{"id":60597,"date":"2024-08-24T00:32:26","date_gmt":"2024-08-23T22:32:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=60597"},"modified":"2024-08-23T11:02:41","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T09:02:41","slug":"jak-velke-americke-technologicke-monopoly-kolonizuji-svet-vitejte-v-neofeudalismu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/08\/24\/jak-velke-americke-technologicke-monopoly-kolonizuji-svet-vitejte-v-neofeudalismu\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak velk\u00e9 americk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 monopoly kolonizuj\u00ed sv\u011bt: V\u00edtejte v neofeudalismu"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content\" data-id=\"1fb4c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-content.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<p><strong>Americk\u00e9 korporace Big Tech jsou jako feud\u00e1lov\u00e9 ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. Monopoly ze Silicon Valley vlastn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u016fdu, na kter\u00e9 je postavena ekonomika, a po\u017eaduj\u00ed n\u00e1jemn\u00e9 za pou\u017eit\u00ed jejich privatizovan\u00e9 infrastruktury.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Americk\u00e9 velk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 korporace v podstat\u011b kolonizovaly sv\u011bt. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi na sv\u011bt\u011b vlastn\u00ed a ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastrukturu, na n\u00ed\u017e byla postavena modern\u00ed ekonomika, mal\u00e1 hrstka monopol\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00edch v Silicon Valley.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tento syst\u00e9m se st\u00e1le v\u00edce podob\u00e1 neofeudalismu. Stejn\u011b jako feud\u00e1lov\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy vlastnili ve\u0161kerou p\u016fdu a prom\u011bnili t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed v nevoln\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00fdm p\u00e1n\u016fm zt\u011b\u017eovali \u017eivot produkovat j\u00eddlo, americk\u00e9 velk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 monopoly 21. stolet\u00ed funguj\u00ed jako podnikatelsk\u00e9 feud\u00e1ly ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed celou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed zemi, na n\u00ed\u017e je zalo\u017eena digit\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomika.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Jak americk\u00e9 velk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 monopoly kolonizovaly sv\u011bt: V\u00edtejte v neofeudalismu\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Qf1wQ9QeaKM?feature=oembed\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p><span>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed firma \u2013 nejen mal\u00e1, ale i relativn\u011b velk\u00e1 \u2013 mus\u00ed t\u011bmto feud\u00e1l\u016fm platit n\u00e1jem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Podle studie e-commerce informa\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Marketplace Pulse inkasuje Amazon v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 % p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f od prodejc\u016f na sv\u00e9 platform\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pod\u00edl Amazonu na tr\u017eb\u00e1ch prodejc\u016f neust\u00e1le rostl z p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 35 % v roce 2016 na n\u011bco m\u00e1lo p\u0159es polovinu v roce 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa4ae0142-c014-4200-8d42-dfaaf41d4eb3_1600x796.png?w=800&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Amazon inkasuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 % p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f od prodejc\u016f (Zdroj: Marketplace Pulse)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>Ve skute\u010dnosti Amazon v podstat\u011b ur\u010duje\u00a0<em>ceny\u00a0<\/em><\/span><em><span>na<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0trz\u00edch pomoc\u00ed sv\u00e9ho nechvaln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u201eBuy Box \u201c\u00a0. Platforma tla\u010d\u00edtko odstran\u00ed, kdy\u017e u\u017eivatel prod\u00e1v\u00e1 produkt za vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cenu, ne\u017e je nab\u00edzena na konkuren\u010dn\u00edch webech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ohromuj\u00edc\u00edch 82\u201390 % n\u00e1kup\u016f na Amazonu prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159es Buy Box. Pokud tedy firma neposkytne cenu, jakou Amazon po\u017eaduje, neobdr\u017e\u00ed Buy Box a jej\u00ed tr\u017eby klesnou.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Neoklasi\u010dt\u00ed ekonomov\u00e9 donekone\u010dna odsuzuj\u00ed neefektivnost centr\u00e1ln\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu, ale zjevn\u011b nemaj\u00ed moc co \u0159\u00edci o de facto stanovov\u00e1n\u00ed cen neofeud\u00e1ln\u00edmi korpor\u00e1tn\u00edmi monopoly, jako je Amazon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Monopolista ve 20. stolet\u00ed by r\u00e1d kontroloval z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad ledni\u010dkami. Ale monopolist\u00e9 Big Tech 21. stolet\u00ed jdou je\u0161t\u011b o krok d\u00e1le a ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed ve\u0161kerou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastrukturu pot\u0159ebnou k n\u00e1kupu t\u011bchto ledni\u010dek \u2013 od samotn\u00e9ho internetu po software, cloud hosting, aplikace, platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a dokonce i doru\u010dovac\u00ed slu\u017eby.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tito podnikatel\u0161t\u00ed neofeud\u00e1lov\u00e9 neovl\u00e1daj\u00ed pouze jeden trh nebo n\u011bkolik souvisej\u00edc\u00edch trh\u016f; ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed cel\u00fd\u00a0<\/span><em><span>trh<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0. Mohou vytv\u00e1\u0159et a ni\u010dit cel\u00e9 trhy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jejich monopoln\u00ed kontrola se net\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze jedn\u00e9 zem\u011b, ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud se konkurentovi poda\u0159\u00ed vyvinout nov\u00fd produkt, americk\u00e9 monopoly Big Tech jej mohou nechat zmizet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee jste podnikatel. Vyvinete produkt, navrhnete web a nab\u00eddnete jeho prodej online. Pak ale vyhled\u00e1te produkt na Googlu a nezobraz\u00ed se. M\u00edsto toho Google ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed doporu\u010duje jin\u00fd, podobn\u00fd produkt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>To nen\u00ed hypot\u00e9za, to u\u017e se d\u011bje.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Amazon d\u011bl\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b to sam\u00e9: propaguje produkty Amazon Prime v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. A kdy\u017e se produkt prod\u00e1v\u00e1 dob\u0159e, Amazon ho n\u011bkdy zkop\u00edruje a vytvo\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed verzi, \u010d\u00edm\u017e hroz\u00ed, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00edho prodejce vy\u0159ad\u00ed z provozu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jak uvedla agentura Reuters v roce 2021, mno\u017estv\u00ed intern\u00edch dokument\u016f Amazonu odhaluje, jak gigant elektronick\u00e9ho obchodu \u201eprov\u00e1d\u011bl systematickou kampa\u0148 produkov\u00e1n\u00ed knockoff\u016f a manipulace s v\u00fdsledky vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, aby propagoval sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed produktov\u00e9 \u0159ady\u201c. Stalo se to v Indii, ale prodejci v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch tak\u00e9 obvinili Amazon, \u017ee d\u011bl\u00e1 tot\u00e9\u017e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>(Prodejce hra\u010dek Molson Hart vytvo\u0159il fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8L6MaNVNBuQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span>dokument<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, kter\u00fd ilustruje dystopickou monopoln\u00ed s\u00edlu Amazonu. Vyzpov\u00eddal vlastn\u00edky mal\u00fdch podnik\u016f, jejich\u017e produkty byly okr\u00e1d\u00e1ny megakorporac\u00ed.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Amazon je mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si loupe\u017eiv\u00fd baron z 19. stolet\u00ed dok\u00e1zal p\u0159edstavit. Spole\u010dnost si \u00fa\u010dtuje p\u0159emr\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 poplatky od prodejc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed na jej\u00ed platform\u011b prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed (zbo\u017e\u00ed, s jeho\u017e v\u00fdvojem nem\u011bl Amazon nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho) a m\u016f\u017ee zkop\u00edrovat jejich produkty a vytvo\u0159it si vlastn\u00ed verzi, pokud se to zd\u00e1 ziskov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>30% neofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed pocta Applu<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Tento probl\u00e9m sah\u00e1 mnohem hloub\u011bji ne\u017e Amazon. Apple, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnost na sv\u011bt\u011b podle tr\u017en\u00ed kapitalizace (s tr\u017en\u00ed kapitalizac\u00ed 3,41 bilionu dolar\u016f k 1. srpnu 2024), pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mnoho stejn\u00fdch taktik jako Amazon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Amazon si sice nech\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 % p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f od prodejc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jeho platformu, ale m\u016f\u017ee se to alespo\u0148 pokusit ospravedlnit argumentem, \u017ee tyto nemal\u00e9 poplatky pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed n\u00e1klady na reklamu a \u201enapln\u011bn\u00ed\u201c (tj. skladov\u00e1n\u00ed, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, doru\u010den\u00ed atd.). ) zahrnuj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Apple si na druhou stranu \u00fa\u010dtuje ohromn\u00fd 30% poplatek za v\u0161echny n\u00e1kupy v aplikac\u00edch sta\u017een\u00fdch p\u0159es iOS obchod.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, kdy\u017e si u\u017eivatel iPhonu, iPadu nebo Macu st\u00e1hne aplikaci t\u0159et\u00ed strany p\u0159es App Store, Apple si \u00fa\u010dtuje 30% n\u00e1jem za transakce proveden\u00e9 t\u011bmito jin\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi. A to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee Apple s t\u00edmto byznysem nem\u00e1 nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Ostatn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti \u0159\u00edd\u00ed obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed a udr\u017euj\u00ed sv\u00e9 aplikace; Apple je jen neofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1n po\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed svou da\u0148.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V naprosto skand\u00e1ln\u00edm ozn\u00e1men\u00ed v srpnu crowdfundingov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka Patreon odhalila, \u017ee Apple sni\u017euje o 30 % v\u0161ech nov\u00fdch \u010dlenstv\u00ed registrovan\u00fdch prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aplikace pro iOS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Apple nenab\u00edz\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou v\u00fdznamnou slu\u017ebu, ale jednodu\u0161e v\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje st\u00e1hnout si aplikaci, kterou nespravuje s\u00e1m Apple. Jedin\u00e9, co Apple d\u011bl\u00e1, je hostov\u00e1n\u00ed aplikace, nic v\u00edc. Je to digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pronaj\u00edmatel. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, proto\u017ee Apple m\u00e1 monopol, m\u016f\u017ee si ponechat 30 % p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, kter\u00e9 tv\u016frci p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f na Patreonu obdr\u017e\u00ed za ve\u0161kerou na\u0161i tvrdou pr\u00e1ci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Samotn\u00fd Patreon si ji\u017e \u00fa\u010dtuje poplatky ve v\u00fd\u0161i 8 a\u017e 12 % z p\u0159\u00edjmu u\u017eivatel\u016f. Nyn\u00ed chce Apple dal\u0161\u00edch 30% pod\u00edl.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>My ve Zpr\u00e1v\u011b o geopolitick\u00e9 ekonomice m\u00e1me na t\u00e9to debat\u011b nesporn\u00fd z\u00e1jem: Jako nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost spol\u00e9h\u00e1me pouze na dary od na\u0161ich \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f, div\u00e1k\u016f a poslucha\u010d\u016f, abychom udr\u017eeli na\u0161i pr\u00e1ci. Patreon vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pen\u011bz na na\u0161i pr\u00e1ci. Jsme velmi vd\u011b\u010dn\u00ed na\u0161im p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016fm za jejich \u0161t\u011bdrost.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tyto povinn\u00e9 poplatky uvalen\u00e9 na\u0161imi vl\u00e1dci v monopolech Big Tech maj\u00ed velk\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd dopad na nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159e a kreativce, jako jsme my, na\u0161i p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 a kolegov\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Poplatky Applu za Patreon jsou v\u0161ak jen jedn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd su\u017euje nejen Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, ale v\u011bt\u0161inu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Je dokonal\u00fdm symbolem toho, co n\u00e1s \u010dek\u00e1 v budoucnu, pokud z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezm\u011bn\u00edme sou\u010dasn\u00fd syst\u00e9m: neofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011b\u017eba renty korpor\u00e1tn\u00edmi monopoly.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Neofeudalismus<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Ekonom Michael Hudson ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let varuje p\u0159ed n\u00e1vratem z\u00e1padn\u00edho finan\u010dn\u00edho monopoln\u00edho kapitalismu do neofeudalismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V dokumentu z roku 2012 nazvan\u00e9m \u201eCesta k deflaci dluhu, dluhov\u00e9 peon\u00e1\u017ei a neofeudalismu\u201c Hudson napsal:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span>\u201eKone\u010dn\u00fdm produktem dne\u0161n\u00edho z\u00e1padn\u00edho kapitalismu je neo-renti\u00e9rsk\u00e1 ekonomika \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011b to, co si pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd kapitalismus a klasi\u010dt\u00ed ekonomov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovali b\u011bhem progresivn\u00ed \u00e9ry od konce 19. do za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed Roli, kterou d\u0159\u00edve hr\u00e1li vlastn\u00edci p\u016fdy, p\u0159evzala finan\u010dn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda. t\u0159\u00edda, kter\u00e1 prosperuje ze zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch privilegi\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina ekonomick\u00fdch d\u016fchod\u016f je nyn\u00ed vypl\u00e1cena jako \u00farok. Toto okr\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed naru\u0161uje cyklus mezi v\u00fdrobou a spot\u0159ebou a vede k ekonomick\u00e9 kontrakci \u2013 dynamice, kter\u00e1 je opakem p\u016fvodn\u00edho impulsu pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho kapitalismu. \u201aZ\u00e1zrak slo\u017een\u00e9ho \u00faro\u010den\u00ed\u2018, nyn\u00ed pos\u00edlen\u00fd vytvo\u0159en\u00edm nekryt\u00fdch \u00fav\u011br\u016f, kanibalizuje pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l a n\u00e1vratnost pr\u00e1ce.\u201c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>Ekonom Yanis Varoufakis ned\u00e1vno ozna\u010dil tento syst\u00e9m za \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span>technofeudalismus<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0\u201c a v roce 2024 vydal knihu s t\u00edmto n\u00e1zvem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Podrobn\u011bji se tomu budeme v\u011bnovat pozd\u011bji.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nejprve bychom m\u011bli pochopit, jak se tyto monopoly staly tak mocn\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Utility a privatizovan\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktura<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>V\u0161echno to za\u010dalo, kdy\u017e americk\u00e9 velk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti jako Google a Meta nab\u00edzely \u00fadajn\u011b \u201ebezplatn\u00e9\u201c slu\u017eby (placen\u00e9 prodejem u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch dat). Tyto \u201esvobodn\u00e9\u201c platformy se brzy staly monopoly a byly tak hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bny v ekonomice, \u017ee se staly digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi slu\u017ebami, i kdy\u017e privatizovan\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ekonomika 20. stolet\u00ed pot\u0159ebovala n\u00e1stroje, jako je elektrick\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165, vod\u00e1rna, kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, d\u00e1lnice atd. Tyto p\u0159irozen\u00e9 monopoly by m\u011bly b\u00fdt ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m vlastnictv\u00ed a m\u011bly by b\u00fdt poskytov\u00e1ny st\u00e1tem jako ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 statky, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo hled\u00e1n\u00ed rent ze strany velk\u00fdch vlastn\u00edk\u016f p\u016fdy. (Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee neoliber\u00e1lov\u00e9 se dlouho sna\u017eili privatizovat i tyto ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 slu\u017eby a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch se jim to poda\u0159ilo \u2013 s nevyhnuteln\u011b katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky, jako jsou nebety\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty a odpadn\u00ed voda vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 do privatizovan\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.) .<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ekonomika 21. stolet\u00ed pot\u0159ebuje v\u0161echny tyto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje\u00a0<\/span><em><span>a tak\u00e9<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0novou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastrukturu. Century pot\u0159ebuje v\u0161echny tyto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje a tak\u00e9 novou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastrukturu. Ale tady je probl\u00e9m: ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktura, na kter\u00e9 je na\u0161e ekonomika postavena, je privatizov\u00e1na! Existuj\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 internetu, Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, Apple App Store, Play Store, Google, Amazon, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Apple Pay, Google Pay atd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pak je tu cloudov\u00e1 infrastruktura pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 aplikacemi a weby, kter\u00e9 dominuje n\u011bkolik, v\u011bt\u0161inou americk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Amazon Web Services (AWS) m\u011bly v prvn\u00edm \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed roku 2024 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00edl na trhu 31 %, n\u00e1sledovalo 25 % pro Microsoft Azure a 11 % pro Google Cloud.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Spole\u010dn\u011b tyto t\u0159i velk\u00e9 americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti ze Silicon Valley ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed 67 % celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho trhu cloud computingu. Jedn\u00e1 se o jak\u00e9si monopolistick\u00e9 sev\u0159en\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho internetu.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16fa098a-5fd3-4984-b5d0-b07b17ebbcb0_1200x1200.jpeg?w=800&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>Hodn\u011b \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed modern\u00ed ekonomiky v jak\u00e9koli zemi bez t\u011bchto privatizovan\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f internetu, opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, obchod\u016f s aplikacemi, aplikac\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, aplikac\u00ed pro zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v atd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tato digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktura je nyn\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 jako ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 slu\u017eby, jako jsou elektrick\u00e9 a vodovodn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud chcete zalo\u017eit malou firmu, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u011b velmi rychle zbankrotujete, pokud nebudete pou\u017e\u00edvat Amazon k prodeji sv\u00e9ho produktu; Apple App Store nebo Google Play Store ke sta\u017een\u00ed aplikace; Facebook, Instagram a YouTube k marketingu va\u0161eho zbo\u017e\u00ed nebo slu\u017eeb; nebo WhatsApp k zad\u00e1n\u00ed objedn\u00e1vky (zejm\u00e9na v mnoha zem\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu, kde je WhatsApp roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v USA). Nemluv\u011b o soukrom\u00fdch ISP, kte\u0159\u00ed poskytuj\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k internetu nebo soukrom\u00fdch telekomunika\u010dn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech, kter\u00e9 si \u00fa\u010dtuj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 poplatky za data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud va\u0161e spole\u010dnost vyr\u00e1b\u00ed aplikaci, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed dostupn\u00e1 v Apple App Store nebo Google Play Store, mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u016fbec neexistujete. Hodn\u011b \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, aby si drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina va\u0161ich z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f st\u00e1hla aplikaci.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e jsou velk\u00e9 americk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 monopoly hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bny ve struktu\u0159e glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky a nemaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 konkurenty, zvy\u0161uj\u00ed n\u00e1jemn\u00e9. To se d\u011bje v\u0161ude (krom\u011b \u010c\u00edny, o kter\u00e9 budeme diskutovat pozd\u011bji).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>30% poplatek spole\u010dnosti Apple za n\u00e1kupy aplikac\u00ed sta\u017een\u00fdch z App Store pouze po\u0161kr\u00e1be povrch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Tito monopolist\u00e9 Big Tech jsou ve skute\u010dnosti digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi vlastn\u00edky p\u016fdy. Vlastn\u00ed pozemky, na kter\u00fdch je postaven zbytek digit\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky. Jsou verz\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch feud\u00e1l\u016f z 21. stolet\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed vlastnili p\u016fdu, na n\u00ed\u017e nevoln\u00edci d\u0159eli.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A nyn\u00ed tito neofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastn\u00edci p\u016fdy st\u00e1le v\u00edce \u00fa\u010dtuj\u00ed poplatky za vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jejich kdysi \u201esvobodn\u00e9\u201c infrastruktury.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Monopoln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Monopoln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u0161echno, jen ne nov\u00fd. Kapitalismus je po desetilet\u00ed ve f\u00e1zi dekadentn\u00edho monopolu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Paul Sweezy a Paul Baran psali o americk\u00e9m monopoln\u00edm kapitalismu ji\u017e v 60. letech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Rudolf Hilferding byl schopen rozpoznat rychl\u00fd r\u016fst monopol\u016f na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd popsal ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Finance Capital<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0z roku 1910 , kter\u00e1 inspirovala Leninovu anal\u00fdzu imperialismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale v 21. stolet\u00ed se monopoln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l USA stal glob\u00e1ln\u00edm a kolonizoval v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u011bta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ve skute\u010dnosti se to stalo preferovan\u00fdm modelem pro v\u011bt\u0161inu nov\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed ze Silicon Valley.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Uber je toho z\u00e1\u0159n\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem. Kdy\u017e Uber dorazil na sc\u00e9nu, pokusil se rozb\u00edt odbory taxik\u00e1\u0159\u016f ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00edm velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdch j\u00edzdenek. J\u00edzdy byly tak levn\u00e9, \u017ee Uber roky prod\u011bl\u00e1val.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Umo\u017enila to politika nulov\u00fdch \u00farokov\u00fdch sazeb (ZIRP), kterou zavedla americk\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka po severoatlantick\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed krizi v letech 2007-09. D\u00edky ZIRP byl Uber schopen p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt s p\u0159\u00edsunem levn\u00fdch \u00fav\u011br\u016f a pokra\u010dovat ve spl\u00e1cen\u00ed sv\u00fdch dluh\u016f se ztr\u00e1tou, zat\u00edmco podb\u00edzel sv\u00e9 konkurenty v bezohledn\u00e9m boji o dominanci na trhu.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57f2bf15-87de-4151-b528-d1426e864758_1320x450.png?w=800&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>Po \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m zni\u010den\u00ed (siln\u011b odborov\u011b organizovan\u00e9ho) taxi pr\u016fmyslu ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech a nastolen\u00ed monopolu Uber zv\u00fd\u0161il ceny. U\u017e tam nebyla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 konkurence. (V roce 2023 ovl\u00e1dal Uber 74 % americk\u00e9ho trhu, zat\u00edmco Lyft pouze 26 %).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Uber tak\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il tento monopoln\u00ed model po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a vedl v\u00e1lku sp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b proti odbor\u016fm taxik\u00e1\u0159\u016f v des\u00edtk\u00e1ch zem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Technofeudalismus a Washingtonsk\u00e1 nov\u00e1 studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>To v\u0161e m\u00e1 jednu z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdjimku.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jedinou velkou zem\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e ekonomika nen\u00ed zcela kolonizov\u00e1na americk\u00fdmi Big Tech, je \u010c\u00edna, kde byli v\u016fdci komunistick\u00e9 strany dostate\u010dn\u011b chyt\u0159\u00ed, aby si uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed vyvinout vlastn\u00ed elektronickou infrastrukturu k ochran\u011b sv\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed suverenity, nejsou zcela vyd\u00e1ni na milost a nemilost USA. monopoly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Existence \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch alternativ je jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f (mimo jin\u00e9) nov\u00e9 studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky Washingtonu proti Pekingu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vyhled\u00e1va\u010dem v \u010c\u00edn\u011b nen\u00ed Google, ale Baidu. M\u00edsto YouTube (kter\u00fd vlastn\u00ed Google) m\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna Bilibili. M\u00edsto Facebooku a Twitteru m\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna Weibo. M\u00edsto Instagramu je zde Xiaohongshu. M\u00edsto Amazonu existuj\u00ed spole\u010dnosti jako Taobao a Jingdong (zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako JD.com).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>M\u00edsto WhatsApp nebo jin\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed pro zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v m\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna WeChat &#8211; kter\u00fd se spolu s AliPay pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 k platb\u00e1m, jako alternativa k Google Pay a Apple Pay.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u010c\u00edna vyvinula TikTok, jednu z nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch platforem soci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. (A\u010dkoli \u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 svou vlastn\u00ed verzi s n\u00e1zvem Douyin.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ve skute\u010dnosti se TikTok stal tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed &#8211; a ohro\u017eoval hegemonii Silicon Valley &#8211; \u017ee americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee aplikaci zak\u00e1\u017ee, pokud mate\u0159sk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost ByteDance nebude souhlasit s prodejem TikTok americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Washington netoleruje konkurenty sv\u00fdm monopol\u016fm Big Tech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ekonom Yanis Varoufakis ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201e\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Techofeudalism\u201c<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0z roku 2024 popsal tuto novou formu monopolizovan\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu jako \u201ecloudov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l\u201c, vlastn\u011bn\u00fd oligarchy, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010dil za \u201ecloudalisty\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Varoufakis poznamenal, \u017ee Amazon nejen\u017ee dominuje trhu, ale manipulac\u00ed se sv\u00fdm algoritmem vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed popt\u00e1vku po produktech, o kter\u00fdch z\u00e1kazn\u00edci ani nev\u011bd\u011bli. M\u016f\u017ee tedy vytv\u00e1\u0159et (a ni\u010dit) trhy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A\u010dkoli n\u011bkdy nesouhlas\u00edm s Varoufakisem, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o jeho kritiku \u010c\u00edny, z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sd\u00edl\u00edm jeho anal\u00fdzu technofeudalismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Varoufakis m\u00e1 naprostou pravdu, \u017ee jedn\u00edm z faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedly k nov\u00e9 studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lce Washingtonu proti Pekingu, je touha americk\u00fdch velk\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch monopol\u016f zni\u010dit jejich jedin\u00e9 konkurenty, kter\u00fdmi jsou shodou okolnost\u00ed \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9. Jak poznamenal Varufakis:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span>\u201eVe sv\u011bt\u011b, kde cloudov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l dominuje pozemsk\u00e9mu kapit\u00e1lu, vy\u017eaduje udr\u017een\u00ed americk\u00e9 hegemonie v\u00edce ne\u017e zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edm kapitalist\u016fm skupovat americk\u00e9 kapitalistick\u00e9 konglomer\u00e1ty jako Boeing a General Electric. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde je cloudov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l bez hranic, je glob\u00e1ln\u00ed a je schopen vyt\u011b\u017eit cloudov\u00e9 renty odkudkoli, vy\u017eaduje udr\u017een\u00ed americk\u00e9 hegemonie p\u0159\u00edmou konfrontaci s jedinou cloudalistickou t\u0159\u00eddou, kter\u00e1 se uk\u00e1zala jako hrozba pro cizince, se uk\u00e1zala jako vlastn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda: \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u201c.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>Varoufakis se podle m\u011b m\u00fdl\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna se stejn\u011b jako USA st\u00e1v\u00e1 technofeud\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Mezi ob\u011bma syst\u00e9my je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl: v USA kapit\u00e1l ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 st\u00e1t v \u010c\u00edn\u011b st\u00e1t ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 kapit\u00e1l;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V jedine\u010dn\u00e9m \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m socialistick\u00e1 tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomika a \u201esocialismus s \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi charakteristikami\u201c, poch\u00e1z\u00ed asi t\u0159etina HDP z obrovsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch podnik\u016f soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch v nejstrategi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sektorech ekonomiky, jako je bankovnictv\u00ed, stavebnictv\u00ed, energetika, infrastruktura, telekomunikace a dal\u0161\u00ed. doprava jsou.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F664503c4-3977-4387-bac5-d29994683b9d_650x650.png?w=800&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>I kdy\u017e je pravda, \u017ee mnoho technologick\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b je soukrom\u00fdch na pap\u00ed\u0159e, realita je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da m\u00e1 siln\u00fd \u201ezlat\u00fd pod\u00edl\u201c (ofici\u00e1ln\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u201epod\u00edl na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm managementu\u201c) ve velk\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech jako Alibaba a Tencent, co\u017e j\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo veta nad kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi rozhodnut\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>P\u0159esto\u017ee tyto velk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nejsou zcela ve vlastnictv\u00ed st\u00e1tu, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 socialistick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da zaji\u0161\u0165uje, aby jednaly v z\u00e1jmu zem\u011b a lid\u00ed, a nikoli pouze v z\u00e1jmu bohat\u00fdch akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Americk\u00fd syst\u00e9m je p\u0159esn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00fd. Velk\u00e9 korporace kontroluj\u00ed vl\u00e1du a utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed politiku jm\u00e9nem bohat\u00fdch akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed socialist\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed r\u00e1di term\u00edny \u201eneofeudalismus\u201c nebo \u201etechnofeudalismus\u201c, proto\u017ee se ob\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pozornost od v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f kapitalismu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale tato my\u0161lenka nen\u00ed jako takzvan\u00fd \u201ep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd kapitalismus\u201c nebo \u201ekorpor\u00e1tn\u00ed kapitalismus\u201c, co\u017e jsou ve skute\u010dnosti eufemismy pro prost\u00fd star\u00fd kapitalismus, jak existuje v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Neofeudalismus ve skute\u010dnosti st\u00e1le v\u00edce vypad\u00e1 jako nez\u00e1visl\u00fd zp\u016fsob v\u00fdroby. Ano, v kapitalismu monopoln\u00ed \u00e9ry byla mal\u00e1 konkurence, o kter\u00e9 by se dalo mluvit, ale trhy, na kter\u00fdch tyto spole\u010dnosti p\u016fsobily, byly st\u00e1le z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159\u00edzeny ve\u0159ejn\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Wal-Mart mohl zkrachovat m\u00edstn\u00ed samoobsluhy, ale nemohl zabr\u00e1nit lidem, aby jezdili do jin\u00fdch oblast\u00ed nakupovat produkty konkurence; Amazon a Google to v podstat\u011b um\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nem\u011blo by se zapom\u00ednat, \u017ee kapitalismus byl p\u016fvodn\u011b progresivn\u00ed silou ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s feudalismem. Marx a Engels v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed napsali, \u017ee \u201ebur\u017eoazie hr\u00e1la historicky vysoce revolu\u010dn\u00ed roli\u201c p\u0159i svr\u017een\u00ed feud\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u201eBur\u017eoazie, kdekoli z\u00edskala p\u0159evahu, skoncovala se v\u0161emi feud\u00e1ln\u00edmi, patriarch\u00e1ln\u00edmi, idylick\u00fdmi vztahy,\u201c prohl\u00e1sili v Komunistick\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span><em><span>manifestu<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0a dodali, \u017ee t\u0159\u00edda kapitalist\u016f \u201ep\u0159inesla barevn\u00e1 feud\u00e1ln\u00ed pouta, kter\u00e1 poutaj\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka k jeho \u201ep\u0159irozen\u00e9\u201c nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9, vazby, nemilosrdn\u011b roztrhan\u00e9 a nezanech\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a \u010dlov\u011bkem krom\u011b nah\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho z\u00e1jmu, bezcitn\u00e9ho \u201eplacen\u00ed pen\u011bz\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale tyto progresivn\u00ed prvky kapitalismu byly v dob\u011b monopol\u016f natolik podkop\u00e1ny, \u017ee ziskov\u00e9 megakorporace uvrhly spole\u010dnost zp\u011bt k primitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu zp\u016fsobu v\u00fdroby.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Fanatismus neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9ry dal kapit\u00e1lu tak extr\u00e9mn\u00ed moc, \u017ee \u200b\u200bdnes, v neofeudalismu 21. stolet\u00ed, se spole\u010dnost sama privatizuje (zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b uv\u00e1\u017e\u00edme-li, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 internet, tr\u00e1v\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu sv\u00e9 bd\u011bl\u00e9 hodiny na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky a aplikace ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 malou hrstkou neofeudalist\u016f Big Tech).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Zn\u00e1rodn\u011bn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edch slu\u017eeb<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed je nasnad\u011b: digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktura, na kter\u00e9 je postavena modern\u00ed ekonomika, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zn\u00e1rodn\u011bna a p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bna na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 slu\u017eby, jako je voda, elekt\u0159ina a d\u00e1lnice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Zn\u00e1rodn\u011bn\u00ed Big Tech spole\u010dnost\u00ed v Silicon Valley americkou vl\u00e1dou v\u0161ak ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nedostatku digit\u00e1ln\u00ed suverenity v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud budou Amazon, Apple, Google a Meta zn\u00e1rodn\u011bny, st\u00e1le to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee USA maj\u00ed obrovskou moc nad zem\u011bmi, jejich\u017e hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na t\u00e9to digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktu\u0159e kontrolovan\u00e9 Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty (co\u017e jsou op\u011bt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny zem\u011b v\u0161ude, s u\u0161lechtilou v\u00fdjimkou \u010c\u00edny). ).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, nebylo by re\u00e1ln\u00e9, aby ka\u017ed\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e1 zem\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b vyv\u00edjela sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed platformy soci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed a vyhled\u00e1va\u010de. To by vytvo\u0159ilo dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159adu probl\u00e9m\u016f a znesnadnilo by lidem komunikaci se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00e1teli, rodinou, kolegy a z\u00e1kazn\u00edky ve vysoce globalizovan\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>M\u00edsto toho by tyto digit\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stroje mohly z\u016fstat glob\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale jin\u00e9 zem\u011b by mohly zn\u00e1rodnit m\u00edstn\u00ed dce\u0159in\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a\/nebo operace t\u011bchto spole\u010dnost\u00ed Big Tech. Jak p\u0159esn\u011b by se to mohlo st\u00e1t, by se m\u011blo prozkoumat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Mo\u017en\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f najdete v podivn\u00fdch obchodech Applu v Irsku. Americk\u00fd monopol Big Tech vykazuje v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00fdch zisk\u016f v Irsku, jeho\u017e sazba dan\u011b z p\u0159\u00edjmu pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob ve v\u00fd\u0161i 12,5 % je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V roce 2022 vyk\u00e1zala irsk\u00e1 pobo\u010dka Applu zisk v\u00edce ne\u017e 69 miliard dolar\u016f a zaplatila na dan\u00edch pouh\u00fdch 7,7 miliardy dolar\u016f. Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem vyplatila sv\u00e9 kalifornsk\u00e9 mate\u0159sk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti dividendy ve v\u00fd\u0161i 20,7 miliardy dolar\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Pokud Apple chce, aby sv\u011bt v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee jeho operace v Irsku jsou mnohem d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ty v USA, je to skute\u010dn\u011b americk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost nebo irsk\u00e1?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Odpov\u011b\u010f samoz\u0159ejm\u011b zn\u00ed, \u017ee Apple, stejn\u011b jako v\u011bt\u0161ina velk\u00fdch nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edch korporac\u00ed, je skute\u010dn\u011b\u00a0<\/span><em><span>glob\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 zem\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 tyto monopoly p\u016fsob\u00ed, by proto m\u011bla m\u00edt pr\u00e1vo br\u00e1nit svou suverenitu a zn\u00e1rod\u0148ovat sv\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed dce\u0159in\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Toto je v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m, o kter\u00e9m by se m\u011blo diskutovat glob\u00e1ln\u011b. Mo\u017en\u00e1 existuj\u00ed kreativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ale to je t\u00e9ma na cel\u00fd jin\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Autor: Ben Norton<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c57238 quelle dc-has-condition dc-condition-empty elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c57238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticaleconomy.substack.com\/p\/big-tech-monopolies-neofeudalism?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=457596&amp;post_id=147943425&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=pf6gr&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Americk\u00e9 korporace Big Tech jsou jako feud\u00e1lov\u00e9 ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. Monopoly ze Silicon Valley vlastn\u00ed&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3783,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1467,279,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60597"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60597"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60597\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}