{"id":60294,"date":"2024-08-20T00:50:59","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T22:50:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=60294"},"modified":"2024-08-19T15:40:09","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T13:40:09","slug":"uriel-araujo-macron-nasleduje-kroky-usa-v-otazce-zapadni-sahary-coz-podnecuje-napeti-v-africe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/08\/20\/uriel-araujo-macron-nasleduje-kroky-usa-v-otazce-zapadni-sahary-coz-podnecuje-napeti-v-africe\/","title":{"rendered":"Uriel Araujo: Macron n\u00e1sleduje kroky USA v ot\u00e1zce Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahary, co\u017e podn\u011bcuje nap\u011bt\u00ed v Africe"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Al\u017e\u00edrsko pr\u00e1v\u011b odvolalo sv\u00e9ho velvyslance z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee v reakci na francouzskou podporu pl\u00e1nu marock\u00e9 autonomie pro sporn\u00fd region Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahara. Nav\u00edc, uprost\u0159ed eskalace nap\u011bt\u00ed, Al\u017e\u00edrsko za\u010dalo\u00a0<\/span>blokovat deportace<\/span><\/a>\u00a0sv\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f z evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee odm\u00edtlo p\u0159ijmout zp\u011bt ty, kter\u00e9 francouzsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady vydaly na deportaci. Takov\u00fd nov\u00fd migra\u010dn\u00ed spor by mohl b\u00fdt jen za\u010d\u00e1tek. Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti tak\u00e9 riskuje,\u00a0<\/span>\u017ee bude \u010delit sankc\u00edm za v\u00fdvoz plynu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0ze severoafrick\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

30. \u010dervence Macron poslal n\u00f3tu marock\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li Mohamedovi VI., na podporu n\u00e1rok\u016f jeho Veli\u010denstva ohledn\u011b Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahary. Tento v\u00fdvoj, i kdy\u017e nen\u00e1padn\u00fd, byl n\u011bkter\u00fdmi analytiky pops\u00e1n jako st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed strategick\u00fd krok, kter\u00fd znamen\u00e1 posun ve francouzsk\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice v\u016f\u010di z\u00e1padn\u00ed Africe. Jak v\u00edme, vliv evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti na tomto kontinentu kles\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0jak je vid\u011bt na katastrof\u00e1ch (z pohledu Francie) v\u00a0<\/span>Nigeru<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, Mali a\u00a0<\/span>\u010cadu<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

O ko\u0159enech konfliktu na Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Saha\u0159e jsem psal\u00a0<\/span>jinde<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Marock\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady v Rabatu dnes ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu tohoto regionu, kter\u00fd je z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti obydlen\u00fd obyvateli Sawari (etnickou skupinou slo\u017eenou z n\u011bkolika sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch kmen\u016f Arab\u016f, Berber\u016f a \u010cern\u00fdch Afri\u010dan\u016f), zat\u00edmco Al\u017e\u00edrskem podporovan\u00e1 fronta Polisario a jej\u00ed partyz\u00e1ni kontroluj\u00ed pohrani\u010d\u00ed. Samozvan\u00e1 Saharsk\u00e1 arabsk\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 republika (SADR), zalo\u017een\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bnou Frontou, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm \u010dlenem Africk\u00e9 unie a Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Fronta Polisario je legitimn\u00edm z\u00e1stupcem saharsk\u00e9ho lidu. Na druhou stranu, n\u00e1roky Maroka na Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Saharu podpo\u0159ily jak Arabsk\u00e1 liga, tak Arabsk\u00e1 Maghrebsk\u00e1 unie.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u011bkdo si m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee uzn\u00e1n\u00ed marock\u00fdch n\u00e1rok\u016f b\u00fdval\u00fdm americk\u00fdm prezidentem Donaldem Trumpem do roku 2020 bylo jak\u00fdmsi \u201equid pro quo\u201c pot\u00e9, co marock\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady v Rabatu normalizovaly sv\u00e9 vztahy se st\u00e1tem Izrael. Ot\u00e1zka Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahary byla tehdy rozd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00edm probl\u00e9mem a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 j\u00edm (stejn\u011b jako byly a jsou normaliza\u010dn\u00ed dohody s Izraelem) a v dob\u011b, kdy jsem\u00a0<\/span>psal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, \u017ee americk\u00fd krok by mohl zv\u00fd\u0161it ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed mimo oblast Maghrebu a ovlivnit geopolitiku zem\u011b. Afrika. P\u0159esn\u011b tak tomu bylo. Podle Josepha Huddlestona (docent na School of Diplomacy and International Relations na Seton Hall University) \u201esv\u00fdm zapojen\u00edm do p\u0159\u00edpadu Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahara-Maroko Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty op\u011bt podkopaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed normy. Americk\u00e1 politika v\u016f\u010di MINURSO (Mise OSN pro referendum v Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Saha\u0159e) po\u0161kodila funkce OSN. V roce 2020 Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty podkopaly pozici OSN t\u00edm, \u017ee uznaly marockou suverenitu nad Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Saharou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Situace ve sporn\u00e9m regionu si trvale udr\u017euje obrysy zmrazen\u00e9ho konfliktu uprost\u0159ed p\u011bti desetilet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1stupn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky mezi Rabatem a Al\u017e\u00edrem. Dne\u0161n\u00ed nal\u00e9hav\u00fd probl\u00e9m by se dal shrnout takto: pro\u010d francouzsk\u00fd prezident Emmanuel Macron sleduje Trumpovy kroky?<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak jsem\u00a0<\/span>psal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0v dubnu, Macron se zjevn\u011b sna\u017eil \u201euk\u00e1zat s\u00edlu\u201c, co\u017e dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 jeho pon\u011bkud n\u00e1hl\u00fd nov\u00fd\u00a0<\/span>\u201etvrd\u0161\u00ed\u201c a jest\u0159\u00e1b\u00ed postoj k Rusku<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Souvis\u00ed to s projevov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed autonomie v\u016f\u010di Washingtonu, i kdy\u017e v\u017edy v r\u00e1mci NATO, as \u201enap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm sval\u016f\u201c v r\u00e1mci p\u0159\u00edpravy na\u00a0<\/span>nov\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 Trumpova prezidentstv\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Francouzsk\u00fd v\u016fdce tak prosazuje odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 posuny v zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice, ale \u010del\u00ed spoust\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00edch v\u00fdzev uprost\u0159ed politick\u00e9 krize, kter\u00e1 mo\u017en\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b neskon\u010dila.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Saliha Kaya (editor na TRT Haber a kandid\u00e1t Ph.D. na Galatasaray University) se od libyjsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v roce 2011 Maroko stalo st\u00e1le kritick\u011bj\u0161\u00edm takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee \u201ez\u00e1padoafrick\u00e9 zem\u011b jsou povinny proj\u00edt infrastrukturou Maroka nab\u00eddky\u201c, \u010d\u00edm\u017e nahrazuje roli vstupn\u00ed zem\u011b, kterou kdysi m\u011bla Libye (ne\u017e ji NATO zni\u010dilo). Tak\u00e9 \u201epo mnoho let hodn\u011b investovala do sv\u00e9 m\u011bkk\u00e9 s\u00edly v subsaharsk\u00e9 Africe\u201c, jak to popisuje Kaya. Na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny sv\u00fdch soused\u016f Rabat zauj\u00edm\u00e1 z\u00e1padn\u00ed nebo z\u00e1padn\u011b orientovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup a diskurz, a Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e tak \u201euvid\u011bla p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pro sv\u016fj n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1jem\u201c, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Kaya. Pro Macrona je podpora Rabatov\u00fdch \u00fazemn\u00edch n\u00e1rok\u016f v ot\u00e1zce Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Sahary jak\u00fdmsi vyjedn\u00e1vac\u00edm \u010dipem, kter\u00fd je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho partnerstv\u00ed. Podle Kayi t\u00edm \u201eFrancie m\u016f\u017ee znovu z\u00edskat vliv prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u011bkk\u00e9 s\u00edly Maroka, zat\u00edmco Maroko z\u00edsk\u00e1 legitimitu pro sv\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Saharu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

To je hodn\u011b v s\u00e1zce, jak z pohledu Evropy, tak z pohledu severn\u00ed Afriky. Samotn\u00e9 Al\u017e\u00edrsko se stalo t\u0159et\u00edm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm dodavatelem plynu do EU od za\u010d\u00e1tku rusko-ukrajinsk\u00e9ho konfliktu v roce 2022 a Francie se sna\u017e\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161it sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed dod\u00e1vky al\u017e\u00edrsk\u00e9ho plynu. Plyn je pro Evropu po Nord Stream samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed (je na n\u011bm z\u00e1visl\u00fdch v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 % dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed v EU), v\u00fdrob\u011b energie a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch procesech. V r\u00e1mci z\u00e1padn\u00ed podpory Ukrajin\u011b se evropsk\u00fd blok sna\u017e\u00ed nahradit rusk\u00fd plyn, ale st\u00e1le\u00a0na n\u011bm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi\u00a0<\/span>z\u00e1visl\u00fd .<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 si vzpomenete, \u017ee Moskva poskytovala asi 40 % zemn\u00edho plynu v Evrop\u011b, a to je\u0161t\u011b v roce 2022, ne\u017e byl Nord Stream\u00a0<\/span>vyhozen do pov\u011bt\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i teroristick\u00e9m \u00fatoku<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span>podle<\/span><\/a>\u00a0nositele Pulitzerovy ceny Seymoura Hershe) ze strany Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. V t\u00e9to souvislosti Al\u017e\u00edr aspiruje na to, aby se stal kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm dodavatelem energie pro z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropu, nicm\u00e9n\u011b, jak jsem\u00a0<\/span>napsal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0v lednu 2023, jeho nap\u011bt\u00ed se sousedn\u00edm Marokem je probl\u00e9mem a regionem v\u017edy pron\u00e1sleduje p\u0159\u00edzrak v\u00e1lky.\u00a0<\/span>Z mnoha d\u016fvod\u016f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0proto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nere\u00e1ln\u00e9\u00a0o\u010dek\u00e1vat n\u011bjak\u00e9 siln\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky energie ze severn\u00ed Afriky do EU \u2013 EU st\u00e1le \u010del\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>ekonomick\u00fdm, energetick\u00fdm a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed krize v Rud\u00e9m mo\u0159i zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed\u00a0<\/span>rebely Houthi<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, stejn\u011b jako humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed katastrofa v Gaze (kter\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>m\u00e1 dopad na cel\u00fd Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod<\/span><\/a>\u00a0), jsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem pochybn\u00e9 americk\u00e9 politiky, jak jsem\u00a0<\/span>tvrdil<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Dokonce i dnes marocko-izraelsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 vazby zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e9 USA\u00a0<\/span>podporuj\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/span><\/a>\u00a0s Al\u017e\u00edrskem a dal\u0161\u00edmi st\u00e1ty. V severn\u00ed Africe se nyn\u00ed rozv\u00edj\u00ed nov\u00e1 krize a tato m\u00e1 op\u011bt v\u0161ude otisky Washingtonu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed Francie tak\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k dal\u0161\u00ed destabilizaci regionu. Uvid\u00ed se, zda se tento zahrani\u010dn\u011bpolitick\u00fd krok projev\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00fd i z pohledu francouzsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho z\u00e1jmu, nebo zda jeho v\u00fdsledky prok\u00e1\u017eou, \u017ee cel\u00fd posun prost\u011b nest\u00e1l za to, s ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edmi d\u016fsledky pro Evropu i Afriku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uriel Araujo, PhD,<\/a> antropologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a etnick\u00e9 konflikty<\/em><\/p>\n

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Al\u017e\u00edrsko pr\u00e1v\u011b odvolalo sv\u00e9ho velvyslance z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee v reakci na francouzskou podporu pl\u00e1nu marock\u00e9 autonomie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":60295,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1271,1042,307,122],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60294"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60294"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60294\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/60295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}