{"id":42590,"date":"2023-12-15T00:42:05","date_gmt":"2023-12-14T23:42:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=42590"},"modified":"2023-12-14T20:13:42","modified_gmt":"2023-12-14T19:13:42","slug":"zbynek-fiala-plna-nadrz-elektriny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/12\/15\/zbynek-fiala-plna-nadrz-elektriny\/","title":{"rendered":"Zbyn\u011bk Fiala: Pln\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e elekt\u0159iny"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

Nov\u00e9 baterie s \u010dern\u00fdm pr\u00e1\u0161kem umo\u017en\u00ed dojezd a\u017e 800 km a zkr\u00e1t\u00ed nab\u00edjen\u00ed na p\u00e1r minut. Mercedes je chce m\u00edt u\u017e roku 2025. Posledn\u00ed bitva automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu vzpl\u00e1la.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kalifornsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Sila bude dod\u00e1vat spole\u010dnosti Panasonic americk\u00fd k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek pro baterie elektromobil\u016f, kter\u00fd by mohl odstranit obavy z dojezdu, zkr\u00e1tit dobu nab\u00edjen\u00ed, a dokonce sn\u00ed\u017eit z\u00e1vislost na \u010c\u00edn\u011b, p\u00ed\u0161e v\u00a0senza\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b internetov\u00fd Wired.<\/p>\n

Nab\u00edz\u00ed tak trochu reality do abstraktn\u00edch bitev o slov\u00ed\u010dka, kter\u00e1 charakterizovala v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed konferenci OSN o klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch COP28 v\u00a0Dubaji. To re\u00e1lno p\u0159edstavuje vyhl\u00eddka elektrick\u00e9ho auta, kter\u00e9 ztratilo v\u0161echny nev\u00fdhody proti benz\u00ednu, proto\u017ee ujede na jedno nabit\u00ed a\u017e 800 kilometr\u016f (500 mil) a nabije se na 80 procent za deset minut. Prachat\u00fd Mercedes Benz vyhro\u017euje, \u017ee t\u00edm osad\u00ed u\u017e sv\u016fj nov\u00fd model roku 2025.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/panasonic-powder-powered-silicone-ev-batteries\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m odp\u016frc\u016f gr\u00fdnd\u00fdlu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee star\u00e9 technologie, do kter\u00fdch jsme tolik nainvestovali, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed konkurenceschopnost. Bojujeme jako lvi za prodlou\u017een\u00ed jejich \u017eivotnosti \u2013 ale diplomatick\u00e1 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v\u00a0podob\u011b odd\u00e1len\u00ed term\u00ednu, dokdy to budou smlouvy tolerovat, nar\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed na fakt, \u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edci se nep\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Volkswagen i \u0160kodovka ztratily spoustu \u010dasu ohl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm dozadu, a te\u010f mus\u00ed omezovat v\u00fdrobu, proto\u017ee popt\u00e1vka po spalovac\u00edch motorech kles\u00e1.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.autoforum.cz\/predstaveni\/prodeje-elektromobilu-v-nemecku-se-dale-propadaji-i-tesne-pred-dalsim-omezenim-dotaci-kralem-porazenych-je-skoda\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Nebyla to ztracen\u00e1 bitva, dokud spalovac\u00ed motory dominovaly dojezdem a kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm pobytem u pumpy. Pokud v\u0161ak n\u011bkdo p\u0159i\u0161el na to, \u017ee tohle \u0159e\u0161\u00ed mlet\u00fd k\u0159em\u00edk, bude to brzy um\u011bt ka\u017ed\u00fd. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku to asi levn\u00e9 nebude, jinak by po tom nesahal Mercedes, z\u00e1visl\u00fd na sv\u00e9 v\u00fdlu\u010dnosti. Ono je to toti\u017e trochu nano, kafemlejnek na to nesta\u010d\u00ed. Ale spousta zem\u00ed u\u017e nen\u00ed v\u00a0nanotechnologi\u00edch nov\u00e1\u010dky, a \u010cesko k\u00a0nim pat\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1vod pro ty, kdo by si cht\u011bli takovou baterku ud\u011blat doma:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anodov\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek Titan Silicon spole\u010dnosti Sila tvo\u0159\u00ed\u00a0mikrometrov\u00e9 (tis\u00edcina milimetru) \u010d\u00e1stice nanostruktur (o jeden a\u017e t\u0159i \u0159\u00e1dy men\u0161\u00ed) k\u0159em\u00edku a nahrazuje grafitovou anodu v tradi\u010dn\u00edch lithiov\u00fdch bateri\u00edch. Uveden\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna anody za \u010dern\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek \u00fadajn\u011b nevy\u017eaduje velk\u00e9 zm\u011bny na v\u00fdrobn\u00edch link\u00e1ch v\u00fdrobc\u016f bateri\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201eTrvalo n\u00e1m 12 let a 80 000 iterac\u00ed, ne\u017e jsme se dostali do tohoto bodu,“ \u0159ekl o tom Gene Berdichevsky, spoluzakladatel a gener\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159editel spole\u010dnosti Sila. \u201eJe to sofistikovan\u00e1 v\u011bda.“<\/p>\n

Jak Wired p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, Berdichevsky za\u010d\u00ednal v Tesle v roce 2004, dokonce s\u00a0pr\u016fkazkou \u010d\u00edslo 7. V\u011bnoval se bateriov\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu pro Teslu Roadster, ale brzy z\u00a0firmy ode\u0161el. N\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das pokra\u010doval ve studiu, a pak zalo\u017eil spole\u010dnost Sila s\u00a0Alexem Jacobsem, dal\u0161\u00edm b\u00fdval\u00fdm kolegou z\u00a0Tesly, a s Glebem Yushinem, profesorem materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch v\u011bd na v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 Technologick\u00e9 univerzit\u011b st\u00e1tu Georgia (Georgia Tech<\/em>).<\/p>\n

U\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee k\u0159em\u00edk uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 desetkr\u00e1t v\u00edc energie ne\u017e grafit, tak\u017ee pou\u017eit\u00ed k\u0159em\u00edku m\u00edsto grafitu pro anodu, kter\u00e1 uvol\u0148uje elektrony b\u011bhem vyb\u00edjen\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161it energetickou hustotu baterie. Materi\u00e1l v\u0161ak p\u0159i opakovan\u00e9m nab\u00edjen\u00ed bobtn\u00e1 a vznikl\u00e9 trhliny radik\u00e1ln\u011b sni\u017euj\u00ed jeho \u017eivotnost. Slep\u00e1 uli\u010dka? Ne, \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159inesly nanotechnologie.<\/p>\n

\u201eTitan Silicon je nanokompozitn\u00ed materi\u00e1l,“ vysv\u011btluje Berdichevsky. „Je to jako rozinkov\u00e1 buchta, kde rozinky jsou k\u0159em\u00edk a kolem rozinek je kypr\u00e1 matrice tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed velkou vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed slupku t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1stice. Slupka si udr\u017euje sv\u016fj prostor, tak\u017ee kdy\u017e se rozinky rozp\u00ednaj\u00ed, chl\u00e9b se pohybuje do stran. K\u0159em\u00edk tak nen\u00ed le\u0161en\u00edm uzam\u010den, to se p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje expanzi.“<\/p>\n

Patentovan\u00fd proces, jak obklopit silikonov\u00e9 nanostruktury on\u00edm le\u0161en\u00edm, zahrnuje infiltraci silanem, co\u017e je plyn s molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed strukturou jako m\u00e1 metan, jen m\u00e1 uhl\u00edk nahrazen k\u0159em\u00edkem. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek se dod\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdrobc\u016fm bateri\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee tak, alchymie je to \u00fa\u017easn\u00e1. Nov\u00e9 baterky by m\u011bly prodlou\u017eit dojezd typick\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho auta o 40 procent a zkr\u00e1tit pobyt u nab\u00edje\u010dky na dobu, kter\u00e1 u\u017e se moc neli\u0161\u00ed od manipulace s\u00a0benz\u00ednovou hubic\u00ed. \u201eAle tohle nen\u00ed v\u0161echno!\u201c (zv\u00fd\u0161il by tlak teleshoping). Titan Silicon je p\u011btkr\u00e1t leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e grafit a zab\u00edr\u00e1 jen polovinu jeho prostoru. Panasonic, kter\u00fd se uj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00fdroby bateri\u00ed Sila jako prvn\u00ed, proto hodl\u00e1 do roku 2030 nacpat do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho litru bateri\u00ed celou kilowatthodinu, o t\u0159etinu v\u00edc ne\u017e \u010din\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dka.<\/p>\n

K\u0159em\u00edk je v\u0161ude, nen\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00fd. To grafit ano. Podle poradensk\u00e9 Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, \u010c\u00edna t\u011b\u017e\u00ed 61 % sv\u011btov\u00e9ho grafitu a rafinuje 98 % hotov\u00e9ho grafitov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. V\u00a0dosavadn\u00edch lithiov\u00fdch baterk\u00e1ch tvo\u0159\u00ed grafit a\u017e 60 procent objemu. V\u00a0Evrop\u011b t\u0159eba \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd grafit nevad\u00ed, ale v\u00a0Americe by narazil na podm\u00ednky podpory z\u00a0programu IRA, tak\u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edci by p\u0159i\u0161li o 7 500 dolar\u016f da\u0148ov\u00e9 \u00falevy.<\/p>\n

Berdishevsky prohla\u0161uje, \u017ee jeho Sila u\u017e je schopna vyr\u00e1b\u011bt ve velk\u00e9m, a \u010dek\u00e1, a\u017e se dokon\u010di v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch model\u016f u jej\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f. A pak jsou tu jin\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed jdou do n\u011b\u010deho podobn\u00e9ho. Spole\u010dnost Group14 Technologies zah\u00e1jila v\u00fdstavbu tov\u00e1rny, kter\u00e1 bude vyr\u00e1b\u011bt podobn\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek pro Porsche.\u00a0Kalifornsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti OneD Battery Sciences a Amprius zase s\u00e1zej\u00ed na k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 nanodr\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k bobtn\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e nanok\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 pr\u00e1\u0161ky. Spole\u010dnost Enevate, rovn\u011b\u017e z Kalifornie, nam\u00edsto k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch nano\u010d\u00e1stic nebo nanodr\u00e1tk\u016f nan\u00e1\u0161\u00ed k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 filmy v nanorozm\u011brech p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u011bd\u011bnou f\u00f3lii. Jej\u00ed k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 anodov\u00e9 baterie se ji\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v elektrick\u00fdch motocyklech. Chicagsk\u00fd startup NanoGraf vyr\u00e1b\u00ed pro anody materi\u00e1l z oxidu k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00e9ho. Jeho anody se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve vojensk\u00e9 elektronice.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edch chemick\u00fdch bateri\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed zcela nahradit tradi\u010dn\u00ed lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie. Spole\u010dnost Tesla ji\u017e vyr\u00e1b\u00ed automobily s lithium-\u017eelezo-fosf\u00e1tov\u00fdmi bateriemi. Toyota dr\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed odborn\u00edky sv\u00fdmi polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi bateriemi. \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 firmy vyv\u00edjej\u00ed sod\u00edkov\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e9 nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 lithium, nikl ani kobalt. A Samsung SDI zdokonaluje baterie s vysok\u00fdm obsahem manganu, zahlcuje n\u00e1s Wired dal\u0161\u00edmi informacemi o revoluc\u00ed v\u00a0bateriov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n

\u00damrtn\u00ed listy pro elektromobilitu let\u00ed do ko\u0161e, jeden za druh\u00fdm. Smi\u0159me se s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee sv\u011bt se zm\u011bnil.<\/p>\n

Zbyn\u011bk Fiala<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nov\u00e9 baterie s \u010dern\u00fdm pr\u00e1\u0161kem umo\u017en\u00ed dojezd a\u017e 800 km a zkr\u00e1t\u00ed nab\u00edjen\u00ed na p\u00e1r…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":37541,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[1042,583,582,29],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42590"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42590"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42590\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42590"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42590"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42590"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}