{"id":58068,"date":"2024-07-19T00:38:46","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T22:38:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=58068"},"modified":"2024-07-18T15:49:49","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T13:49:49","slug":"colin-todhunter-valka-proti-farmarum-svetova-banka-zaseva-semena-kolonialismu-v-africe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/07\/19\/colin-todhunter-valka-proti-farmarum-svetova-banka-zaseva-semena-kolonialismu-v-africe\/","title":{"rendered":"Colin Todhunter: V\u00e1lka proti farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm: Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka zas\u00e9v\u00e1 semena kolonialismu v Africe"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V Keni byl v roce 2012 p\u0159ijat z\u00e1kon zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1va farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f skladovat, sd\u00edlet, vym\u011b\u0148ovat nebo prod\u00e1vat neregistrovan\u00e1 semena. Farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm hroz\u00ed a\u017e dva roky v\u011bzen\u00ed a pokuta a\u017e 1 milion ke\u0148sk\u00fdch \u0161ilink\u016f (co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edjmu farm\u00e1\u0159e).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 2022 ke\u0148\u0161t\u00ed drobn\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i podali \u017ealobu na vl\u00e1du, kter\u00e1 po\u017eadovala reformu z\u00e1kona o osivech z roku 2012, aby ji\u017e nebyli kriminalizov\u00e1ni za v\u00fdm\u011bnu osiva. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed je napl\u00e1nov\u00e1no na 24. \u010dervence 2024.<\/span><\/p>\n

Agroekolo\u017eka a environmentalistka Claire Nasike Akello vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee sd\u00edlen\u00ed a prodej domorod\u00fdch semen je v Keni leg\u00e1ln\u011b trestn\u00fdm \u010dinem. Ke\u0148sk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o odr\u016fd\u00e1ch osiva a rostlin ni\u010d\u00ed sob\u011bsta\u010dnost mal\u00fdch farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed semena k p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed potravin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na sv\u00fdch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee c\u00edlem legislativy je u\u010dinit mal\u00e9 farm\u00e1\u0159e z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi na nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed semena, a t\u00edm d\u00e1t navrch t\u011bmto spole\u010dnostem, kter\u00e9 pokra\u010duj\u00ed v okr\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f z m\u00edstn\u00edch komunit se sv\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm ziskem.<\/span><\/p>\n

To je skute\u010dn\u011b<\/span><\/p>\n

„Pokrok zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na zb\u00edda\u010den\u00ed mal\u00fdch farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f a jejich vylou\u010den\u00ed ze zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.“<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

GATES, ROCKEFELLER A VELK\u00dd ZEM\u011aD\u011aLSK\u00dd PODNIK<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Aliance pro zelenou revoluci v Africe (AGRA), financovan\u00e1 Gatesov\u00fdmi a Rockefellerov\u00fdmi nadacemi, zasahuje p\u0159\u00edmo do formulov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 politiky africk\u00fdch vl\u00e1d v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch, jako jsou osiva a p\u016fda, a otev\u00edr\u00e1 africk\u00e9 trhy americk\u00e9mu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu podnik\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 80 % africk\u00fdch semen poch\u00e1z\u00ed od milion\u016f mal\u00fdch farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00e1 semena rok od roku znovu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed. AGRA v\u0161ak podporuje zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00edch (chemicky z\u00e1visl\u00fdch) osivov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed n\u011bkolika velk\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem \u0159\u00eddit v\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj osiv, v\u00fdrobu a distribuci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Od 90. let byly revidov\u00e1ny n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1kony o semenech, sponzorovan\u00e9 USAID a G8 spolu s Gatesem a dal\u0161\u00edmi, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se otev\u0159ely dve\u0159e zapojen\u00ed nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edch korporac\u00ed do produkce semen.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159edpisy a z\u00e1kony o \u201ecertifikaci osiva\u201c jsou \u010dasto p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ny vl\u00e1dami jm\u00e9nem pr\u016fmyslu s c\u00edlem vym\u00fdtit tradi\u010dn\u00ed semena t\u00edm, \u017ee na trh povol\u00ed pouze \u201estabiln\u00ed\u201c, \u201euniformn\u00ed\u201c a \u201enov\u00e1\u201c semena (tj. firemn\u00ed semena). Toto je jedin\u00e9 \u201eregulovan\u00e9\u201c osivo, kter\u00e9 je schv\u00e1leno: registrovan\u00e9 a certifikovan\u00e9. Jde o cynick\u00fd zp\u016fsob vym\u00fdcen\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch praktik na p\u0159\u00edkaz korporac\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tis\u00edce odr\u016fd semen byly ztraceny a firemn\u00ed semena st\u00e1le v\u00edce dominovala zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, proto\u017ee mal\u00fdm farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm bylo br\u00e1n\u011bno voln\u011b zlep\u0161ovat, sd\u00edlet nebo znovu zas\u00e9vat sv\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u00ed semena. To se rovn\u00e1 privatizaci sd\u00edlen\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Privatizace a p\u0159ivlast\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed si mezigenera\u010dn\u00edch selsk\u00fdch znalost\u00ed zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00fdch semeny, jejich\u017e z\u00e1rode\u010dnou plazmu \u201eopravuj\u00ed\u201c a kradou korporace, kter\u00e9 si pak \u010din\u00ed n\u00e1rok na jejich vlastnictv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Semena jsou \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm prvkem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed ji\u017e 10 000 let. Semena se p\u0159ed\u00e1vala z generace na generaci. Farm\u00e1\u0159i byli str\u00e1\u017eci semen, znalost\u00ed a p\u016fdy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Firemn\u00ed kontrola semen je tak\u00e9 \u00fatokem na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed komunit a jejich tradic. Semena jsou nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed identity, proto\u017ee ve venkovsk\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch jsou \u017eivoty lid\u00ed po tis\u00edce let spojeny se s\u00e1zen\u00edm, sklizn\u00ed, semeny, p\u016fdou a ro\u010dn\u00edmi obdob\u00edmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Privatizace semen je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Kostarice byl boj za zru\u0161en\u00ed omezen\u00ed osiva ztracen, kdy\u017e podepsala dohodu o voln\u00e9m obchodu se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty, p\u0159esto\u017ee ignorovala tamn\u00ed z\u00e1kony o rozmanitosti semen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brazilsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony o semenech vytvo\u0159ily re\u017eim vlastnictv\u00ed semen, kter\u00fd marginalizoval v\u0161echny p\u016fvodn\u00ed odr\u016fdy semen, kter\u00e9 byly lok\u00e1ln\u011b adaptov\u00e1ny po generace. Toto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se sna\u017eilo zabr\u00e1nit farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm v pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo \u0161lecht\u011bn\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00edch semen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vid\u00edme, \u017ee podniky zkomodifikuj\u00ed znalosti a semena, \u017ee znalosti zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f o \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed jsou naru\u0161ov\u00e1ny, \u017ee tradi\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my znalost\u00ed jsou podkop\u00e1v\u00e1ny a \u017ee z\u00e1vislost zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f na spole\u010dnostech roste.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toto vyvlastn\u011bn\u00ed a z\u00e1vislost prod\u00e1v\u00e1 Gates a pr\u016fmysl agrobyznysu jako uspokojen\u00ed pot\u0159eb modern\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti se jedn\u00e1 o syst\u00e9m p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fd pot\u0159eb\u00e1m glob\u00e1ln\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu, institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch investor\u016f, jako je BlackRock, a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi trhy a dodavatelsk\u00fdmi \u0159et\u011bzci kontrolovan\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm se tyto z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 skupiny sna\u017e\u00ed vykreslit Afriku jako beznad\u011bjn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad, kter\u00fd pot\u0159ebuje \u201eintervenci\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je to pohodln\u00e1 v\u00fdmluva, kter\u00e1 odv\u00e1d\u00ed pozornost od politick\u00e9 ekonomie potravin\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b to, jak vykonstruovan\u00e9 dluhov\u00e9 pasti a pred\u00e1torsk\u00e9 \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 praktiky vedly africk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty k tomu, aby se pod\u0159\u00eddily \u201eprogram\u016fm struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00faprav\u201c, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed kontinent z \u010dist\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozce potravin na \u010dist\u00fdm dovozcem potravin a podkopal p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozmanitost rostlin, a t\u00edm i potravinovou bezpe\u010dnost a suverenitu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prof. Walden Bello a John Feffer tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v tomto ohledu jsou kl\u00ed\u010dem k pochopen\u00ed proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedly ke zni\u010den\u00ed africk\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka, Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond a Sv\u011btov\u00e1 obchodn\u00ed organizace (WTO). Neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161okov\u00e1 terapie zp\u016fsobila, \u017ee chud\u00ed afri\u010dt\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i jsou st\u00e1le v\u00edce v nejistot\u011b a vl\u00e1dy jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fdch toc\u00edch pomoci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bello a Feffer tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee soci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky <\/span>struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravy a zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd dumping byly p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n

…po\u010det Afri\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed mus\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt z m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e jednoho dolaru na den, se mezi lety 1981 a 2001 v\u00edce ne\u017e zdvojn\u00e1sobil na 313 milion\u016f lid\u00ed \u2013 to je 46 % cel\u00e9ho kontinentu. \u00dalohu struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00faprav p\u0159i zp\u016fsoben\u00ed chudoby a tak\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9m oslaben\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny kontinentu a zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti na dovozu bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pop\u0159\u00edt.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

A nyn\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed AGRA, aby zd\u00e1nliv\u011b zachr\u00e1nila situaci. Ale to, co jsme u t\u00e9to iniciativy dosud vid\u011bli, je sp\u00ed\u0161e stejn\u00e9: podle Institutu pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a obchodn\u00ed politiku AGRA selh\u00e1v\u00e1 africk\u00fdm farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

SV\u011aTOV\u00c1 BANKA A SEMENA neokolonialismu<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Organizace OSN pro v\u00fd\u017eivu a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (FAO) odhaduje, \u017ee pouze 20 p\u011bstovan\u00fdch druh\u016f rostlin na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159edstavuje 90 % ve\u0161ker\u00e9 rostlinn\u00e9 potravy konzumovan\u00e9 lidmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee tato \u00fazk\u00e1 genetick\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna p\u0159edstavuje v\u00e1\u017enou hrozbu pro glob\u00e1ln\u00ed potravinovou bezpe\u010dnost, Graham Gordon, vedouc\u00ed politiky Katolick\u00e9 agentury pro z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fd rozvoj (CAFOD), \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee drobn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed chudoby 80 procent lid\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch pod glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hranic\u00ed chudoby \u017eij\u00ed ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech a naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich se \u017eiv\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po tis\u00edce let farm\u00e1\u0159i p\u011bstovali plodiny a vyb\u00edrali semena rostlin, kter\u00e9 nejl\u00e9pe rostou na jejich pol\u00edch. Gordon poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee tento \u201esemenn\u00fd syst\u00e9m roln\u00edk\u016f\u201c nebo \u201eneform\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c sektor semen p\u0159isp\u011bl k v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e9 a rozmanit\u00e9 strav\u011b dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento farm\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd osivov\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u0161ak existuje vedle komer\u010dn\u00edho osivov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Hybridn\u00ed semena jsou obvykle vyv\u00edjena velk\u00fdmi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi pro komer\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely, jsou \u010dasto z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na syntetick\u00fdch hnojivech a, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bna patenty podporovan\u00fdmi p\u0159edpisy o certifikaci osiva.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va CAFOD z roku 2023, Sewing the Seeds of Poverty: How the World Bank Harms Poor Farmers, popisuje, jak je syst\u00e9m osiva farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f systematicky podkop\u00e1v\u00e1n koncentrac\u00ed moci velk\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podnik\u016f a prosazov\u00e1n\u00edm modelu pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gordon poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee trhy s osivem jsou vysoce koncentrovan\u00e9: Bayer, Corteva, BASF a ChemChina\/Syngenta ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 procent glob\u00e1ln\u00edho komer\u010dn\u00edho trhu s osivem. Stejn\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159i spole\u010dnosti tak\u00e9 kontroluj\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 procent celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho prodeje agrochemik\u00e1li\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gordon \u0159\u00edk\u00e1:<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto spole\u010dnosti se pomoc\u00ed sv\u00fdch monopol\u016f zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na produkci semen pro plodiny s velk\u00fdmi trhy \u2013 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00ed potraviny, jako je kuku\u0159ice, p\u0161enice, s\u00f3ja a r\u00fd\u017ee. To m\u00e1 devastuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky na rozmanitost rostlin. Z v\u00edce ne\u017e 6 000 jedl\u00fdch druh\u016f rostlin, kter\u00e9 jsme v pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed p\u011bstovali, nyn\u00ed pouze dev\u011bt druh\u016f rostlin tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 65 procent celkov\u00e9 rostlinn\u00e9 produkce. To vedlo ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen a v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezilo mo\u017enosti farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f a jejich odolnost v\u016f\u010di ot\u0159es\u016fm, jako je zm\u011bna klimatu.<\/span><\/p>\n

CAFOD poznamenal, \u017ee Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka prosazuje z\u00e1jmy glob\u00e1ln\u00edho agrobyznysu a intenzifikaci pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee propojuje dotace s n\u00e1kupem hybridn\u00edch osiv a souvisej\u00edc\u00edch chemick\u00fdch hnojiv a na\u0159izuje implementaci z\u00e1kon\u016f o certifikaci osiv, kter\u00e9 omezuj\u00ed schopnost mal\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f produkovat semena k p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed. , skladovat, sd\u00edlet a prod\u00e1vat.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158e\u0161en\u00edm je p\u0159esunout financov\u00e1n\u00ed z pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a opustit p\u0159edstavy o zelen\u00e9 revoluci pro Afriku a m\u00edsto toho zd\u016fraznit drobn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, agroekologii a ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 investice do syst\u00e9m\u016f osiv na farm\u00e1ch s c\u00edlem zlep\u0161it v\u00fd\u017eivu, zv\u00fd\u0161it rozmanitost potravin a pos\u00edlit venkovsk\u00e9 komunity a m\u00edstn\u00ed ekonomika.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

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