{"id":55463,"date":"2024-06-10T06:10:51","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T04:10:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=55463"},"modified":"2024-06-10T06:10:51","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T04:10:51","slug":"robert-gil-1943-problem-otevreni-druhe-fronty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/06\/10\/robert-gil-1943-problem-otevreni-druhe-fronty\/","title":{"rendered":"Robert Gil: 1943 – probl\u00e9m otev\u0159en\u00ed \u201edruh\u00e9 fronty\u201c"},"content":{"rendered":"
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22. listopadu 1943 se v Teher\u00e1nu se\u0161li Stalin, Roosevelt a Churchill. Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projedn\u00e1van\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky pat\u0159il probl\u00e9m otev\u0159en\u00ed Spojenci. \u201edruh\u00e9 fronty.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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To byla nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zka. Brit\u00e1nie a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se sna\u017eily otev\u0159en\u00ed druh\u00e9 fronty v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b odd\u00e1lit. Rozhodnut\u00ed o otev\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to \u201edruh\u00e9 fronty\u201c, tj. vylod\u011bn\u00ed spojeneck\u00fdch vojsk v Evrop\u011b a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed fronty, m\u011blo v\u00fdrazn\u011b urychlit p\u00e1d T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Po strategick\u00e9m zlomu v bitv\u00e1ch u Stalingradu a Kurska se situace na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed front\u011b vyv\u00edjela pro SSSR p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vojska utrp\u011bla nenapraviteln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a ji\u017e je nemohla dohnat. N\u011bmci ztratili strategickou iniciativu ve v\u00e1lce. Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da zatla\u010dila nep\u0159\u00edtele zp\u011bt, osvobodila Donbas, p\u0159ekro\u010dila Dn\u011bpr a znovu dobyla Kyjev. Rusov\u00e9 tak\u00e9 vyhnali nep\u0159\u00edtele ze severn\u00edho Kavkazu a vylodili se na Krymu.<\/p>\n

K v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v\u0161ak bylo je\u0161t\u011b daleko: N\u011bmeck\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium bylo st\u00e1le hroziv\u00fdm protivn\u00edkem se siln\u00fdmi ozbrojen\u00fdmi silami a siln\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem. N\u011bmci ovl\u00e1dali rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed SSSR a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy. K urychlen\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eky T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a jej\u00edch spojenc\u016f bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed t\u0159\u00ed velmoc\u00ed. Spojenci sl\u00edbili otev\u0159\u00edt druhou frontu v roce 1942, ale uplynul rok a nedo\u0161lo k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu pokroku. Z vojensk\u00e9ho hlediska byli Spojenci p\u0159ipraveni zah\u00e1jit operaci v \u010dervenci a\u017e srpnu 1943, kdy se na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed front\u011b, na Orelsko-kursk\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eku, odehr\u00e1vala zu\u0159iv\u00e1 bitva. V Anglii byla rozm\u00edst\u011bna expedi\u010dn\u00ed arm\u00e1da o s\u00edle 500 000 mu\u017e\u016f, kter\u00e1 byla v pln\u00e9 bojov\u00e9 pohotovosti a m\u011bla v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro vylod\u011bn\u00ed a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159evahy. Fronta v\u0161ak nebyla otev\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z geopolitick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. Lond\u00fdn a Washington nehodlaly Moskv\u011b pomoci. Sov\u011btsk\u00e1 rozv\u011bdka zjistila, \u017ee v roce 1943 Spojenci druhou frontu v severn\u00ed Francii neotev\u0159ou. Po\u010dkali by, \u201ea\u017e bude N\u011bmecko smrteln\u011b zran\u011bno rusk\u00fdm postupem\u201c.<\/p>\n

Lond\u00fdn a Washington pova\u017eovaly T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i za \u201eberanidlo\u201c schopn\u00e9 rozdrtit bol\u0161eviky. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee N\u011bmecko dok\u00e1\u017ee porazit SSSR a \u017ee v tomto souboji tit\u00e1n\u016f bude oslabeno, co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed Anglosas\u016fm donutit \u0158\u00ed\u0161i k m\u00edru, kter\u00fd bude v\u00fdhodn\u00fd pro n\u011b. Teprve pot\u00e9, co se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee Hitlerovo N\u011bmecko nebude schopno porazit Rusko a SSSR, Lond\u00fdn a Washington p\u0159ehodnotily sv\u016fj sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Britov\u00e9 a Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 vypracovali strategick\u00fd pl\u00e1n \u00fatoku z jihu p\u0159es It\u00e1lii a Balk\u00e1n, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u0158\u00edm se m\u011bl postavit na stranu angloamerick\u00e9ho bloku. V o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed toho co se stane na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed front\u011b.<\/p>\n

Bylo mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee N\u011bmci vytvo\u0159\u00ed silnou strategickou obranu a \u017ee druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka bude prodlou\u017eena vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm vyvra\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00edm Rus\u016f a N\u011bmc\u016f. N\u011bmecko a SSSR by utrp\u011bly obrovsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a jejich ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly by vykrv\u00e1cely. Sou\u010dasn\u011b se p\u0159ipravovaly pl\u00e1ny na vylod\u011bn\u00ed spojeneck\u00fdch vojsk v \u0158ecku a Norsku. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem by p\u00e1ni Z\u00e1padu vy\u010dk\u00e1vali do posledn\u00ed chv\u00edle, kdy by SSSR a N\u011bmecko vykrv\u00e1cely v tit\u00e1nsk\u00e9 bitv\u011b. To m\u011blo umo\u017enit Brit\u00e1nii a Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm jednat z pozice s\u00edly a diktovat podm\u00ednky pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

Britov\u00e9 a Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili Rusy, \u017ee vylod\u011bn\u00ed v severn\u00ed Francii komplikuje nedostatek dopravy, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje probl\u00e9my se z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm. Postup p\u0159es Balk\u00e1n by byl v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159em. To by Spojenc\u016fm umo\u017enilo spojit se s rumunsk\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm a ude\u0159it na N\u011bmecko z jihu. Churchill cht\u011bl ve skute\u010dnosti od\u0159\u00edznout v\u011bt\u0161inu Evropy od SSSR. To umo\u017enilo vypracovat nov\u00e9 protisov\u011btsk\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e a oslabit v\u00fdznam Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy v z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi v\u00e1lky. Zejm\u00e9na se p\u0159ipravoval sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 protihitlerovsk\u00e9ho p\u0159evratu v N\u011bmecku, kdy by nov\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 veden\u00ed pochopilo bezv\u00fdchodnost situace a souhlasilo se separ\u00e1tn\u00ed dohodou s Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a USA. N\u011bmci by pak umo\u017enili anglo-americk\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m vstoupit na sv\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, aby zachr\u00e1nily zemi p\u0159ed Rudou arm\u00e1dou.<\/p>\n

Po dlouh\u00e9 debat\u011b se ot\u00e1zka otev\u0159en\u00ed druh\u00e9 fronty ocitla na mrtv\u00e9m bod\u011b. Stalin prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee je p\u0159ipraven konferenci opustit: \u201eM\u00e1me doma p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho pr\u00e1ce, ne\u017e abychom zde ztr\u00e1celi \u010das Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru nic hodnotn\u00e9ho nefunguje. Churchill si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee probl\u00e9m nelze d\u00e1le vyhrocovat, a dos\u00e1hl kompromisu. Roosevelt a Churchill sl\u00edbili sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu v\u016fdci otev\u0159\u00edt druhou frontu ve Francii nejpozd\u011bji do kv\u011btna 1944. Kone\u010dn\u00e9 na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed operace m\u011blo b\u00fdt ur\u010deno v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b roku 1944. B\u011bhem spojeneck\u00e9 operace m\u011bla sov\u011btsk\u00e1 vojska zah\u00e1jit ofenzivu, aby zabr\u00e1nila p\u0159esunu n\u011bmeck\u00fdch diviz\u00ed z v\u00fdchodu na z\u00e1pad.<\/p>\n

Od t\u00e9 doby n\u00e1m ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee to byli \u201eAmeri\u010dan\u00e9\u201c, kdo osvobodil Francii, zat\u00edmco ve skute\u010dnosti bylo osvobozen\u00ed umo\u017en\u011bno jen d\u00edky znehybn\u011bn\u00ed 200 diviz\u00ed Wehrmachtu ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 sov\u011btsk\u00e9 ofenz\u00edv\u011b na vzd\u00e1lenost v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 000 km od Normandie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e proti Spojenc\u016fm bojovala jen \u010d\u00e1st z pades\u00e1ti n\u011bmeck\u00fdch diviz\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch ve Francii. Tak\u017ee je t\u0159eba st\u00e1le opakovat: bez sov\u011btsk\u00e9 ofenz\u00edvy by se americk\u00e9 a britsk\u00e9 jednotky nikdy nemohly vylodit! Ale oligarchi\u00ed ovl\u00e1dan\u00e1 m\u00e9dia se o tom t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nezmi\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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1943, le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019ouverture d\u2019un \u00abdeuxi\u00e8me front\u00bb<\/a>\u00a0vy\u0161el 7.6.2024 na legrandsoir.info. P\u0159eklad \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 – d\u011bkuji.<\/p>\n

\u00davodn\u00ed fotografie:<\/strong> Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 se vylo\u010fuj\u00ed b\u011bhem Dne D na pl\u00e1\u017ei Omaha | Foto: Cpt Herman Wall\/US National Archives | Zdroj: Reuters<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

22. listopadu 1943 se v Teher\u00e1nu se\u0161li Stalin, Roosevelt a Churchill. Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projedn\u00e1van\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":55464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[4658,398,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55463"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55463"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55463\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/55464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}