{"id":54733,"date":"2024-05-29T05:12:57","date_gmt":"2024-05-29T03:12:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=54733"},"modified":"2024-05-29T05:12:57","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T03:12:57","slug":"emokracie-praxe-manipulace-s-emocemi-obyvatelstva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/05\/29\/emokracie-praxe-manipulace-s-emocemi-obyvatelstva\/","title":{"rendered":"Emokracie: Praxe manipulace s emocemi obyvatelstva"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Po z\u00e1niku demokracie na Z\u00e1pad\u011b se politici uchyluj\u00ed k manipulaci s emocemi obyvatelstva.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b v roce 2019 americk\u00fd historik Niall Ferguson o Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech\u00a0poznamenal<\/a>, \u017ee \u201eu\u017e ne\u017eijeme v demokracii. \u017dijeme v demokratick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kde vl\u00e1dnou emoce, nikoli v\u011bt\u0161ina, a na pocitech z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e na rozumu. \u010c\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou va\u0161e pocity, \u010d\u00edm l\u00e9pe se dok\u00e1\u017eete p\u0159iv\u00e9st k nelibosti, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00e1te vliv. A nikdy nepou\u017e\u00edvejte slova tam, kde jsou vhodn\u00e9 emotikony.<\/i>\u201c<\/p>\n

Ferguson uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady z posledn\u00edch let ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, od debat mezi politiky a\u017e po speci\u00e1ln\u011b vybran\u00e9 titulky v politicky zaujat\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vyvolat bou\u0159i rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b polarizaci spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed autor toto t\u00e9ma d\u00e1le\u00a0rozv\u00e1d\u00ed<\/a>: \u201e\u010c\u00edm hlasit\u011bji vyjad\u0159ujete sv\u00e9 nekontrolovateln\u00e9 emoce, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru vzbuzujete! Takov\u00fd je n\u00e1\u0161 dne\u0161n\u00ed sv\u011bt. B\u016fh n\u00e1m dal emoce, ale dal n\u00e1m tak\u00e9 sv\u016fj z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m ukazuje, co je spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a co ne, abychom mohli sv\u00e9 emoce ovl\u00e1dat. V opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b povedou nekontrolovan\u00e9 a nespoutan\u00e9 emoce ke katastrof\u011b.<\/i>\u201c<\/p>\n

Oba auto\u0159i psali v souvislosti s Trumpovou vl\u00e1dou a zu\u0159iv\u00fdmi \u00fatoky demokrat\u016f proti n\u011bmu. Nejde v\u0161ak jen o opozici republik\u00e1n\u016f a demokrat\u016f. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee Z\u00e1pad zapomn\u011bl na rozvahu a racionalitu (a tak\u00e9 na Boha) a ponechal prostor emoc\u00edm. Odtud groteskn\u00ed projev Grety Thunbergov\u00e9 v OSN, kter\u00fd se stal mementem a d\u016fvodem k posm\u011bchu. Nebo srdceryvn\u00fd v\u00fdk\u0159ik polsk\u00e9ho um\u011blce Bartosze Bielenia v Evropsk\u00e9m parlamentu, kter\u00e9mu poslanci tleskali. Chov\u00e1n\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00fdch politik\u016f a aktivist\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed b\u011bhem debat pok\u0159ikuj\u00ed na sv\u00e9 oponenty nebo po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed v evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech demonstrativn\u00ed vystoupen\u00ed pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00e1 \u010dervenou barvou, m\u00e1 velmi bl\u00edzko k emokracii.<\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed nyn\u00ed m\u00edsto toho, aby diskutoval o z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch, chod\u00ed po p\u0159\u00edjezdu do Kyjeva do baru, kde\u00a0hraje na kytaru<\/a>\u00a0a zp\u00edv\u00e1 p\u00edsni\u010dku. Mo\u017en\u00e1 to nen\u00ed tak emotivn\u00ed jako projevy ekolog\u016f nebo ak\u010dn\u00edch aktivist\u016f s politick\u00fdm podtextem (jeden z nich si v listopadu 2013 na Rud\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed\u00a0p\u0159ibil \u0161ourek<\/a>). Ale Anthony Blinken tak \u010di onak uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee i on spadl do ba\u017einy emokracie.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e u\u017e jsme u t\u00e9 terminologie, emokracie je iluze demokracie, v n\u00ed\u017e zdrojem spole\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru nen\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00fd soubor hodnot, ale ur\u010dit\u00e9 emoce, kter\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed siln\u00e9 pocity v\u016f\u010di volb\u00e1m, vojensk\u00e9 odvet\u011b nebo sportovn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti.<\/p>\n

Nejedn\u00e1 se v\u0161ak pouze o prvek politick\u00e9ho populismu, jak by se mohlo na prvn\u00ed pohled zd\u00e1t. Australsk\u00fd politick\u00fd teoretik Stephen Chavura\u00a0odhaluje<\/a>\u00a0pojem emokracie a popisuje \u201enen\u00e1padn\u00fd, ale neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b hlubok\u00fd posun\u201c, k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo na Z\u00e1pad\u011b v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch: \u201eod pr\u00e1va usilovat o \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed k pr\u00e1vu b\u00fdt \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd\u201c. Chavura tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee pro mnoh\u00e9 se dnes \u201ezbytek spole\u010dnosti to\u010d\u00ed kolem m\u00fdch pocit\u016f a star\u00e1 se o to, abych se nestal ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdm\u201c.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy jde o hypertrofovan\u00fd narcismus a egocentrismus, jak by \u0159ekli psychiat\u0159i. Zkr\u00e1tka situace, kdy se n\u011bkdo domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee mu cel\u00fd sv\u011bt n\u011bco dlu\u017e\u00ed a on si m\u016f\u017ee d\u011blat, co chce.<\/p>\n

Takto se chovaj\u00ed pokrokov\u00ed liber\u00e1lov\u00e9, zn\u00e1m\u00ed jako \u201ewoke\u201c, ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Kv\u016fli nedostatku vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed kultu\u0159e chov\u00e1n\u00ed tito lid\u00e9 bouraj\u00ed pomn\u00edky historick\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed, projevuj\u00ed ne\u00factu k n\u00e1zor\u016fm sv\u00fdch krajan\u016f, odli\u0161n\u00fdm od jejich vlastn\u00edch (a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch v zahrani\u010d\u00ed), a p\u0159edkl\u00e1daj\u00ed ty nejsm\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy pod rou\u0161kou uboh\u00e9 starosti o jak\u00fdkoli probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

Ale nejen ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech vedl v\u00fdlev negativn\u00edch emoc\u00ed k z\u00e1niku zn\u00e1m\u00fdch demokratick\u00fdch postup\u016f.<\/p>\n

Zejm\u00e9na vystoupen\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie z EU bylo zva\u017eov\u00e1no pr\u00e1v\u011b v kontextu emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky. Ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 publikaci na toto t\u00e9ma bylo spr\u00e1vn\u011b\u00a0poznamen\u00e1no<\/a>, \u017ee \u201e\u00fazkost podn\u011bcuje lidi k hled\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed, zat\u00edmco hn\u011bv je nut\u00ed uzav\u00edrat nov\u00e9 zdroje informac\u00ed a spol\u00e9hat na ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed postoje. Podobn\u011b nad\u011bje a nad\u0161en\u00ed jsou spojeny s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1jmem o volebn\u00ed kampa\u0148 a \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed na n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco \u00fazkost a hn\u011bv ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed politickou toleranci\u201c.<\/p>\n

To potvrzuj\u00ed i manipulativn\u00ed praktiky, a to i ve vztahu k Rusku \u2013 tuny publikac\u00ed v posledn\u00edch letech byly zam\u011b\u0159eny na to, aby z konzument\u016f informac\u00ed vyhnaly hn\u011bv a n\u00e1sledn\u011b je zahnaly do ur\u010dit\u00fdch mez\u00ed p\u0159edsudk\u016f s c\u00edlem udr\u017eet je ve stavu\u00a0neust\u00e1l\u00e9 neur\u00f3zy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pokud se pono\u0159\u00edme do anal\u00fdzy vztahu emoc\u00ed a politiky, pak jin\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 publikace na toto t\u00e9ma\u00a0\u0159\u00edk\u00e1<\/a>, \u017ee \u201eemoce vlastn\u00ed jednotlivc\u016fm a pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 kolektivn\u011b se prol\u00ednaj\u00ed v uzlech soci\u00e1ln\u00edch struktur a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci glob\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky<\/i>\u201c. Mnohovrstevnat\u00fd proces vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed emoc\u00ed v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b autor zobrazuje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm s\u00edt\u011b vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch uzl\u016f a vazeb na \u010dty\u0159ech dominantn\u00edch t\u00e9matech: kolektivn\u00ed konfrontace, participace na politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, legitimita st\u00e1tu a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed masov\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed st\u00e1tem k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch emoc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm rozv\u00edjen\u00ed tohoto t\u00e9matu se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u201eemoce neexistuj\u00ed izolovan\u011b, ale p\u016fsob\u00ed v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm geopolitick\u00e9m a geokulturn\u00edm r\u00e1mci v z\u00e1vislosti na prostorov\u00fdch a \u010dasov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed jejich interpretaci a identifikaci. V t\u00e9to souvislosti se tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee studium \u201ecitlivosti a emoc\u00ed\u201c je z\u00e1kladem pro pochopen\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Pro pochopen\u00ed vztahu mezi emocemi a senzibilitou je zaveden pojem \u201eemocion\u00e1ln\u00ed ekologie\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jsou zd\u016frazn\u011bny t\u0159i jej\u00ed charakteristiky: kolektivn\u00ed emoce vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze spole\u010dn\u00e9 podobnosti, \u201ereferen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec\u201c spojen\u00fd s ka\u017edou emoc\u00ed a d\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed j\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00fdznam a skupiny emocion\u00e1ln\u00edch praktik. Kombinace r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f usnad\u0148uje utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch interakc\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se pocit\u016fm a jejich v\u00fdsledk\u016fm p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00fdznam podobn\u00fd emocion\u00e1ln\u00edmu sjednocen\u00ed. Oba koncepty \u2013 emo\u010dn\u00ed vazba a emo\u010dn\u00ed ekologie \u2013 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed dynamiky strachu a \u00fazkosti v kontextu v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00f3n, poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s lidmi, nerovnost\u00ed v oblasti zdrav\u00ed a rasov\u00e9 a etnick\u00e9 diskriminace.<\/p>\n

Autor se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee budouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v t\u00e9to oblasti se m\u016f\u017ee prohloubit n\u011bkolika sm\u011bry. Zaprv\u00e9, studium vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vztah\u016f mezi emocemi, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed se pouze na jeden emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed aspekt, by bylo v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm krokem vp\u0159ed v pochopen\u00ed slo\u017eitosti politiky. V ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b lid\u00e9 pro\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed celou \u0159adu emoc\u00ed, \u010dasto sou\u010dasn\u011b. Pochopen\u00ed toho, jak se tyto \u010detn\u00e9 emoce vz\u00e1jemn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed a jak ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed politick\u00e9 n\u00e1zory a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, je pro v\u011bdce slibnou oblast\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu. Zadruh\u00e9 by v\u011bdci mohli studovat i vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 vztahy emoc\u00ed. Interakce mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi identitami, jako je rasa, t\u0159\u00edda, pohlav\u00ed, a emocemi v politick\u00e9m kontextu vy\u017eaduje dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum. Zat\u0159et\u00ed jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed mezikulturn\u00ed a mezietnick\u00e9 srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studie, kter\u00e9 by zkoumaly, jak emoce ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed politiku v r\u016fzn\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech, kultur\u00e1ch a politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech. Za \u010dtvrt\u00e9, a to je nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, se zkoumaj\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed aspekty environment\u00e1ln\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Studium toho, jak emoce, jako je strach, nad\u011bje nebo apatie, ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti, v\u00fdvoj politiky a kolektivn\u00ed akce souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zm\u011bnou klimatu nebo environment\u00e1ln\u00edmi probl\u00e9my, si zaslou\u017e\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed pozornost. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je t\u0159eba v\u00edce zkoumat, jak emoce ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed procesy \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konflikt\u016f, budov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edru a vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Pochopen\u00ed toho, jak emoce ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed o usm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a m\u00edrov\u00e9 dohody, m\u016f\u017ee potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zlep\u0161it strategie \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed konflikt\u016f. Emoce v politice z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se oblast\u00ed studia, kter\u00e1 nab\u00edz\u00ed bohat\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti pro interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a dal\u0161\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 souhry mezi city, moc\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed dynamikou.<\/p>\n

Tyto n\u00e1vrhy jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed toho, co se stalo se z\u00e1padn\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed. \u010cteme-li v\u0161ak mezi \u0159\u00e1dky, snadno pochop\u00edme, \u017ee sm\u011bry t\u011bchto studi\u00ed poskytnou tak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, jak l\u00e9pe zvl\u00e1dat emoce a kam je sm\u011b\u0159ovat. A to v kontextu v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho otup\u011bn\u00ed Z\u00e1padu u\u010din\u00ed voli\u010de t\u011bchto zem\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi v\u016f\u010di kast\u011b m\u00edstn\u00edch politick\u00fdch strat\u00e9g\u016f.<\/p>\n

Leonid Savin<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Emocracy: The Practice Of Manipulating The Emotions Of The Population<\/a> vy\u0161el 24.5.2024 na Oriental Review. P\u0159eklad\u00a0Zvedavec.org<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po z\u00e1niku demokracie na Z\u00e1pad\u011b se politici uchyluj\u00ed k manipulaci s emocemi obyvatelstva. Je\u0161t\u011b v…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":33247,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[7365,4543,940,607],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54733"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54733"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54733\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}