{"id":51462,"date":"2024-04-13T00:31:47","date_gmt":"2024-04-12T22:31:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=51462"},"modified":"2024-04-12T19:16:30","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T17:16:30","slug":"usa-pokracuji-v-rozsirovani-sveho-stareho-arzenalu-jadernych-zbrani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/04\/13\/usa-pokracuji-v-rozsirovani-sveho-stareho-arzenalu-jadernych-zbrani\/","title":{"rendered":"USA pokra\u010duj\u00ed v roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho arzen\u00e1lu jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed opravy st\u00e1rnouc\u00edch ponorek a ICBM na pozad\u00ed nevy\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch modernizac\u00ed a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed jadern\u00e9 nejistoty<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se sv\u00fdmi st\u00e1rnouc\u00edmi balistick\u00fdmi ponorkami a mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00edmi balistick\u00fdmi st\u0159elami uv\u00edzly v nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 ide\u00e1ln\u00ed jadern\u00e9 pozici uprost\u0159ed velk\u00e9 mocensk\u00e9 rivality a jadern\u00e9 nejistoty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento m\u011bs\u00edc Breaking Defense ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee kv\u016fli zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm v rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1stupc\u016f Pentagon studuje strategie, jak prodlou\u017eit \u017eivotnost sv\u00fdch mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00edch balistick\u00fdch st\u0159el a ponorek, zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jako SSBN. (SS znamen\u00e1 \u201eponorku\u201c, B znamen\u00e1 \u201ebalistickou st\u0159elu\u201c a N znamen\u00e1 \u201enukle\u00e1rn\u00ed pohon\u201c).<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle Breaking Defense John Plumb, n\u00e1m\u011bstek ministra obrany pro vesm\u00edrnou politiku, vysv\u011btlil, \u017ee krom\u011b modernizace sv\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 tri\u00e1dy zva\u017euje americk\u00e9 ministerstvo obrany tak\u00e9 strategie, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed, \u017ee st\u00e1rnouc\u00ed SSBN t\u0159\u00eddy Ohio a ICBM Minuteman III vydr\u017e\u00ed. d\u00e9le, ne\u017e se p\u016fvodn\u011b pl\u00e1novalo, aby z\u016fstal v provozu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va tak\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee ministerstvo obrany p\u0159ehodnocuje program Sentinel americk\u00e9ho letectva pot\u00e9, co n\u00e1klady na program vzrostly o 37 procent \u2013 \u200b\u200bp\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 v jazyce Pentagonu jako poru\u0161en\u00ed Nunn-McCurdy. Zpr\u00e1va uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee ministr obrany Lloyd Austin mus\u00ed jednat podle ustanoven\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, aby ur\u010dil, zda program m\u016f\u017ee pokra\u010dovat, a pokud ano, aby potvrdil jeho \u017eivotaschopnost.<\/span><\/p>\n

Breaking Defense uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee lo\u010fa\u0159sk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl americk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva se pot\u00fdk\u00e1 se syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u011b, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed 12 a\u017e 16 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pro dal\u0161\u00ed SSBN t\u0159\u00eddy Columbia, postaven\u00fd spole\u010dnostmi General Dynamics Electric Boat a Huntington Ingalls Industries.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee bombard\u00e9r B-21 americk\u00e9ho letectva je jedin\u00fdm programem jadern\u00e9 modernizace, kter\u00fd prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b podle pl\u00e1nu. Navzdory v\u010dasnosti zpr\u00e1va uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee spole\u010dnost Northrop Grumman utrp\u011bla finan\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu ve v\u00fd\u0161i 1 miliardy dolar\u016f kv\u016fli inflaci b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze v\u00fdroby, co\u017e byla ztr\u00e1ta, kterou spole\u010dnost utrp\u011bla kv\u016fli podm\u00ednk\u00e1m pevn\u00e9 ceny smlouvy s letectvem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Breaking Defense hl\u00e1s\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdbor americk\u00e9ho Kongresu, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 jadernou situac\u00ed v USA, varoval, \u017ee Pentagon pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 syst\u00e9m \u201ejust-in-time\u201c k modernizaci sv\u00fdch jadern\u00fdch kapacit, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zastaral\u00e9 syst\u00e9my jsou vy\u0159azov\u00e1ny sou\u010dasn\u011b s nov\u00fdmi platformami jsou p\u0159edstaveny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Publikace uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee Komise navrhla r\u016fzn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kapacitn\u00edch omezen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm modernizace. Jedn\u00edm z navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed je p\u0159id\u011blen\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na vylep\u0161en\u00ed SSBN t\u0159\u00eddy Ohio. Dal\u0161\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm je distribuce st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch jadern\u00fdch hlavic na zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed jadern\u00e9 platformy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00e9 mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed balistick\u00e9 rakety hraj\u00ed komplexn\u00ed roli v jadern\u00e9m odstra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale jejich v\u00fdhody jsou kompenzov\u00e1ny slabinami, kter\u00e9 vedly k debat\u00e1m o jejich d\u016fle\u017eitosti ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jadern\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi ve vzduchu a na mo\u0159i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud jde o pozitiva, Asia Times v dubnu 2023 poznamenaly, \u017ee mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed balistick\u00e9 rakety funguj\u00ed jako \u201eraketov\u00e1 houba\u201c, p\u0159itahuj\u00ed p\u0159il\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 st\u0159ely a p\u0159i preventivn\u00edm \u00faderu nut\u00ed protivn\u00edka rozm\u00edstit dostatek raket ke zni\u010den\u00ed \u0161iroce rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch jadern\u00fdch sil.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed balistick\u00e9 st\u0159ely tak\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed mo\u017enost prvn\u00edho \u00faderu, proto\u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny jsou v pohotovosti a mohou se spustit b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika minut.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku ve War on the Rocks z \u0159\u00edjna 2019 Steve Fetter a Kingston Reif nav\u00edc poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed balistick\u00e9 rakety funguj\u00ed jako tripwire a nut\u00ed protivn\u00edky p\u0159\u00edmo za\u00fato\u010dit na americkou pevninu, co\u017e m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek oboustrann\u011b zaru\u010den\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00ed. Fetter a Reif tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed balistick\u00e9 rakety pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed neviditeln\u00e1 zranitelnost v n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm jadern\u00e9m odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm prost\u0159edku Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Upozor\u0148uj\u00ed v\u0161ak na zranitelnost americk\u00e9ho arzen\u00e1lu ICBM, toti\u017e \u017ee mohou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd jadern\u00fd \u00fatok pouze tehdy, pokud budou odp\u00e1leny b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch 30 minut mezi detekc\u00ed p\u0159il\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed rakety a dopadem, zat\u00edmco pozice americk\u00fdch jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed je \u201espu\u0161t\u011bn v Attacku\u201c nab\u00edz\u00ed dobu odezvy pouze 10 minut.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tvrd\u00ed tak\u00e9, \u017ee arzen\u00e1l ICBM je zbyte\u010dn\u00fd, proto\u017ee americk\u00e9 bombard\u00e9ry a SSBN jsou v\u00edce ne\u017e dostate\u010dn\u00e9 pro druh\u00fd \u00fatok. Fetter a Reif tak\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ICBM nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody oproti bombard\u00e9r\u016fm a SSBN. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsou ICBM m\u00e9n\u011b flexibiln\u00ed ne\u017e bombard\u00e9ry a SSBN.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e1le Toby Dalton a dal\u0161\u00ed auto\u0159i dokumentu Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ze z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2022 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee nejadern\u00fd \u00fatok na americk\u00e9 ICBM hypersonick\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi by vyvolal ot\u00e1zku, zda reagovat jadern\u00fdm proti\u00faderem. Dalton a dal\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1le poukazuj\u00ed na to, \u017ee americk\u00e9 mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed balistick\u00e9 rakety by musely let\u011bt p\u0159es Rusko, aby dos\u00e1hly c\u00edl\u016f v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, co\u017e by zv\u00fd\u0161ilo riziko jadern\u00e9 v\u00e1lky na dvou front\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco SSBN jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za kone\u010dn\u00fd jadern\u00fd odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed prost\u0159edek, dlouhodob\u00e1 americk\u00e1 politika odzbrojen\u00ed, rostouc\u00ed n\u00e1klady a technologick\u00fd pokrok mohou za\u010d\u00edt zpochyb\u0148ovat jejich d\u016fle\u017eitost.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku z \u00fanora 2020 pro Australian National Security College James Wirtz poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 americk\u00fd z\u00e1vazek udr\u017eovat podvodn\u00ed jadern\u00fd odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed prost\u0159edek kv\u016fli jeho schopnosti p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed, schopnosti druh\u00e9ho \u00faderu a schopnosti udr\u017eet c\u00edle v ohro\u017een\u00ed po jadern\u00e9m nebo konven\u010dn\u00edm \u00fatoku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wirtz v\u0161ak poukazuje na to, \u017ee prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Obamovy administrativy o jadern\u00e9m odzbrojen\u00ed jako dlouhodob\u00fd c\u00edl USA znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 nov\u00e1 generace americk\u00fdch SSBN bude o 40 procent men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ta p\u0159edchoz\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed generace americk\u00fdch SSBN, kter\u00e1 bude vyvinuta v roce 2060, bude obsahovat pouze sedm jednotek.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wittz analyzuje, \u017ee kombinace vysok\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f na nasazen\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch hlavic na drah\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu a trendu k jadern\u00e9mu odzbrojen\u00ed by mohla podkopat podporu americk\u00e9ho programu SSBN, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e t\u0159\u00edda Columbia je potenci\u00e1ln\u011b posledn\u00ed americkou SSBN. Poukazuje tak\u00e9 na to, \u017ee se objevuj\u00ed zv\u011bsti, \u017ee si USA mo\u017en\u00e1 budou muset vysta\u010dit s pouh\u00fdmi 10 SSBN t\u0159\u00eddy Columbia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9, \u017ee Wirtz zmi\u0148uje mo\u017enost technologick\u00fdch \u201e\u010dern\u00fdch labut\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e9 by mohly negovat relevanci SSBN. Asia Times v b\u0159eznu 2023 poznamenaly, \u017ee pokroky v AI, senzorov\u00e9 technologii a podvodn\u00ed komunikaci by mohly do roku 2050 u\u010dinit oce\u00e1ny pr\u016fhledn\u00fdmi, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny typy ponorek budou detekovateln\u00e9 bez ohledu na pokrok v technologii stealth.<\/span><\/p>\n

Den\u00edk Asia Times v srpnu 2023 uvedl, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna \u00fadajn\u011b vyvinula vysoce citliv\u00fd detektor ponorek, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee pomoc\u00ed magnetohydrodynamick\u00e9ho efektu detekovat t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neviditeln\u00e9 bubliny v trupu jadern\u00e9 ponorky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asia Times nav\u00edc v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2023 ozn\u00e1mily, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna vyvinula terahertzov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed schopn\u00e9 detekovat vibrace o velikosti 10 nanometr\u016f produkovan\u00e9 n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edm zdrojem zvuku na otev\u0159en\u00e9m mo\u0159i. Tyto vibrace by mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity k detekci ponorek a identifikaci jejich modelu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyto probl\u00e9my v americk\u00fdch pozemn\u00edch a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch jadern\u00fdch arzen\u00e1lech by mohly p\u0159isp\u011bt k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu probl\u00e9mu velk\u00e9 mocensk\u00e9 konkurence a mo\u017en\u00e9ho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku z tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce The Economist poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee sv\u011bt m\u016f\u017ee \u010delit obdob\u00ed jadern\u00e9 nejistoty \u2013 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e USA a jejich spojence zneklid\u0148uje v\u00e1lka na Ukrajin\u011b a rostouc\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd jadern\u00fd arzen\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Economist si tak\u00e9 v\u0161iml jasn\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi jadernou politikou Trumpovy administrativy a Bidenovy administrativy: Trumpova administrativa obhajuje robustn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jadernou politiku pomoc\u00ed programu \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch st\u0159el odpalovan\u00fdch z ponorek (SLCM-N), zat\u00edmco Bidenova administrativa se sna\u017e\u00ed zru\u0161it tento program, proto\u017ee to nebylo nutn\u00e9 kv\u016fli opatrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jadern\u00e9 politice USA.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee takov\u00e1 nekonzistence by mohla vyvolat ot\u00e1zky o spolehlivosti americk\u00e9ho jadern\u00e9ho de\u0161tn\u00edku a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdch z\u00e1ruk\u00e1ch odstra\u0161en\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Podle The Economist m\u016f\u017ee tato nejistota v\u00e9st k n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n