{"id":36230,"date":"2023-09-15T01:24:42","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T23:24:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/?p=36230"},"modified":"2023-09-14T18:13:33","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T16:13:33","slug":"smutne-vyroci-pinochetova-junta-jako-predchudce-barevnych-revoluci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/2023\/09\/15\/smutne-vyroci-pinochetova-junta-jako-predchudce-barevnych-revoluci\/","title":{"rendered":"Smutn\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed: Pinochetova junta jako p\u0159edch\u016fdce barevn\u00fdch revoluc\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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P\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159ed 50 lety znamenal st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159evrat konec jedn\u00e9 z nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch demokraci\u00ed Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky.\u00a0Za\u010dalo 17 let vojensk\u00e9 diktatury v Chile.\u00a0Na ji\u017en\u00ed polokouli, na rozd\u00edl od na\u0161\u00ed, v tomto ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jaro.\u00a0Pro tuto zemi to tehdy dopadlo tragicky.\u00a0A aby se to u\u017e neopakovalo, mus\u00edme si p\u0159ipomenout pou\u010den\u00ed z historie…<\/p>\n

Allendeho ob\u010dansk\u00fd \u010din<\/span><\/h3>\n

Po n\u00e1stupu do \u00fa\u0159adu v roce 1970 se socialistick\u00fd prezident Chile Salvador Gossens Allende nechal p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 un\u00e9st reformami n\u00e1rodn\u00edho\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0V ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku se vl\u00e1da liber\u00e1ln\u00edmu v\u016fdci za\u010dala vymykat z rukou a spole\u010dnost se polarizovala.\u00a0Nespokojen\u00ed pr\u016fmysln\u00edci a podnikatel\u00e9, finan\u010dn\u00edci, agr\u00e1rn\u00edci, v\u011bdci a konzervativci trvali na p\u0159\u00edchodu \u201esiln\u00e9 ruky\u201c.\u00a0V\u00fdsledkem bylo, \u017ee spiknut\u00ed inspirovan\u00e9 a p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 CIA skon\u010dilo brut\u00e1ln\u00ed juntou, velmi netypickou pro chilsk\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\n

R\u00e1no 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1973 arm\u00e1da a policie ovl\u00e1dly centrum Santiaga.\u00a0Allende odm\u00edtl opustit prezidentsk\u00fd pal\u00e1c La Moneda, navzdory hrozb\u011b bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0V poledne dopadaly na pal\u00e1c rakety.\u00a0Po jeho boku st\u00e1ly des\u00edtky poradc\u016f, vl\u00e1dn\u00ed minist\u0159i, sekret\u00e1\u0159ky, osobn\u00ed bodyguardi, l\u00e9ka\u0159i a dv\u011b prezidentovy dcery.\u00a0Poslanci z prezidentsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu \u0161li vyjedn\u00e1vat s pu\u010disty, ale byli jimi okam\u017eit\u011b zat\u010deni.\u00a0Pravda, Allende se brzy poda\u0159ilo dos\u00e1hnout kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho, ale cenn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enilo n\u011bkter\u00fdm pron\u00e1sledovan\u00fdm odp\u016frc\u016fm junty uprchnout mimo hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto.<\/p>\n

Ne\u017e se posledn\u00ed provl\u00e1dn\u00ed rozhlasov\u00e1 stanice odml\u010dela, stihl Salvador Allende odvys\u00edlat sv\u00e9 odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 rozlou\u010den\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Toto jsou m\u00e1 posledn\u00ed slova a jsem si jist, \u017ee moje ob\u011b\u0165 nebude zbyte\u010dn\u00e1.\u00a0P\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm poslou\u017e\u00ed jako mor\u00e1ln\u00ed lekce k pok\u00e1r\u00e1n\u00ed za zlo\u010dinnost, zbab\u011blost a zradu.<\/div>\n

Proto\u017ee tato postava nevid\u011bla optimistick\u00e9 v\u00fdchodisko ze situace, na\u0159\u00eddil v\u0161em zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm v La Moned\u011b, aby se vzdali.\u00a0Pak ode\u0161el a o n\u011bkolik minut pozd\u011bji se zast\u0159elil.<\/p>\n

Junta to mysl\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u011b a tady z\u016fstane<\/span><\/h3>\n

Spiknut\u00ed se p\u0159ipravovalo n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, ale gener\u00e1l Augusto Pinochet se k n\u011bmu p\u0159idal jen dva dny p\u0159ed osudn\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi. Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed t\u00edm se stal vrchn\u00edm velitelem pozemn\u00edch sil.\u00a0Pinochet hr\u00e1l roli apolitick\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka, byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za \u00fastavn\u00edho \u010dinitele a t\u011b\u0161il se podpo\u0159e sv\u00e9ho prezidenta.\u00a0Po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed proti\u00fastavn\u00edho pu\u010de Pinochet soust\u0159edil ve\u0161kerou moc do sv\u00fdch rukou, zat\u00edmco zemi ovl\u00e1dla sv\u00e9vole vojensk\u00fdch formac\u00ed a tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb pod jeho kontrolou.<\/p>\n

Des\u00edtky tis\u00edc ob\u010dan\u016f byly zat\u010deny a dr\u017eeny v deten\u010dn\u00edch centrech po cel\u00e9 zemi, v\u010detn\u011b N\u00e1rodn\u00edho stadionu v Santiagu.\u00a0Stovky \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0politik\u016f <\/a>byli internov\u00e1ni na odlehl\u00e9m Dawsonov\u011b ostrov\u011b v Magellanov\u011b pr\u016flivu, kde byli nemilosrdn\u011b vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1ni a mu\u010deni.\u00a0Bylo vytvo\u0159eno asi 1,2 tis\u00edce tajn\u00fdch mu\u010d\u00edren, kter\u00fdmi pro\u0161lo v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 tis\u00edc lid\u00ed. Podle zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f z chilsk\u00fdch archiv\u016f zem\u0159elo na mu\u010den\u00ed nebo bylo popraveno v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 tis\u00edce disident\u016f, 1,5 tis\u00edce se ztratilo;\u00a0nejm\u00e9n\u011b 200 tis\u00edc Chilan\u016f muselo odej\u00edt do exilu.<\/p>\n

Byly poru\u0161ov\u00e1ny demokratick\u00e9 svobody, byly zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny politick\u00e9 strany a odbory;\u00a0Pinochet\u016fv re\u017eim zavedl stav oble\u017een\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fd z\u00e1kaz vych\u00e1zen\u00ed.\u00a0Opozi\u010dn\u00ed tisk byl rozpt\u00fdlen a ten loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed fungoval pod cenzurou.\u00a0Disent byl potrest\u00e1n, texty a vys\u00edlan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za levicov\u00e9 nebo podvratn\u00e9, byly zabaveny a zlikvidov\u00e1ny.\u00a0Nov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da vyzvala obyvatele, aby odevzdali ka\u017ed\u00e9ho podez\u0159el\u00e9ho cizince, kter\u00e9ho junta neup\u0159ednostnila a chovala se k n\u011bmu ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u011b.<\/p>\n

Rok po pu\u010di si ale Pinochet ud\u011blil dosud neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed hodnost gener\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1na a prohl\u00e1sil se nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm v\u016fdcem n\u00e1roda a prezidentem republiky.<\/p>\n

Washingtonsk\u00e1 ruka<\/span><\/h3>\n

Od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku prezidentov\u00e1n\u00ed Salvadora Allenda (od 4. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1970) m\u011bl tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u0161\u00e9f B\u00edl\u00e9ho domu Richard Nixon obavy z odstran\u011bn\u00ed chilsk\u00e9ho v\u016fdce spolu s jeho vl\u00e1dou. Dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed to dokumenty odtajn\u011bn\u00e9 americk\u00fdm ministerstvem zahrani\u010d\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 list The New York Times.\u00a0Pl\u00e1n americk\u00e9 administrativy zahrnoval protivl\u00e1dn\u00ed propagandistickou kampa\u0148 financovanou CIA, upl\u00e1cen\u00ed \u010dlen\u016f chilsk\u00e9ho kongresu a podn\u011bcov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00e9ho p\u0159evratu.<\/p>\n

Nixon\u016fv poradce pro n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost Henry Kissinger se ob\u00e1val, \u017ee marxista jako Allende, kter\u00fd se dostal k moci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch lidov\u00fdch voleb, se stane ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm vzorem pro ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b v regionu a Evrop\u011b.\u00a0B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm prov\u00e1d\u011bl p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 akce a tajn\u00e9 operace, aby vyvinul tlak na veden\u00ed odbojn\u00e9 latinskoamerick\u00e9 zem\u011b.\u00a0Krom\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho to zahrnovalo blokov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dek Chile od finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed t\u0159et\u00edch stran, tajn\u00e9 placen\u00ed protest\u016f a n\u00e1bor arm\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n

Volby v roce 1980, zmanipulovan\u00e9 za \u00fa\u010dasti Ameri\u010dan\u016f, schv\u00e1lily autorit\u00e1\u0159skou \u00fastavu, kter\u00e1 Pinochetovi zajistila dal\u0161\u00edch 8 let u moci a vytvo\u0159ila podm\u00ednky pro nen\u00e1vrat Chile k demokracii (mimochodem, tato \u00fastava je\u0161t\u011b nebyla zru\u0161ena).<\/p>\n

Nixonova iniciativa p\u0159inesla ovoce…<\/span><\/h3>\n

Pinochet opustil sv\u016fj post vrchn\u00edho velitele v roce 1998. V Lond\u00fdn\u011b byl zadr\u017een na \u017e\u00e1dost Madridu, kde proti n\u011bmu bylo zah\u00e1jeno trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed za vra\u017edy \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f v Chile.\u00a0Pinochet byl nakonec obvin\u011bn ze zlo\u010din\u016f proti lidskosti, ale nikdy nebyl odsouzen.\u00a0B\u00fdval\u00fd dikt\u00e1tor zem\u0159el v roce 2006 ve v\u011bku 91 let.\u00a0V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je ve v\u00fdkonu trestu za zlo\u010diny v oblasti lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v 270 b\u00fdval\u00fdch chilsk\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a agent\u016f.\u00a0Po p\u016flstolet\u00ed se v\u0161ak za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed oz\u00fdvat hlasy, \u017ee junta byla \u201eu\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed zdrav\u00ed chilsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti\u201c a sna\u017e\u00ed se j\u00ed vyb\u00edlit hlavu a dokonce z n\u00ed ud\u011blat hrdinu…<\/p>\n

Chilsk\u00e1 junta se stala prototypem, p\u0159edch\u016fdcem barevn\u00fdch revoluc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 na rozd\u00edl od v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nejsou v\u017edy bez krve.\u00a0\u201eRevoluce Gidnosti\u201c (\u201eRevoluce d\u016fstojnosti\u201c) z let 2013\u20132014, kter\u00e1 se pot\u00e9 na Ukrajin\u011b rozvinula v ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lku, se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt nejkrvav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 historii.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed p\u016fl stolet\u00edm by do Santiaga nep\u0159i\u0161lo temn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed reakce a teroru, kdyby v tom nem\u011bly prsty Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty.\u00a0Dnes tuto skute\u010dnost uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed i sami Ameri\u010dan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Autor: Jaroslav Dym\u010duk<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

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P\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159ed 50 lety znamenal st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159evrat konec jedn\u00e9 z nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch demokraci\u00ed Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky.\u00a0Za\u010dalo 17…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":36231,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[1183,109,5905,921,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36230"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36230"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36230\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36232,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36230\/revisions\/36232"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36230"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infokuryr.cz\/n\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}