eet je do zbytku sv\u011bta v\u00fdm\u011bnou za skute\u010dn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eby. To je privilegium, kter\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 zem\u011b nem\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bez zlata jako podpory by Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervn\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u2013 americk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka \u2013 mohla tisknout tolik dolar\u016f, kolik cht\u011bla. A p\u0159esn\u011b to se stalo.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1971 do\u0161lo k obrovsk\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b v m\u011bnov\u00e9m a finan\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00edsto zlata se z\u00e1kladn\u00edm aktivem \u2013 z\u00e1kladem \u2013 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho finan\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu staly fiat americk\u00fd dolar a st\u00e1tn\u00ed pokladny.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ed zaveden\u00edm standardu fiat m\u011bny bylo zlato nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou pen\u011bz lidstva \u2013 po v\u00edce ne\u017e 5 000 let \u2013 d\u00edky sv\u00fdm jedine\u010dn\u00fdm vlastnostem, d\u00edky nim\u017e se nejl\u00e9pe hodilo pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u011bnu hodnoty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zlato je trvanliv\u00e9, d\u011bliteln\u00e9, stabiln\u00ed, levn\u00e9, vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u201enejtvrd\u0161\u00ed\u201c ze v\u0161ech fyzick\u00fdch statk\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, zlato je nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji vyrobiteln\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 komodita (vzhledem k existuj\u00edc\u00edm z\u00e1sob\u00e1m), a proto nejodoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u016f\u010di znehodnocen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zlato je nezni\u010diteln\u00e9 a jeho z\u00e1soby se hromadily po tis\u00edce let. To je velk\u00fd d\u016fvod, pro\u010d je r\u016fst nov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby zlata \u2013 obvykle 1-2 % ro\u010dn\u011b \u2013 nev\u00fdznamn\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, nikdo nem\u016f\u017ee sv\u00e9voln\u011b zvy\u0161ovat nab\u00eddku.<\/span><\/p>\n

To \u010din\u00ed zlato vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm uchovatelem hodnoty a d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017elut\u00e9mu kovu jeho vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed vlastnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi na sv\u011bt\u011b si cen\u00ed zlata. Jeho hodnota nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b ani jin\u00e9 protistran\u011b. Zlato je ze sv\u00e9 podstaty mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a politicky neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivum. To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d r\u016fzn\u00e9 civilizace po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zlato jako pen\u00edze po tis\u00edce let.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed to nech\u00e1pe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mohli by \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee pap\u00edrov\u00e9 dolary v jejich pen\u011b\u017eenk\u00e1ch a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed dolary na jejich bankovn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dtech jsou pen\u00edze, nikoli zlato. Ale to plat\u00ed teprve od roku 1971, co\u017e je podle historick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek kapka v mo\u0159i.<\/span><\/p>\n

To se ale brzy zm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u016fvodem je to, \u017ee syst\u00e9m fiat m\u011bn se s\u00e1m sebe zni\u010d\u00ed alarmuj\u00edc\u00edm tempem.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 lety Nixon zavedl fiat pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed syst\u00e9m p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00edm posledn\u00edho spojen\u00ed dolaru se zlatem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jako karton se zka\u017een\u00fdm ml\u00e9kem na kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9m stole je fiat m\u011bnov\u00fd syst\u00e9m d\u00e1vno po trvanlivosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee jsme na prahu nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zm\u011bn v m\u011bnov\u00e9m a finan\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu ve sv\u011btov\u00e9 historii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tce:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Syst\u00e9m fiat m\u011bn zalo\u017een\u00fd na americk\u00e9m dolaru je na \u00fastupu.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Zlato se vr\u00e1t\u00ed do centra mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch financ\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u011b\u0159\u00edm, \u017ee toto je logick\u00fd v\u00fdsledek poskl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed dohromady, abychom vid\u011bli v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed obr\u00e1zek.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ulo\u017een\u00ed zlat\u00fdch slitk\u016f v soukrom\u00e9m trezoru v zemi p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 k aktiv\u016fm, jako je Singapur, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko nebo Kajmansk\u00e9 ostrovy, je dobr\u00fd n\u00e1pad.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nick Giambruno<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

15.srpna 1971. Byla to jedna z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v historii Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":60427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,90,276,693],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61535"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61535"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61535\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/60427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61535"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61535"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}