{"id":59991,"date":"2024-08-16T00:34:27","date_gmt":"2024-08-15T22:34:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=59991"},"modified":"2024-08-15T14:11:04","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T12:11:04","slug":"lorenzo-maria-pacini-dalsi-geopoliticke-kroky-ciny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/08\/16\/lorenzo-maria-pacini-dalsi-geopoliticke-kroky-ciny\/","title":{"rendered":"Lorenzo Maria Pacini: Dal\u0161\u00ed geopolitick\u00e9 kroky \u010c\u00edny"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
\n
\n

Sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm se chce \u010c\u00edna z dobr\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu rozv\u00edjet, je Tichomo\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed ji\u017en\u011b od \u010c\u00edny, a \u010d\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bude strategick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010c\u00edny v t\u00e9to oblasti, t\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bude multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed struktura.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna je bezesporu nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed k anal\u00fdze z pohledu sou\u010dasn\u00e9 geopolitiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna v dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b rozv\u00edj\u00ed svou ekonomiku t\u00edm, \u017ee dosahuje optim\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy mezi udr\u017een\u00edm politick\u00e9 moci reformovan\u00e9 komunistick\u00e9 strany, principy liber\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiky a vyu\u017eit\u00edm mobilizace spole\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 kultury (v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech v podob\u011b \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 nacionalismus), tolik analytik\u016f ji\u017e zemi p\u0159isuzuje roli nov\u00e9ho nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho p\u00f3lu na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni a p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 jej\u00ed budoucnost jako \u201enov\u00e9ho hegemona\u201c. Z hlediska ekonomick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu je \u010c\u00edna na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b mezi p\u011bti zem\u011bmi s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm HDP na sv\u011bt\u011b, hned za Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a tvo\u0159\u00ed jak\u00fdsi klub p\u0159edn\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch mocnost\u00ed. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 sami naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010c\u00ednu Zhongguo, co\u017e doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201ezem\u011b st\u0159edu a st\u0159edu\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna je komplexn\u00ed geopolitick\u00e1 entita charakterizovan\u00e1 t\u011bmito hlavn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • pevninsk\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna s celoro\u010dn\u011b chud\u00fdmi a \u0161patn\u011b zavla\u017eovan\u00fdmi venkovsk\u00fdmi oblastmi mezi \u017dlutou \u0159ekou a Jang-c‘-\u0165iang, ob\u00fdvan\u00fdmi p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b autochtonn\u00edmi etniky shrnut\u00fdmi pod pojmem Han;<\/span><\/li>\n
  • pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblasti na v\u00fdchod\u011b, tedy centra hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a obchodn\u00edho rozvoje zem\u011b a p\u0159\u00edstupu na sv\u011btov\u00fd trh;<\/span><\/li>\n
  • n\u00e1razn\u00edkov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, ve kter\u00fdch \u017eij\u00ed etnick\u00e9 men\u0161iny (autonomn\u00ed oblast Vnit\u0159n\u00ed Mongolsko, autonomn\u00ed oblast Sin-\u0165iang, Ujgursk\u00e1 oblast Sin-\u0165iang, autonomn\u00ed oblast Tibet);<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Sousedn\u00ed st\u00e1ty a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed administrativn\u00ed oblasti s p\u016fvodn\u00edm \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm obyvatelstvem (Tchaj-wan, Hong Kong, Macao).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 geopolitiky je toto: vstup na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed trh prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm rozvoje tichomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edho regionu dramaticky zv\u00fd\u0161il \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, ale tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159il soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1hu mezi pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edm a pevninou, posiluje vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrolu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch vztah\u016f a investic. ohro\u017euje bezpe\u010dnost zem\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Tato nerovnov\u00e1ha vedla na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed ke kolapsu \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, jeho rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011b k nastolen\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontroly Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a nakonec k okupaci pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch oblast\u00ed Japonskem. Mao Ce-Tung (1893-1976) zvolil jinou cestu: centralizaci zem\u011b a jej\u00ed \u00faplnou izolaci. To u\u010dinilo \u010c\u00ednu nez\u00e1vislou, ale p\u0159ineslo s sebou mnoho obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed a chudoby, jejich\u017e p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed trvalo roky.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Na konci 80. let zah\u00e1jil Teng Siao-pching (1904-1997) nov\u00e9 kolo reforem, kter\u00fdm se poda\u0159ilo vyv\u00e1\u017eit otev\u0159en\u00fd rozvoj \u201epob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed z\u00f3ny\u201c a p\u0159il\u00e1kat zahrani\u010dn\u00ed investice p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 kontroly komunistick\u00e9 strany nad cel\u00fdm \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm. zachov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoty zem\u011b. Tento vzorec i dnes ur\u010duje geopolitiku modern\u00ed \u010c\u00edny.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Pevninsk\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed \u010c\u00edna<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 dvoj\u00ed identitu: pevninskou \u010c\u00ednu a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed \u010c\u00ednu. Pevninsk\u00e1 \u010c\u00edna se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na sebe a na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho soci\u00e1ln\u00edho a kulturn\u00edho paradigmatu; Pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed \u010c\u00edna se st\u00e1le v\u00edce integruje do glob\u00e1ln\u00edho trhu a t\u00edm i do glob\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnosti (tj. postupn\u011b nab\u00fdv\u00e1 rys\u016f n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed civilizace).<\/span><\/p>\n

    Tyto geopolitick\u00e9 rozpory vyva\u017euje Komunistick\u00e1 strana \u010c\u00edny, kter\u00e1 mus\u00ed jednat podle paradigmatu Teng Siao-pchinga: otev\u0159enost zaru\u010duje hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd r\u016fst, ale rigidn\u00ed ideologick\u00fd centralismus strany, kter\u00fd se op\u00edr\u00e1 o to, \u017ee pevnina m\u00e1 tendenci b\u00fdt chud\u0161\u00edmi venkovsk\u00fdmi oblastmi, udr\u017euje relativn\u00ed izolaci \u010c\u00edny od vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bt. \u010c\u00edna se sna\u017e\u00ed z Atlantiku a globalizace p\u0159evz\u00edt to, co ji m\u016f\u017ee pos\u00edlit, a odm\u00edtnout to, co by ji mohlo oslabit nebo dokonce zni\u010dit.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Pekingu se zat\u00edm da\u0159\u00ed tuto rovnov\u00e1hu udr\u017eet a \u0159ad\u00ed se tak mezi p\u0159edn\u00ed zem\u011b sv\u011bta, ale t\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edci, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry jsou neslu\u010diteln\u00e9 (globalizace jedn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti spole\u010dnosti a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti druh\u00e9 a tradi\u010dn\u00ed zp\u016fsob \u017eivota) kombajny mohou b\u00fdt: \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed tohoto extr\u00e9mn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu rovnic ur\u010d\u00ed osud \u010c\u00edny v budoucnu a vytvo\u0159\u00ed tak algoritmus jej\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u010c\u00edna dnes ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b d\u016frazn\u011b trv\u00e1 na multipol\u00e1rn\u00edm sv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du a stav\u00ed se proti unipol\u00e1rn\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edstupu Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch konflikt\u016f. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty dnes p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jedinou v\u00e1\u017enou hrozbu pro bezpe\u010dnost \u010c\u00edny: americk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvo v Tichomo\u0159\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee kdykoli ustavit blok\u00e1du pod\u00e9l cel\u00e9ho \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e okam\u017eit\u011b zastav\u00ed \u010d\u00ednskou ekonomiku, kter\u00e1 je zcela z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na ciz\u00edch zem\u00edch. . Souvis\u00ed to s nap\u011bt\u00edm kolem Tchaj-wanu, mocn\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200brychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edho st\u00e1tu s \u010d\u00ednskou populac\u00ed, kter\u00fd je v\u0161ak \u010dist\u011b atlantickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed integrovanou do liber\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta. V modelu multipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du je \u010c\u00edn\u011b p\u0159isuzov\u00e1na role pacifick\u00e9ho p\u00f3lu: jak\u00fdsi kompromis mezi sv\u011btov\u00fdm trhem, na kter\u00e9m \u010c\u00edna nyn\u00ed existuje a rozv\u00edj\u00ed se a na kter\u00fd dod\u00e1v\u00e1 velkou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed, a \u00faplnou izolac\u00ed. . To je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry v souladu se strategi\u00ed \u010c\u00edny maximalizovat sv\u016fj ekonomick\u00fd a technologick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l p\u0159ed nevyhnuteln\u00fdm st\u0159etem se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Role \u010c\u00edny v modelu multipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011bta<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    V rusko-\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch existuje \u0159ada probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 by mohly br\u00e1nit konsolidaci snah o vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed struktury. Jedn\u00edm z nich je demografick\u00e1 expanze \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u016f do \u0159\u00eddce os\u00eddlen\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Sibi\u0159e, kter\u00e1 hroz\u00ed radik\u00e1ln\u011b zm\u011bnit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed strukturu rusk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a p\u0159\u00edmo ohro\u017euje jej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost. Nezbytn\u00fdm p\u0159edpokladem vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho partnerstv\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 kontrola migra\u010dn\u00edch tok\u016f na sever ze strany \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f. Druh\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem je vliv \u010c\u00edny ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii, strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 oblasti pobl\u00ed\u017e Ruska, kter\u00e1 je bohat\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje, m\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed, ale je pom\u011brn\u011b \u0159\u00eddce os\u00eddlena. Ob\u011b tendence poru\u0161uj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd princip multipolarity: organizaci prostoru pod\u00e9l osy sever-jih a ne naopak.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm se chce \u010c\u00edna z dobr\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f rozv\u00edjet, je Tichomo\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed ji\u017en\u011b od \u010c\u00edny, a \u010d\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bude strategick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010c\u00edny v t\u00e9to oblasti, t\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bude multipol\u00e1rn\u00ed struktura. Pos\u00edlen\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti v tomto regionu je v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m rozporu se strategick\u00fdmi pl\u00e1ny americk\u00e9 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hegemonie, proto\u017ee z pohledu atlantick\u00e9 strategie je zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontroly nad sv\u011btov\u00fdmi oce\u00e1ny kl\u00ed\u010dem k cel\u00e9mu strategick\u00e9mu r\u00e1mci Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed americk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva v Tichomo\u0159\u00ed a z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed strategick\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen v jeho r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech a tak\u00e9 v Indick\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu na ostrov\u011b San Diego, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed kontrolu nad n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm prostorem cel\u00e9ho regionu, se st\u00e1v\u00e1 hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem na cest\u011b k reorganizaci sv\u00e9ho prostoru Region na z\u00e1klad\u011b modelu multipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Osvobozen\u00ed t\u00e9to oblasti od americk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen lze tedy pova\u017eovat za \u00fakol glob\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdznamu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Lorenzo Maria Pacini<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \n

    Zdroj<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm se chce \u010c\u00edna z dobr\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu rozv\u00edjet, je Tichomo\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed ji\u017en\u011b od…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":52002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1042,30,276],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59991"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59991"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59991\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}