{"id":44384,"date":"2024-01-11T00:33:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-10T23:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=44384"},"modified":"2024-01-10T15:58:34","modified_gmt":"2024-01-10T14:58:34","slug":"mel-gurtov-globalni-dluh-je-nekontrolovatelny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2024\/01\/11\/mel-gurtov-globalni-dluh-je-nekontrolovatelny\/","title":{"rendered":"Mel Gurtov: Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed dluh je nekontrolovateln\u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka pr\u00e1v\u011b prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee dluh rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed dos\u00e1hl \u201ekrizov\u00e9\u201c \u00farovn\u011b.\u00a0\u010cl\u00e1nek v New York Times z 16. prosince s titulkem \u201eProbl\u00e9m s dluhem je obrovsk\u00fd a syst\u00e9m jeho n\u00e1pravy je rozbit\u00fd\u201c podporuje tento n\u00e1zor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek pokra\u010duje: \u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed ideologie \u2013 pozd\u011bji zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako \u201aWashingtonsk\u00fd konsensus\u2018 \u2013 tvrdila, \u017ee prosperita z\u00e1vis\u00ed na neomezen\u00e9m obchodu, deregulaci a nad\u0159azenosti soukrom\u00fdch investic.\u00a0T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o 80 let pozd\u011bji je glob\u00e1ln\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed architektura zastaral\u00e1, nefunk\u010dn\u00ed a nespravedliv\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt je skute\u010dn\u011b zaplaven vl\u00e1dn\u00edmi dluhy v \u010dele s USA, Japonskem a \u010c\u00ednou, kter\u00e9 dohromady tvo\u0159\u00ed asi polovinu celkov\u00e9ho dluhu.\u00a0Velmoci ale maj\u00ed mnoho mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak se se sv\u00fdm dluhem vypo\u0159\u00e1dat.\u00a0Mal\u00e9, ekonomicky slab\u00e9 zem\u011b je nemaj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

To, co je nazna\u010deno ve zpr\u00e1v\u011b Times, ale nen\u00ed to p\u0159\u00edmo \u0159e\u0161eno, je koncentrovan\u00e1 s\u00edla washingtonsk\u00e9ho konsensu.\u00a0Odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ekonomickou dominanci USA a Evropy \u2013 shodu nejen veden\u00ed Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky a Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho m\u011bnov\u00e9ho fondu (MMF), kde m\u011bly USA v\u017edy v\u00fdhradn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo veta, ale tak\u00e9 americk\u00e9ho ministerstva financ\u00ed a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 finan\u010dn\u00edch center, kter\u00e1 se t\u00e1hne od New Yorku a Chicaga a\u017e po Frankfurt a Curych.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dominance znamen\u00e1 schopnost diktovat podm\u00ednky \u00fav\u011bru.\u00a0Rozhodnut\u00ed Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky a MMF po mnoho let sm\u011b\u0159ovala k tomu, aby \u00fav\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed chud\u00fdch a st\u0159edn\u011bp\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdch zem\u00ed bylo podm\u00edn\u011bno jejich otev\u0159enost\u00ed soukrom\u00fdm investic\u00edm, voln\u00fdm obchodem a deregulac\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch instituc\u00ed \u2013 silnic, \u017eeleznic, bank, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed. ud\u011blat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Otev\u0159enost znamen\u00e1, \u017ee z\u00e1padn\u00ed kapit\u00e1l m\u016f\u017ee proniknout do ekonomik rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed, co\u017e \u010dasto vede k erozi \u010di dokonce likvidaci m\u00edstn\u00edch soukrom\u00fdch a st\u00e1tn\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Velc\u00ed dlu\u017en\u00edci tak\u00e9 \u010del\u00ed vysok\u00fdm \u00farokov\u00fdm sazb\u00e1m.\u00a0Aby bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno spl\u00e1cen\u00ed, Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka a MMF hl\u00e1saj\u00ed \u00fasporn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed: vl\u00e1dy by m\u011bly omezit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed programy, aby splatily dluh.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00e1 hluboce zadlu\u017een\u00e1 rodina pochop\u00ed, p\u0159ed jak hroznou volbou zde vl\u00e1dy stoj\u00ed: z\u016fstat v dobr\u00e9m vztahu s bank\u00e9\u0159i t\u00edm, \u017ee odstran\u00ed nebo sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed dotace chud\u00fdm na j\u00eddlo, zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di a palivo.<\/span><\/p>\n

V d\u016fsledku toho Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, v \u010dl\u00e1nku Times \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eI ty nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed c\u00edle boje proti hladu a chudob\u011b byly po desetilet\u00edch pokroku zvr\u00e1ceny.\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Krize ve v\u00fdvoji lidstva<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed dluhov\u00e1 krize nen\u00ed nov\u00fd probl\u00e9m, jen se znovu zhor\u0161uje.\u00a0Jak vysv\u011btluje Times: \u201eS pandemi\u00ed Covid-19, r\u016fstem cen potravin a energi\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00edm s v\u00e1lkou na Ukrajin\u011b a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi \u00farokov\u00fdmi sazbami se zem\u011b s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi a st\u0159edn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edjmy plavou v dluz\u00edch a \u010del\u00ed pomal\u00e9mu r\u016fstu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Times ale vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed faktor \u010c\u00edny \u2013 miliardy dolar\u016f v p\u016fj\u010dk\u00e1ch chud\u00fdm zem\u00edm, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 splatit.\u00a0Zde vynik\u00e1 subsaharsk\u00e1 Afrika s p\u016fj\u010dkami ve v\u00fd\u0161i asi 140 miliard dolar\u016f: z 15 zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 obdr\u017eely nejv\u00edce p\u016fj\u010dek z \u010c\u00edny, je pouze jedna (Bol\u00edvie) mimo tento region.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna oznamuje, \u017ee jej\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky, zejm\u00e9na v r\u00e1mci iniciativy Belt and Road Initiative, budou poskytov\u00e1ny bez \u00fasporn\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f a za ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farokov\u00e9 sazby.\u00a0BRI byla dob\u0159e p\u0159ijata v \u0159ad\u011b zem\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale nic takov\u00e9ho jako ob\u011bd zdarma neexistuje a \u2013 abychom pou\u017eili metaforu \u2013 jsou tu prov\u00e1zky, proto \u201edluhov\u00e1 past\u201c.\u00a0P\u0159\u00edjemci \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch p\u016fj\u010dek mo\u017en\u00e1 budou muset \u0159e\u0161it p\u0159\u00edstup k p\u0159\u00edstav\u016fm a \u017eeleznic\u00edm, t\u011b\u017ebu nerost\u016f a jin\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly, zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch politik (nap\u0159. pokud jde o lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a Tchaj-wan) recipro\u010dn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dluhov\u00e1 krize je p\u0159\u00edznakem rozvojov\u00e9 krize, v n\u00ed\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e dost zem\u00edm chyb\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed zdroje na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, od zdrav\u00ed p\u0159es zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed potravin a\u017e po ochranu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\u00a0Tyto zem\u011b jsou nav\u00edc \u010dasto ob\u011bt\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed bohat\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jako je tomu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zm\u011bny klimatu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeden zdroj poukazuje na to, \u017ee nejbohat\u0161\u00ed jedno procento sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 80 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, je odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za zhruba polovinu glob\u00e1ln\u00edch emis\u00ed uhl\u00edku, zat\u00edmco nejchud\u0161\u00edch 50 procent, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 3,9 miliardy lid\u00ed, je odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch za zhruba osm procent emis\u00ed uhl\u00edku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Modely shora dol\u016f nebo zdola nahoru?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud si pamatuji, typick\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm dluhov\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu bylo poskytnout rozvojov\u00fdm zem\u00edm m\u00edsto u stolu, kde se rozhoduje, a p\u0159em\u011bnit p\u016fj\u010dky na granty.\u00a0M\u00edsto u stolu by mohlo b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, pokud by se kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010de, po\u010d\u00ednaje USA, n\u011bkdy poda\u0159ilo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit, aby sn\u00ed\u017eili sv\u00e9 hlasovac\u00ed pr\u00e1vo.<\/span><\/p>\n

I pot\u00e9 podm\u00ednky p\u016fj\u010dky \u2013 mno\u017estv\u00ed dostupn\u00fdch pen\u011bz, vysok\u00e9 \u00farokov\u00e9 sazby, po\u017eadavky m\u00edstn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f a podm\u00ednky spl\u00e1cen\u00ed \u2013 st\u00e1le z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dobr\u00e9 v\u016fli velk\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed.\u00a0A tyto instituce nejsou, m\u00edrn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, zrovna dobro\u010dinn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud jde o poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed dotac\u00ed m\u00edsto p\u016fj\u010dek, ta doba je d\u00e1vno pry\u010d a v dne\u0161n\u00edm konkuren\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed by se jen velmi t\u011b\u017eko obnovovala.\u00a0Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed pomoc t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ze v\u0161ech zem\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ve form\u011b p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch grant\u016f, ji\u017e \u0159adu let kles\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slabinou zpr\u00e1vy Times je, \u017ee neinformuje o p\u0159\u00edstupech zdola nahoru k rozvoji v z\u00e1jmu lid\u00ed.\u00a0Poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoci nebo \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 \u00falevy znamen\u00e1 jednat v\u00fdhradn\u011b s vl\u00e1dami, kter\u00e9 jsou zkorumpovan\u00e9, p\u0159ehnan\u011b byrokratick\u00e9 a nekompetentn\u00ed, ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 arm\u00e1dou a autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u2013 v ka\u017ed\u00e9m z t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f m\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost n\u00edzkou prioritu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nasm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f nevl\u00e1dn\u00edm organizac\u00edm s \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdmi zku\u0161enostmi s podporou lidsk\u00e9ho rozvoje je mnohem pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ud\u011blen\u00ed oddlu\u017een\u00ed nehodn\u00fdm vl\u00e1d\u00e1m.\u00a0Existuje \u0159ada program\u016f m\u00edstn\u00edho rozvoje, kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad v oblasti mikrofinanc\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kiva je jedn\u00edm z nich: D\u00e1v\u00e1 mal\u00e9 p\u016fj\u010dky za velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farokov\u00e9 sazby vesni\u010dan\u016fm, obvykle \u017een\u00e1m, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed zalo\u017eit mal\u00e9 podniky.\u00a0Skute\u010dn\u00e1 volba pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed organizace se scvrk\u00e1v\u00e1 na toto: Cht\u011bj\u00ed zachra\u0148ovat vl\u00e1dy nebo posilovat postaven\u00ed lid\u00ed?<\/span><\/p>\n

Mel Gurtov<\/strong> je emeritn\u00edm profesorem politologie na Portlandsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed univerzit\u011b, \u0161\u00e9fredaktorem Asian Perspective, \u010dtvrtletn\u00edho \u010dasopisu o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech, a blog\u016f na In the Human Interest.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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ZDROJ<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka pr\u00e1v\u011b prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee dluh rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed dos\u00e1hl \u201ekrizov\u00e9\u201c \u00farovn\u011b.\u00a0\u010cl\u00e1nek v New York Times…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":529,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[528,1181,59,371,1504,2967,276],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44384"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=44384"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44384\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=44384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=44384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}